不同栽培措施对直播水稻产量与品质的影响
|
摘要
本研究通过不同播种期、不同直播密度、不同肥料管理方式以及不同水分管理措施等处理,研究不同栽培措施对直播粳稻产量与品质的影响,探讨直播水稻高产与优质栽培技术,为直播水稻安全高效生产提供理论依据和实践参考。本研究于2007-2009年在江苏里下河地区农业科学研究所进行,主要研究结果如下:
1播期对直播水稻产量和品质的影响
随着播期的推迟,不同品种的生育期和播抽历期均呈明显缩短趋势,但不同品种的灌浆结实期变化不大。随着播期的推迟,主茎叶片数减少,出叶速度上升。随着播期的推迟,直播稻产量总体呈现下降的趋势,从产量构成因素来看,结实率和千粒重的显著降低是导致产量下降的主要因素。随着播期的推迟,各供试品种的出糙率、精米率和整精米率呈下降趋势,垩白率、垩白度呈上升趋势。随着播期的推迟,稻米直链淀粉含量上升,胶稠度下降,蛋白质含量明显提高。
2密度对直播水稻产量和品质的影响
在75-120×104株/hm2密度范围内,随着密度的增加各处理产量呈上升趋势,随着直播密度的继续增加,产量下降。在75-120×104株/hm2密度范围内各处理稻米的出糙率、精米率和整精米率差异不显著,随着密度的进一步增加,加工品质变劣。在75-165×104株/hm2密度范围内,随着直播密度的增加,垩白率和垩白度增大,胶稠度变小,蛋白质含量升高,蒸煮食味品质变劣。
3肥料对直播水稻产量与品质的影响
在施纯N 0-450 kg/hm2范围内,随施N量的增加,穗数明显提高,结实率和千粒重均呈下降的趋势,产量表现为随施N量的增加产量先上升后下降,在270 kg/hm2达到最高值;不同N肥运筹以(基肥+分蘖肥):(穗肥)﹦6:4产量最高;增施P、K肥比例,显著提高直播水稻产量;在施N量270 kg/hm2和N肥运筹为(基肥+分蘖肥):(穗肥)﹦6:4的处理条件下,能显著提高氮肥吸收利用率、生物产量和经济系数,进而提高直播水稻产量。随施N量的增加和穗肥施用比例的增加,直播水稻品质有变劣趋势。
4水分对直播稻产量与品质的影响
直播水稻植株趋向成熟的过程中,轻干-湿交替灌溉和重干-湿交替灌溉条件下剑叶的叶绿素含量和光合速率下降的速度比充分灌溉快,表明水分亏缺加速了植株衰老。轻干-湿交替灌溉和重干-湿交替灌溉处理与充分灌溉相比,储藏性碳和14C固定的碳从茎秆向籽粒运转分别增加了9.2-14.1%和23-43%;轻干-湿交替灌溉2个试验中籽粒增产6.8-19.7%,但重干-湿交替灌溉是减产的。轻干-湿交替灌溉降低了垩白率和垩白度,提高了淀粉的最高黏度和崩解值,减小了热浆黏度、最终黏度和消碱值;重干-湿交替灌溉的结果则相反。
Effects of different cultivation measures (sowing date, densities, fertilizer management and water management) on the grain yield and quality of direct seeding japonica rice were studied. In this research, we explore the culture technique of high yield and fine quality, and so as to provide the theoretical and practical references for safe and high efficiency production of direct seeding rice. The experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province during 2007-2009, the main results were as follows:
1. Effect of sowing date on grain yield and rice quality of direct seeding rice With the delay of sowing date, the days of all growth stage and the days from sowing to heading of all varieties were significantly shorted, but the filling stage was stable; With the delay of sowing date, the leaf emergence rate was rised, the total number of main stem leaves and the grain field were decreased overall, the decline of grain field was mainly due to the decline of setting percentage and thousand-kernel weight; the brown rice rate、milled rice rate and head milled rice of rice decreased, chalkykernel, chalkiness, the amylose content and protein content were increased, while gel consistency decreased.
2. Effect of Different Densities on yield and Quality in Direct Seeding Rice In the density limits of 75-120×104 plant/hm2, the yield increased as direct seeding density increased , but with planting density continuous increasing, the yield decreased. In the density limits of 75-120×104 plant/hm2, there were no significant difference between treatments in the the percentage of brown rice, milled rice and head milled rice, and with planting density continuous increasing, processing quality become poor. In the density limits of 75-165×104 plant/hm2, with direct seeding density increased, the chalkiness rate and degree increased, gel consistency decreased and protein content increased, and the cooking and eating quality became poor.
3. Effect of fertilizer management on yield and rice quality of direct seeding rice
Between 0-450 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizing, with the N fertilizer application increased, the effective panicles increased, while the grains per panicle, setting percentage and 1000-grain weight were opposed. The yield increased with N fertilizer application increasing from 0 kg/hm2 to 270 kg/hm2, but decreased when N more than 270 kg/hm2. The yield under N fertilizer model [(basal fertilizer + tillering fertilizer): (head dressing)=6:4] was highest; increasing fertilizing of phosphate and potassium under applying the same nitrogen significantly enhanced grain yield. Under the nitrogen fertilizing of 270 kg/hm2 and the N fertilizer model [(basal fertilizer + tillering fertilizer): (head dressing)=6:4], the nutritional efficiency of N, biomass yield and economic coefficient were increased significantly, and then increased the rice yield. With the raise of N fertilizer application and panicle fertilizer application , the grain quality of direct seeding rice grain reduced.
4. Effect of water management on yield and quality in direct seeding rice
The chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves declined more quickly as plants approaching maturity under moderate dry-wet alternate and severe dry-wet alternate irrigation than under well watered, it indicated that the water deficits enhanced senescence. Compared with moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation and severe dry-wet alternate irrigation, the remobilized C reserve and reallocation of pre-fixed 14C from stems to grains increased by 9.2 to 14.1% and 23 to 43% separately under well watered. The grain yield of moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation in both experiments was increased by 6.8 to 19.7%, but that of severe dry-wet alternate irrigation was reduced. The chalky rice rate and chalkiness of moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation were reduced, while increased the peak viscosity and breakdown values; in addition, the decreased hot viscosity, final viscosity and setback values were increased, but those of severe dry-wet alternate irrigation plants was opposed.
1播期对直播水稻产量和品质的影响
随着播期的推迟,不同品种的生育期和播抽历期均呈明显缩短趋势,但不同品种的灌浆结实期变化不大。随着播期的推迟,主茎叶片数减少,出叶速度上升。随着播期的推迟,直播稻产量总体呈现下降的趋势,从产量构成因素来看,结实率和千粒重的显著降低是导致产量下降的主要因素。随着播期的推迟,各供试品种的出糙率、精米率和整精米率呈下降趋势,垩白率、垩白度呈上升趋势。随着播期的推迟,稻米直链淀粉含量上升,胶稠度下降,蛋白质含量明显提高。
2密度对直播水稻产量和品质的影响
在75-120×104株/hm2密度范围内,随着密度的增加各处理产量呈上升趋势,随着直播密度的继续增加,产量下降。在75-120×104株/hm2密度范围内各处理稻米的出糙率、精米率和整精米率差异不显著,随着密度的进一步增加,加工品质变劣。在75-165×104株/hm2密度范围内,随着直播密度的增加,垩白率和垩白度增大,胶稠度变小,蛋白质含量升高,蒸煮食味品质变劣。
3肥料对直播水稻产量与品质的影响
在施纯N 0-450 kg/hm2范围内,随施N量的增加,穗数明显提高,结实率和千粒重均呈下降的趋势,产量表现为随施N量的增加产量先上升后下降,在270 kg/hm2达到最高值;不同N肥运筹以(基肥+分蘖肥):(穗肥)﹦6:4产量最高;增施P、K肥比例,显著提高直播水稻产量;在施N量270 kg/hm2和N肥运筹为(基肥+分蘖肥):(穗肥)﹦6:4的处理条件下,能显著提高氮肥吸收利用率、生物产量和经济系数,进而提高直播水稻产量。随施N量的增加和穗肥施用比例的增加,直播水稻品质有变劣趋势。
4水分对直播稻产量与品质的影响
直播水稻植株趋向成熟的过程中,轻干-湿交替灌溉和重干-湿交替灌溉条件下剑叶的叶绿素含量和光合速率下降的速度比充分灌溉快,表明水分亏缺加速了植株衰老。轻干-湿交替灌溉和重干-湿交替灌溉处理与充分灌溉相比,储藏性碳和14C固定的碳从茎秆向籽粒运转分别增加了9.2-14.1%和23-43%;轻干-湿交替灌溉2个试验中籽粒增产6.8-19.7%,但重干-湿交替灌溉是减产的。轻干-湿交替灌溉降低了垩白率和垩白度,提高了淀粉的最高黏度和崩解值,减小了热浆黏度、最终黏度和消碱值;重干-湿交替灌溉的结果则相反。
Effects of different cultivation measures (sowing date, densities, fertilizer management and water management) on the grain yield and quality of direct seeding japonica rice were studied. In this research, we explore the culture technique of high yield and fine quality, and so as to provide the theoretical and practical references for safe and high efficiency production of direct seeding rice. The experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province during 2007-2009, the main results were as follows:
1. Effect of sowing date on grain yield and rice quality of direct seeding rice With the delay of sowing date, the days of all growth stage and the days from sowing to heading of all varieties were significantly shorted, but the filling stage was stable; With the delay of sowing date, the leaf emergence rate was rised, the total number of main stem leaves and the grain field were decreased overall, the decline of grain field was mainly due to the decline of setting percentage and thousand-kernel weight; the brown rice rate、milled rice rate and head milled rice of rice decreased, chalkykernel, chalkiness, the amylose content and protein content were increased, while gel consistency decreased.
2. Effect of Different Densities on yield and Quality in Direct Seeding Rice In the density limits of 75-120×104 plant/hm2, the yield increased as direct seeding density increased , but with planting density continuous increasing, the yield decreased. In the density limits of 75-120×104 plant/hm2, there were no significant difference between treatments in the the percentage of brown rice, milled rice and head milled rice, and with planting density continuous increasing, processing quality become poor. In the density limits of 75-165×104 plant/hm2, with direct seeding density increased, the chalkiness rate and degree increased, gel consistency decreased and protein content increased, and the cooking and eating quality became poor.
3. Effect of fertilizer management on yield and rice quality of direct seeding rice
Between 0-450 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizing, with the N fertilizer application increased, the effective panicles increased, while the grains per panicle, setting percentage and 1000-grain weight were opposed. The yield increased with N fertilizer application increasing from 0 kg/hm2 to 270 kg/hm2, but decreased when N more than 270 kg/hm2. The yield under N fertilizer model [(basal fertilizer + tillering fertilizer): (head dressing)=6:4] was highest; increasing fertilizing of phosphate and potassium under applying the same nitrogen significantly enhanced grain yield. Under the nitrogen fertilizing of 270 kg/hm2 and the N fertilizer model [(basal fertilizer + tillering fertilizer): (head dressing)=6:4], the nutritional efficiency of N, biomass yield and economic coefficient were increased significantly, and then increased the rice yield. With the raise of N fertilizer application and panicle fertilizer application , the grain quality of direct seeding rice grain reduced.
4. Effect of water management on yield and quality in direct seeding rice
The chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves declined more quickly as plants approaching maturity under moderate dry-wet alternate and severe dry-wet alternate irrigation than under well watered, it indicated that the water deficits enhanced senescence. Compared with moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation and severe dry-wet alternate irrigation, the remobilized C reserve and reallocation of pre-fixed 14C from stems to grains increased by 9.2 to 14.1% and 23 to 43% separately under well watered. The grain yield of moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation in both experiments was increased by 6.8 to 19.7%, but that of severe dry-wet alternate irrigation was reduced. The chalky rice rate and chalkiness of moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation were reduced, while increased the peak viscosity and breakdown values; in addition, the decreased hot viscosity, final viscosity and setback values were increased, but those of severe dry-wet alternate irrigation plants was opposed.
引文
[1]王洋,张祖立,张亚双,等.国内外水稻直播种植发展概况.农机化研究, 2007(1): 48-50.
[2]杜娟,刘国华.水稻栽培方式研究进展.作物研究, 2007,21(5): 593-597.
[3]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,等.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究.中国农学通报, 2001,17(5): 16-18.
[4]郑克武.客观面对直播稻的迅速发展.研究掌握直播稻的稳产技术.江苏农业科学, 2009(1): 59-62.
[5]刘伟明.日本等国的水稻直播栽培技术.中国稻米, 1995,(4): 34-36.
[6]金千瑜.韩国的直播水稻生产与技术.世界农业, 1997,(9): 16-18.
[7]屈振国.浅谈水稻水稻轻简高产栽培中的品种应用问题.中国稻米, 1998, (1): 7-8.
[8] Motoyuki Hagiwara, Mitsuo Imura. Varietal difference and temperature response of Local soil-reduction around germinating rice seed. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci, 1993,62(1): 105-110.
[9]朱德峰,严学强.国外水稻直播栽培发展概况.耕作与栽培, 1997, (1): 2-4.
[10]邹应斌.亚洲直播稻栽培的研究与应用.作物研究, 2004,(3): 133-135.
[11] S Pandey. L Velasco. Economics of Direct Seeding in Asia: Patterns of Adoption and Research Priorities. International Rice Research Notes, 1999, 24 (2): 6-11.
[12]吴余良,沈睿,吴常军,等.直播稻田杂草的生态特点和控制技术研究.上海农业科技, 2004, (3): 30-32.
[13]卞同洋,陈益楼,蔡立万.江苏沿海农区直播水稻的高产栽培技术.江西农业学报, 2007,19(10): 34-37.
[14]卢百关,秦德荣,樊继伟,等.江苏省直播稻生产现状、趋势及存在问题探讨.中国稻米, 2009(2): 45-47.
[15]周林杰,罗兵前.江苏省直播稻技术应用现状与对策.江苏农业科学, 2008(3): 16-19.
[16]吴文革,陈烨,钱银飞,等.水稻直播栽培的发展概况与研究进展.中国农业科技导报, 2006,8(4): 30-36.
[17]张洪熙,赵步洪,杜永林,等.小麦秸秆还田条件下轻简栽培水稻的生长特性.中国水稻科学, 2008, 22(6): 603-609.
[18]张洪程,等.直播稻种植科学问题研究.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社, 2009, 1-10.
[1] S Pandey, L Velasco. Economics of Dired Seeding in Asia: Patterns of Adoption and Research Priorities. International Rice Research Notes, 1999, 24(2): 6-11.
[2]焦春海.国外直播水稻生产与研究进展.世界农业. 1994, (7): 23-25.
[3]金千瑜.韩国的直播稻生产与技术.世界农业, 1997, (9): 16-18.
[4]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,徐一成.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究.中国农学通报, 2001, 17(5): 16-18.
[5]黄秉维.自然条件与作物生产——光合潜力、光能与气候资源利用.中国农业科学院情报所编, 1978.
[6]邓根云,冯雪华.我国光温资源与气候生产力.自然资源, 1980, (4): 11-16.
[7]王书裕.东北地区水稻的气候生态.农业气象, 1981, (2): 1-8.
[8]卢其尧.我国水稻生产潜力的探讨.农业气象, 1980, (1): 1-12.
[9]高亮之,李林.水稻气象生态.农业出版社,北京: 1992, 168-185.
[10]张俊平,陈常铭.水稻群体生长过程和产量的动态模拟.生态学报, 1990,10(4): 311-316.
[11]上海植生所人工气候室.高温对早稻灌浆-成熟期的影响.植物学报, 1976,18(3): 16-27.
[12]上海气象所农业气象室等.早稻灌浆高温障碍的探讨.农业气象科学, 1982(2): 1-6.
[13]佐藤り(厉葆初译).国外农学——水稻. 1982, 4: 18-21.
[14]林文雄,吴志强,梁义元.气候条件对杂交水稻籽粒灌浆的影响.中国农业气象, 1992, 13(2): 3-8.
[15]王人民,丁元树.光照和温度对早稻结实与干物质生产及分配的影响.浙江农业大学学报, 1991, 17(2): 169-174.
[16]王人民,丁元树.水稻抽穗和结实期的生态因子研究.浙江农业大学学报, 1989, 15(1): 14-29.
[17] Cao X, Zhu Q, Yang J. Classification of source-sink types in rice varieties with corresponding cultivated ways. In: Xiong Z, Min S, ed. Prospects of Rice Farming for 2000. Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang Sci & Tech Press, 1992, 361-372.
[18]张祖建,王志琴,朱庆森.水稻胚乳细胞增殖动态分析及其与籽粒生长的关系.作物学报, 1998, 24(3): 257-263.
[19] Zhao BH, Zhang W J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S, Yang J C. Changes in Activities of the Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis in Rice Grains During Grain Filling and Their Relationships with the Filling Rate and Cooking Quality. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2005, 4(1): 26-33.
[20]王夫玉,张洪程,赵新华,等.温光对水稻籽粒充实度影响.中国农业科学, 2001, 34(4): 396-402.
[21]汪继发,宋昌云,吕孝林,等.水稻丰两优1号分期播种对生育期及产量结构的影响.安徽农业科学, 2002, 30(3): 369-372.
[22]谢正荣,郭秧全,沈小妹,等.太湖农区水稻不同类型品种及播期对生育期与实产的影响初探. 2000,上海农业学报, 16(1): 28-32.
[1]王延涛,杨帆.对农业现代化的几点认识.农业经济, 2004, (1): 45-46.
[2]张洪程,戴其根,等.稻麦两熟高产高效机械化途径的初步研究.水稻高产高效栽培技术及理论,南京:东南大学出版社, 1991.10: 332-339.
[3]水稻轻简栽培技术.现代农业, 2006, (02): 14.
[4]薛全义,荆宇,邓丽.稻草复种模式下水稻不同品种不同播种量秧苗素质分析.辽宁农学, 2006 (3): 39-40.
[5]凌启鸿.作物群体质量.上海:上海科学技术出版社, 2000.
[6]陆峥嵘,土国忠,汤剑平,朱培民.密度对直播稻产量及群体质量的调节效应.上海农业学报, 1999,15(02): 61-64
[7]彭斌,土国忠等.肥料密度对直播水稻“武运粳8号”产量及构成因素的影响.上海农业学报, 2003 (3): 157-162
[8]王平裕,吴建忠,吴振德.直播稻不同密度与穗部性状和产量结构形成关系.上海农业科技, 1996 (04): 25-27
[9]周青,夏燕,王华学.直播稻主茎分蘖生产力的研究.安徽农业科学, 2002, 30(04): 546-548
[10]胡福星.水稻垄畦半旱式免耕直播法的增产机理及技术.农业科技通讯, 1997, (02): 8-9
[11]罗明,张洪程,戴其根,等.施氮对稻米品质形成的影响研究进展.陕西农业科学, 2004, (5): 49-51.
[12]卢燕.直播密度对水稻不同类型品种综合生产力的影响.扬州大学硕士学位论文, 2008
[1]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,等.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究.中国农学通报, 2001,17(5): 16-18.
[2]陆彩明,金千瑜,彭长青,等.带旋耕灭茬机械旱直播水稻高效配套技术.中国稻米, 2003(3): 27-28.
[3]程大旺,程方民.合理配施NPK对直播粳稻产量与品质的效应.江西农业大学学报, 2000, 22(2): 174-177.
[4]陈关富,施彩仙.提高直播晚稻分蘖成穗率技术的探讨.浙江农业科学, 1997, (2): 57-61.
[5]郁文辉,支凤高,柏友权.直播水稻穗肥运筹对穗部性状的影响.上海农业学报, 2000, 16(2): 45-59.
[6]卞同洋,陈益楼,蔡立万.江苏沿海农区直播水稻的高产栽培技术.江西农业学报, 2007, 19(10): 34-37.
[7]朱兆良.我国土壤供氮和化肥氮去向研究的进展.土壤, 1985,17(1): 2-9.
[8] Li Q K.Fertilizer Issues in the Sustainable Development of China Agriculture. Jiangxi Science and Technology Press.1997.
[9]李庆逵.中国农业持续发展中的肥料问题.江西:江西科学技术出版社.1997.
[10] Li R G. Efficiency and regulation of fertilizer nitrogen in high-yield farmland: A case study on rice and wheat double maturingsystem agriculture area of Tai lake for deducing to Jiangsu Province. Ph.D. Dissertation, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. 2000.
[11]李荣刚.高产农田氮素肥效与调控途径—以江苏太湖地区稻麦两熟农区为例推及全省.北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文. 2000.
[12]陈永康,杨立炯,崔继林,等.晚粳稻高产的看苗诊断和栽培措施的研究, 1964, 10: 11-12.
[13]何电源,吕龙石,李桂花,等.中国南方土壤肥力与栽培植物施肥.北京:科学出版社, 1994.
[14]蒋彭炎.水稻高产栽培理论与技术讲座(9)—水稻氮肥施用技术.中国稻米, 1996, 1:34-37.
[15]黄仲青,等.关于水稻“四少四高”栽培模式的探讨.水稻高产理论与实践.北京:中国农业出版社, 1992.
[16]朱兆良,等.中国土壤氮素.南京:江苏科学技术出版社, 1992.
[17]张福锁,申建坡,等.水稻养分资源综合管理理论与实践.北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2006.
[18]阚金华,张洪程,戴其根,等.氮肥对稻米品质影响的研究进展.江苏农业科学, 2002(6): 14-16
[19]韩春雷,侯守贵,刘宪平,等.栽培技术对稻米品质的作用及其数量关系研究.辽宁农业科学, 1997, (18): 18-20.
[20]刘立军,王志琴,张文虎,等.氮肥运筹对水稻产量及品质的影响.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2002, 23(3): 46-50.
[21]周瑞庆.施肥对稻米品质和产量影响的研究.湖南农学院学报, 1989, 15(3): 1-5.
[22]傅木英.关于施肥提高糙米蛋白质含量的研究.江西农业大学学报, 1989, 15(3): 1-5.
[23]平宏和.影响米饭食味的因素.国外农学—水稻, 1986, (4): 29-31.
[24] K. A. Gomez. Effect of environment on protein and amylose content of rice. In: Proceeding of the worksop on chemical aspects of rice grain quality. IRRI, 1979, P59-68.
[25]吕川根.栽培密度和施肥方法对稻米品质影响研究.中国水稻科学, 1998, 2(3): 328-334.
[26]戴平安,刘向华,易国英,等. N、P、K及有机肥不同配施量对水稻品质和产量效应的研究.作物研究, 1999(3): 26-30.
[27]张玉烛,马国辉,朱德宝,等.栽培因素对食用优质稻垩白的影响.作物研究, 1999, 3: 9-13.
[28]湖南省优质稻生产技术体系及其应用理论研究协作组.施肥对稻米品质和产量影响的研究.湖南农学院学报, 1989, 3: 1-5.
[29]程旺大,程方民,等.合理配施氮磷钾对直播晚粳稻产量与品质的效应.江西农业大学学报, 13: 5.
[30]戴平安,刘向华,易国英,等.氮、磷、钾及有机肥不同配施量对水稻品质和产量效应的研究,作物研究, 1999, 3: 26-30.
[31]浙江农业大学.作物营养与施肥.北京:中国农业出版社, 1990.
[32] Peng S, Garcia F V, Laza R C, et al., Lncreased N-use efficiency using a chlorophgll meter on high yielding irrigated rice. Field Crops Res. 1996, 47: 243-252.
[33]李熙英,吕龙石,李桂花,等.氮、磷、钾不同施肥量对水稻产量构成因素的影响.延边大学农学学报, 1997, 3: 157-160.
[34]上海师范大学生物系.水稻栽培生理.上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1978.
[35]邵国军.十年来辽宁省水稻新品种产量结构变化分析.水稻高产理论与实践.北京:中国农业出版社, 1992.
[1]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,徐一成.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究.中国农学通报, 2001, 17(5): 16-18.
[2] Kazuo Terashima, Shigemi Akita, Nagao Sakai. Eco-physiological Characteristics Related with Lodging Tolerance of Rice in Direct Sowing Cultivation. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci., 1992, 61(3): 380-387.
[3] Counce, Y. A, et al. Yield and harvest-index responses topreflood nitrogen fertilization at low rice plant populations. J. Yrod. Agric., 1992(5): 492-497.
[4] Guowei Wu, et al. Contribution of rice tillers to dry matter accumulation and yield. Agronomy Journal, 1998(3) : 317-323.
[5]禹盛苗,许德海,林贤青.双季直播水稻的生育特性及其高产关键技术的探讨.江西农业科技, 1996(2): 2-5.
[6]薛正平,李军,辛跳儿,张皓.直播水稻最佳播期的生物生态学特征初探.高原气象, 2008, 27(B12):183-189.
[7] Wang R-M, Ding Y-S. Studies on ecological factors of rice from heading to maturity. I. Effect of different soil moisture content on fertilization, grain filling arid grain quality of early indica rice. Agriculture Universitatis Zhejiangnisis, 1989,15(1):14-20 .
[8]邓定武,谭正之,龙兴汉.灌溉对杂交水稻产量及稻米品质的影响.作物研究, 1990, 4(2): 7-9
[9] Gomew K A. Effect of environment on protein and amylase content of rice. In: Proceedings of the workshop of Chemical Aspects of Rice Grain Quality. Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1979. 59-68.
[10]郑家国,任光俊,陆贤军,等.花后水分亏缺对水稻产量和品质的影响.中国水稻科学, 2003, 17(3): 239-243.
[11]蔡一霞,朱庆森,王志琴,等.结实期土壤水分对稻米品质的影响.作物学报, 2002, 28(5) : 601-608.
[12]蔡一霞,王维,张祖建,等.水旱种植下多个品种蒸煮品质和稻米RVA谱的比较性研究.作物学报, 2003, 29(4): 508-613.
[13]杨建昌,袁莉民,唐成,等.结实期干湿交替灌溉对稻米品质及籽粒中一些酶活性的影响.作物学报, 2005, 31(8): 1052-1057.
[14] Jones, M. M., and H. M. Rawson. Influence of rate of development of leaf water deficits upon photosynthesis, leaf conductance, water use efficiency and osmotic potential in sorghum. Physiol. Plant. 1979, 45:103-111.
[15] Nicolas, M. E., H. Lambers, R. J. Simpson, and M. J. Dalling. Effect of drought on metabolism and partitioning of carbon in two wheat varieties differing in drought-tolerance. Ann. Bot.. 1985, 55: 727-747.
[16] Lauer, J. G., and S. R. Simmons. Photoassimilate partitioning of main shoot leaves in field-grown spring barley. Crop Sci. 1985, 25: 851-855.
[17] Ludlow. M. M., and R. C. Muchow. A critical evaluation of traits for improving crop yields in water-limited environemts. Adv.Agron. 1990, 43:107-153.
[18] Singh, B. M., and C. F. Jenner. A modified method for the determination of cell number in wheat endosperm. Plant Sci. Lett. 1982, 26:273-278.
[19] Nicolas. M. E., R. M. Gleadow, and M. J. Dalling. Effect of postanthesis drought on cell division and starch accumulation in developing wheat grains. Ann. Bot. 1985, 55: 1433-1444.
[20] Michihiro. W., J. C. B. Lui, and G. C. Garvalho. Cultivar difference in leaf photosynthesis and grain yield of wheat under soil water deficit conditions.Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 1994, 63: 339-344.
[21] Zhang, Z., Z.Wang, and Q.Zhu. Proliferation of endosperm cell and its relation to the growth of grain in rice. Acta Agron. Sinica. 1998,24: 257-264.
[22] Yang,J., J.Zhang, Z.Wang, Q.Zhu, and W. Wang. Remobilization of carbon reservers in response to water deficit during grain filling of rice. Field Crops Res. 2001, 71: 47-55.
[23] Yang,J., J.Zhang, Z.Wang, Q.Zhu, and W. Wang. Hormonal changes in the grains of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. Plant Physiol. 2001, 127: 315-323.
[24] Wardlaw, I. F. The early stages of grain development in wheat: Response to water stress in a single variety. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1971, 24: 1047-1055.
[25] Solfield, I., L.T. Evans, M. G. Cook, and I. F. Wardlaw. Factors influencing the rate and duration of grain filling in wheat. Aust.J.Plant Physiol. 1997, 4:785-797.
[26] Chowdhury, S.I., and I.F. Wardlaw. The effect of temperature on kernel development in cereals. Aust.J.Agric.Res. 1978, 29:205-223.
[27] Sinclair, T.R., and C.T.deWit. Photosynthesis and nitrogen requirements for seed production by various. Science. 1975, 189:563-567.
[28] Binwas, A. K., and M. A. Choudhuri. Mechanism of monocarpic senescence in rice. Plant Physiol. 1980, 65: 340-345.
[29] Yang, J., J.Zhang, Z.Wang, Q.Zhu, and L.Liu. Abscisic acid and cytokinina in root exudates and their relationship to seneacence and remobilization of carbon reserves in rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. Planta, 2002, 215: 645-652.
[30] Yang, J., J. Zhang, Z. Wang, and Q. Zhu. Activities of starch hydrolytic enzymes and sucrose-phosohate synthase in the stems of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. J. Exp. Bot. 2001, 52: 2169-2179.
[31]金正勋,秋太权,孙艳丽,等.黑龙江省稻米蒸者食味品质特性的品种间变异研究.黑龙江农业科学, 2000, (1): 1-4
[2]杜娟,刘国华.水稻栽培方式研究进展.作物研究, 2007,21(5): 593-597.
[3]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,等.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究.中国农学通报, 2001,17(5): 16-18.
[4]郑克武.客观面对直播稻的迅速发展.研究掌握直播稻的稳产技术.江苏农业科学, 2009(1): 59-62.
[5]刘伟明.日本等国的水稻直播栽培技术.中国稻米, 1995,(4): 34-36.
[6]金千瑜.韩国的直播水稻生产与技术.世界农业, 1997,(9): 16-18.
[7]屈振国.浅谈水稻水稻轻简高产栽培中的品种应用问题.中国稻米, 1998, (1): 7-8.
[8] Motoyuki Hagiwara, Mitsuo Imura. Varietal difference and temperature response of Local soil-reduction around germinating rice seed. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci, 1993,62(1): 105-110.
[9]朱德峰,严学强.国外水稻直播栽培发展概况.耕作与栽培, 1997, (1): 2-4.
[10]邹应斌.亚洲直播稻栽培的研究与应用.作物研究, 2004,(3): 133-135.
[11] S Pandey. L Velasco. Economics of Direct Seeding in Asia: Patterns of Adoption and Research Priorities. International Rice Research Notes, 1999, 24 (2): 6-11.
[12]吴余良,沈睿,吴常军,等.直播稻田杂草的生态特点和控制技术研究.上海农业科技, 2004, (3): 30-32.
[13]卞同洋,陈益楼,蔡立万.江苏沿海农区直播水稻的高产栽培技术.江西农业学报, 2007,19(10): 34-37.
[14]卢百关,秦德荣,樊继伟,等.江苏省直播稻生产现状、趋势及存在问题探讨.中国稻米, 2009(2): 45-47.
[15]周林杰,罗兵前.江苏省直播稻技术应用现状与对策.江苏农业科学, 2008(3): 16-19.
[16]吴文革,陈烨,钱银飞,等.水稻直播栽培的发展概况与研究进展.中国农业科技导报, 2006,8(4): 30-36.
[17]张洪熙,赵步洪,杜永林,等.小麦秸秆还田条件下轻简栽培水稻的生长特性.中国水稻科学, 2008, 22(6): 603-609.
[18]张洪程,等.直播稻种植科学问题研究.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社, 2009, 1-10.
[1] S Pandey, L Velasco. Economics of Dired Seeding in Asia: Patterns of Adoption and Research Priorities. International Rice Research Notes, 1999, 24(2): 6-11.
[2]焦春海.国外直播水稻生产与研究进展.世界农业. 1994, (7): 23-25.
[3]金千瑜.韩国的直播稻生产与技术.世界农业, 1997, (9): 16-18.
[4]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,徐一成.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究.中国农学通报, 2001, 17(5): 16-18.
[5]黄秉维.自然条件与作物生产——光合潜力、光能与气候资源利用.中国农业科学院情报所编, 1978.
[6]邓根云,冯雪华.我国光温资源与气候生产力.自然资源, 1980, (4): 11-16.
[7]王书裕.东北地区水稻的气候生态.农业气象, 1981, (2): 1-8.
[8]卢其尧.我国水稻生产潜力的探讨.农业气象, 1980, (1): 1-12.
[9]高亮之,李林.水稻气象生态.农业出版社,北京: 1992, 168-185.
[10]张俊平,陈常铭.水稻群体生长过程和产量的动态模拟.生态学报, 1990,10(4): 311-316.
[11]上海植生所人工气候室.高温对早稻灌浆-成熟期的影响.植物学报, 1976,18(3): 16-27.
[12]上海气象所农业气象室等.早稻灌浆高温障碍的探讨.农业气象科学, 1982(2): 1-6.
[13]佐藤り(厉葆初译).国外农学——水稻. 1982, 4: 18-21.
[14]林文雄,吴志强,梁义元.气候条件对杂交水稻籽粒灌浆的影响.中国农业气象, 1992, 13(2): 3-8.
[15]王人民,丁元树.光照和温度对早稻结实与干物质生产及分配的影响.浙江农业大学学报, 1991, 17(2): 169-174.
[16]王人民,丁元树.水稻抽穗和结实期的生态因子研究.浙江农业大学学报, 1989, 15(1): 14-29.
[17] Cao X, Zhu Q, Yang J. Classification of source-sink types in rice varieties with corresponding cultivated ways. In: Xiong Z, Min S, ed. Prospects of Rice Farming for 2000. Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang Sci & Tech Press, 1992, 361-372.
[18]张祖建,王志琴,朱庆森.水稻胚乳细胞增殖动态分析及其与籽粒生长的关系.作物学报, 1998, 24(3): 257-263.
[19] Zhao BH, Zhang W J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S, Yang J C. Changes in Activities of the Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis in Rice Grains During Grain Filling and Their Relationships with the Filling Rate and Cooking Quality. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2005, 4(1): 26-33.
[20]王夫玉,张洪程,赵新华,等.温光对水稻籽粒充实度影响.中国农业科学, 2001, 34(4): 396-402.
[21]汪继发,宋昌云,吕孝林,等.水稻丰两优1号分期播种对生育期及产量结构的影响.安徽农业科学, 2002, 30(3): 369-372.
[22]谢正荣,郭秧全,沈小妹,等.太湖农区水稻不同类型品种及播期对生育期与实产的影响初探. 2000,上海农业学报, 16(1): 28-32.
[1]王延涛,杨帆.对农业现代化的几点认识.农业经济, 2004, (1): 45-46.
[2]张洪程,戴其根,等.稻麦两熟高产高效机械化途径的初步研究.水稻高产高效栽培技术及理论,南京:东南大学出版社, 1991.10: 332-339.
[3]水稻轻简栽培技术.现代农业, 2006, (02): 14.
[4]薛全义,荆宇,邓丽.稻草复种模式下水稻不同品种不同播种量秧苗素质分析.辽宁农学, 2006 (3): 39-40.
[5]凌启鸿.作物群体质量.上海:上海科学技术出版社, 2000.
[6]陆峥嵘,土国忠,汤剑平,朱培民.密度对直播稻产量及群体质量的调节效应.上海农业学报, 1999,15(02): 61-64
[7]彭斌,土国忠等.肥料密度对直播水稻“武运粳8号”产量及构成因素的影响.上海农业学报, 2003 (3): 157-162
[8]王平裕,吴建忠,吴振德.直播稻不同密度与穗部性状和产量结构形成关系.上海农业科技, 1996 (04): 25-27
[9]周青,夏燕,王华学.直播稻主茎分蘖生产力的研究.安徽农业科学, 2002, 30(04): 546-548
[10]胡福星.水稻垄畦半旱式免耕直播法的增产机理及技术.农业科技通讯, 1997, (02): 8-9
[11]罗明,张洪程,戴其根,等.施氮对稻米品质形成的影响研究进展.陕西农业科学, 2004, (5): 49-51.
[12]卢燕.直播密度对水稻不同类型品种综合生产力的影响.扬州大学硕士学位论文, 2008
[1]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,等.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究.中国农学通报, 2001,17(5): 16-18.
[2]陆彩明,金千瑜,彭长青,等.带旋耕灭茬机械旱直播水稻高效配套技术.中国稻米, 2003(3): 27-28.
[3]程大旺,程方民.合理配施NPK对直播粳稻产量与品质的效应.江西农业大学学报, 2000, 22(2): 174-177.
[4]陈关富,施彩仙.提高直播晚稻分蘖成穗率技术的探讨.浙江农业科学, 1997, (2): 57-61.
[5]郁文辉,支凤高,柏友权.直播水稻穗肥运筹对穗部性状的影响.上海农业学报, 2000, 16(2): 45-59.
[6]卞同洋,陈益楼,蔡立万.江苏沿海农区直播水稻的高产栽培技术.江西农业学报, 2007, 19(10): 34-37.
[7]朱兆良.我国土壤供氮和化肥氮去向研究的进展.土壤, 1985,17(1): 2-9.
[8] Li Q K.Fertilizer Issues in the Sustainable Development of China Agriculture. Jiangxi Science and Technology Press.1997.
[9]李庆逵.中国农业持续发展中的肥料问题.江西:江西科学技术出版社.1997.
[10] Li R G. Efficiency and regulation of fertilizer nitrogen in high-yield farmland: A case study on rice and wheat double maturingsystem agriculture area of Tai lake for deducing to Jiangsu Province. Ph.D. Dissertation, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. 2000.
[11]李荣刚.高产农田氮素肥效与调控途径—以江苏太湖地区稻麦两熟农区为例推及全省.北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文. 2000.
[12]陈永康,杨立炯,崔继林,等.晚粳稻高产的看苗诊断和栽培措施的研究, 1964, 10: 11-12.
[13]何电源,吕龙石,李桂花,等.中国南方土壤肥力与栽培植物施肥.北京:科学出版社, 1994.
[14]蒋彭炎.水稻高产栽培理论与技术讲座(9)—水稻氮肥施用技术.中国稻米, 1996, 1:34-37.
[15]黄仲青,等.关于水稻“四少四高”栽培模式的探讨.水稻高产理论与实践.北京:中国农业出版社, 1992.
[16]朱兆良,等.中国土壤氮素.南京:江苏科学技术出版社, 1992.
[17]张福锁,申建坡,等.水稻养分资源综合管理理论与实践.北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2006.
[18]阚金华,张洪程,戴其根,等.氮肥对稻米品质影响的研究进展.江苏农业科学, 2002(6): 14-16
[19]韩春雷,侯守贵,刘宪平,等.栽培技术对稻米品质的作用及其数量关系研究.辽宁农业科学, 1997, (18): 18-20.
[20]刘立军,王志琴,张文虎,等.氮肥运筹对水稻产量及品质的影响.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2002, 23(3): 46-50.
[21]周瑞庆.施肥对稻米品质和产量影响的研究.湖南农学院学报, 1989, 15(3): 1-5.
[22]傅木英.关于施肥提高糙米蛋白质含量的研究.江西农业大学学报, 1989, 15(3): 1-5.
[23]平宏和.影响米饭食味的因素.国外农学—水稻, 1986, (4): 29-31.
[24] K. A. Gomez. Effect of environment on protein and amylose content of rice. In: Proceeding of the worksop on chemical aspects of rice grain quality. IRRI, 1979, P59-68.
[25]吕川根.栽培密度和施肥方法对稻米品质影响研究.中国水稻科学, 1998, 2(3): 328-334.
[26]戴平安,刘向华,易国英,等. N、P、K及有机肥不同配施量对水稻品质和产量效应的研究.作物研究, 1999(3): 26-30.
[27]张玉烛,马国辉,朱德宝,等.栽培因素对食用优质稻垩白的影响.作物研究, 1999, 3: 9-13.
[28]湖南省优质稻生产技术体系及其应用理论研究协作组.施肥对稻米品质和产量影响的研究.湖南农学院学报, 1989, 3: 1-5.
[29]程旺大,程方民,等.合理配施氮磷钾对直播晚粳稻产量与品质的效应.江西农业大学学报, 13: 5.
[30]戴平安,刘向华,易国英,等.氮、磷、钾及有机肥不同配施量对水稻品质和产量效应的研究,作物研究, 1999, 3: 26-30.
[31]浙江农业大学.作物营养与施肥.北京:中国农业出版社, 1990.
[32] Peng S, Garcia F V, Laza R C, et al., Lncreased N-use efficiency using a chlorophgll meter on high yielding irrigated rice. Field Crops Res. 1996, 47: 243-252.
[33]李熙英,吕龙石,李桂花,等.氮、磷、钾不同施肥量对水稻产量构成因素的影响.延边大学农学学报, 1997, 3: 157-160.
[34]上海师范大学生物系.水稻栽培生理.上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1978.
[35]邵国军.十年来辽宁省水稻新品种产量结构变化分析.水稻高产理论与实践.北京:中国农业出版社, 1992.
[1]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,徐一成.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究.中国农学通报, 2001, 17(5): 16-18.
[2] Kazuo Terashima, Shigemi Akita, Nagao Sakai. Eco-physiological Characteristics Related with Lodging Tolerance of Rice in Direct Sowing Cultivation. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci., 1992, 61(3): 380-387.
[3] Counce, Y. A, et al. Yield and harvest-index responses topreflood nitrogen fertilization at low rice plant populations. J. Yrod. Agric., 1992(5): 492-497.
[4] Guowei Wu, et al. Contribution of rice tillers to dry matter accumulation and yield. Agronomy Journal, 1998(3) : 317-323.
[5]禹盛苗,许德海,林贤青.双季直播水稻的生育特性及其高产关键技术的探讨.江西农业科技, 1996(2): 2-5.
[6]薛正平,李军,辛跳儿,张皓.直播水稻最佳播期的生物生态学特征初探.高原气象, 2008, 27(B12):183-189.
[7] Wang R-M, Ding Y-S. Studies on ecological factors of rice from heading to maturity. I. Effect of different soil moisture content on fertilization, grain filling arid grain quality of early indica rice. Agriculture Universitatis Zhejiangnisis, 1989,15(1):14-20 .
[8]邓定武,谭正之,龙兴汉.灌溉对杂交水稻产量及稻米品质的影响.作物研究, 1990, 4(2): 7-9
[9] Gomew K A. Effect of environment on protein and amylase content of rice. In: Proceedings of the workshop of Chemical Aspects of Rice Grain Quality. Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1979. 59-68.
[10]郑家国,任光俊,陆贤军,等.花后水分亏缺对水稻产量和品质的影响.中国水稻科学, 2003, 17(3): 239-243.
[11]蔡一霞,朱庆森,王志琴,等.结实期土壤水分对稻米品质的影响.作物学报, 2002, 28(5) : 601-608.
[12]蔡一霞,王维,张祖建,等.水旱种植下多个品种蒸煮品质和稻米RVA谱的比较性研究.作物学报, 2003, 29(4): 508-613.
[13]杨建昌,袁莉民,唐成,等.结实期干湿交替灌溉对稻米品质及籽粒中一些酶活性的影响.作物学报, 2005, 31(8): 1052-1057.
[14] Jones, M. M., and H. M. Rawson. Influence of rate of development of leaf water deficits upon photosynthesis, leaf conductance, water use efficiency and osmotic potential in sorghum. Physiol. Plant. 1979, 45:103-111.
[15] Nicolas, M. E., H. Lambers, R. J. Simpson, and M. J. Dalling. Effect of drought on metabolism and partitioning of carbon in two wheat varieties differing in drought-tolerance. Ann. Bot.. 1985, 55: 727-747.
[16] Lauer, J. G., and S. R. Simmons. Photoassimilate partitioning of main shoot leaves in field-grown spring barley. Crop Sci. 1985, 25: 851-855.
[17] Ludlow. M. M., and R. C. Muchow. A critical evaluation of traits for improving crop yields in water-limited environemts. Adv.Agron. 1990, 43:107-153.
[18] Singh, B. M., and C. F. Jenner. A modified method for the determination of cell number in wheat endosperm. Plant Sci. Lett. 1982, 26:273-278.
[19] Nicolas. M. E., R. M. Gleadow, and M. J. Dalling. Effect of postanthesis drought on cell division and starch accumulation in developing wheat grains. Ann. Bot. 1985, 55: 1433-1444.
[20] Michihiro. W., J. C. B. Lui, and G. C. Garvalho. Cultivar difference in leaf photosynthesis and grain yield of wheat under soil water deficit conditions.Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 1994, 63: 339-344.
[21] Zhang, Z., Z.Wang, and Q.Zhu. Proliferation of endosperm cell and its relation to the growth of grain in rice. Acta Agron. Sinica. 1998,24: 257-264.
[22] Yang,J., J.Zhang, Z.Wang, Q.Zhu, and W. Wang. Remobilization of carbon reservers in response to water deficit during grain filling of rice. Field Crops Res. 2001, 71: 47-55.
[23] Yang,J., J.Zhang, Z.Wang, Q.Zhu, and W. Wang. Hormonal changes in the grains of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. Plant Physiol. 2001, 127: 315-323.
[24] Wardlaw, I. F. The early stages of grain development in wheat: Response to water stress in a single variety. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1971, 24: 1047-1055.
[25] Solfield, I., L.T. Evans, M. G. Cook, and I. F. Wardlaw. Factors influencing the rate and duration of grain filling in wheat. Aust.J.Plant Physiol. 1997, 4:785-797.
[26] Chowdhury, S.I., and I.F. Wardlaw. The effect of temperature on kernel development in cereals. Aust.J.Agric.Res. 1978, 29:205-223.
[27] Sinclair, T.R., and C.T.deWit. Photosynthesis and nitrogen requirements for seed production by various. Science. 1975, 189:563-567.
[28] Binwas, A. K., and M. A. Choudhuri. Mechanism of monocarpic senescence in rice. Plant Physiol. 1980, 65: 340-345.
[29] Yang, J., J.Zhang, Z.Wang, Q.Zhu, and L.Liu. Abscisic acid and cytokinina in root exudates and their relationship to seneacence and remobilization of carbon reserves in rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. Planta, 2002, 215: 645-652.
[30] Yang, J., J. Zhang, Z. Wang, and Q. Zhu. Activities of starch hydrolytic enzymes and sucrose-phosohate synthase in the stems of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. J. Exp. Bot. 2001, 52: 2169-2179.
[31]金正勋,秋太权,孙艳丽,等.黑龙江省稻米蒸者食味品质特性的品种间变异研究.黑龙江农业科学, 2000, (1): 1-4