阻燃丙烯酸酯单体/低聚物的合成及其涂层热降机理与性能研究
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摘要
本文合成了一种集酸源和炭源于一体的磷酸酯丙烯酸酯单体,对其固化膜的热降解机理和阻燃性能进行了研究,并讨论了其对于紫外光固化环氧和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯低聚物固化膜热降解机理和阻燃性能的影响:合成了一种含磷氮硅三种阻燃元素的丙烯酸酯单体和一种星形丙烯酸酯化三聚氰胺低聚物,对其固化膜的热降解机理和阻燃性能进行研究:同时制备了星形丙烯酸化三聚氰胺低聚物/磷酸酯三丙烯酸酯和星形丙烯酸化三聚氰胺低聚物/含磷氮硅的丙烯酸酯单体复合体系紫外光固化膨胀型阻燃涂层,研究其热降解机理和燃烧性能:选择最优的涂层体系,研究其对杉木的防火保护性能。具体的研究内容如下:
1.以三氯氧磷、季戊四醇和丙烯酸羟乙酯为原料,合成了二官能度磷酸酯丙烯酸酯单体(BTP);采用热重分析、实时红外和直接进样质谱等表征手段对固化膜的热降解过程进行了研究。热重分析结果显示,BTP固化膜具有较好的成炭性能,在800℃时,仍然有36%的炭渣残留;动态红外和直接进样质谱结果表明,从160℃到270℃,BTP固化膜中磷酸酯结构首先降解生成磷酸结构,随着温度的进一步升高,这些降解产物缩聚生成聚磷酸,聚磷酸催化酯基降解生成芳香结构,并进一步成炭;BTP固化膜在300-400℃之间生成大量的水和二氧化碳;升温至500℃以上时,炭层中的聚磷酸结构进一步缩合生成磷氧化物,如P_2O_5、P_4O_(10)等。拉曼光谱、XRD和SEM结果表明,BTP固化膜燃烧后的炭层结构是致密的类石墨结构。
2.将BTP作为环氧和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯稀释单体,用于紫外固化涂层。研究发现BTP的加入可以提高光固化速率,并明显提高固化膜的阻燃性能。研究了BTP阻燃环氧和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯固化膜热降解机理,含磷单体在低温下可以催化固化膜降解,生成稳定炭层,从而提高了高温热稳定性;极限氧指数、UL 94、热释放速率和质量损失速率研究结果表明BTP可以有效地提高EA和PUA的阻燃性能,在EA中加50 wt.%的BTP达V-0,而在PUA中只需30 wt.%的BTP达V-0;30wt.%的BTP可以使EA的氧指数由18.0提高到28.0,使PUA的氧指数由19.0提高到30.5;30 wt.%的BTP可以使EA/BTP和PUA/BTP体系的热释放速率分别降低58.9%和66.0%:BTP和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯之间存在明显的协同阻燃作用。
3.以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)、γ-缩水甘油醚氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-560)、2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和丙烯酸羟乙酯为原料,合成了含磷氮硅三种阻燃元素的丙烯酸酯单体(DGTH):利用热重分析、实时红外和直接进样质谱等表征手段对固化膜的热降解过程进行了研究。DGTH固化材料具有较高的热稳定性,初始分解温度为273℃,在600℃时的炭渣量仍高达38%。DGTH固化材料的热降解主要分成三个部分:DOPO结构单元首先降解,生成含磷芳香族化合物,它进一步催化酯基降解;丙烯酸酯结构单元主要发生解聚反应,并在磷化物的催化下生成丙酮或丙烯醛化合物;聚氨酯结构单元发生解聚反应生成多元醇和异氰酸酯,异氰酸酯之间主要发生缩聚反应放出大量的二氧化碳,并生成聚脲结构。
4.合成了星形丙烯酸酯化三聚氰胺(SPUA)低聚物,采用热重分析、实时红外等对SPUA固化膜的热降解过程进行了研究。将SPUA与TAEP和DGTH以不同比例混合制备膨胀型阻燃紫外可固化膜,讨论了SPUA添加量对热降解性能、阻燃性能和炭层形貌的影响,发现SPUA与TAEP和DGTH之间存在明显的协同阻燃效应。研究结果表明,SPUA和DGTH之间存在明显的阻燃协效作用,添加37.5 wt.%SPUA的样品具有最高的氧指数(41)和最低的热释放速率,并且生成致密的膨胀炭层。热降解机理结果表明,DGTH中DOPO结构单元首先降解生成芳香磷酸酯催化临近羰基成炭,同时SPUA降解生成大量含氮挥发物,形成膨胀炭层。热降解结果显示TAEP的磷酸酯首先降解生成聚磷酸,进一步催化成炭,同时,SPUA降解生成二氧化碳和氮挥发物,形成膨胀炭层。阻燃性能结果显示,适量的SPUA可以提高TAEP的阻燃性能,50 wt.%SPUA可以使材料的热释放速率的峰值、平均热释放速率和总热释放大幅度下降,并生成致密炭层。SPUA和TAEP之间存在较好的阻燃协效作用。
5.将BTP、SPUA/DGTH和SPUA/TAEP体系应用于杉木防火保护,锥形量热仪测试研究结果表明,BTP和SPUA/DGTH体系对杉木具有较好的防火保护效果,其原因可能是BTP本身成炭和催化木材成炭,SPUA/DGTH体系则能形成强度较高、结构致密的炭层。
The thesis was aimed on the synthesis of bis(2-acryloxyethyl) 2.6.7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2.]octane-methylol-1-oxide(BTP)containing acid and carbon source,and the study on its thermal degradation and flame retardant mechanisms as well as applications in UV curable coatings together with epoxy acrylate and polyurethane acrylate.Then,the thesis was focused on the syntheses of an acrylate monomer containing phosphorus,nitrogen and silicon(DGTH)and a star acrylated melamine oligomer(SPUA).The thermal degradation mechanism and the flame retardant properties of the cured DGTH and SPUA films have been also investigated.The thermal degradation mechanism and combustion behaviours of the intumescent flame retardant resins by blending star acrylated melamine oligomer (SPUA)with DGTH and tri(acryloyloxyethyl)phosphate(TAEP)in different ratios have also been investigated.Based on the selected several coating systems,the fire protection of the Chinese fir wood has also been investigated.The detailed outline is elaborated as follows:
1.Bis(2-acryloxyethyl)2.6.7-trioxa- 1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2.]octane-methylol-1-oxide (BTP)as flame retardant multifunctional monomer used for UV curable systems has been synthesized using phosphorus oxychloride,pentaerythritol and hydroxylethyl acrylate.Its thermal degradation mechanism has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis,in-situ Fourier-transform infrared and direct pyrolysis/mass spectrometry measurements.The BTP cured film has high char residue in the thermogravimetric analysis test,and the residual weight is about 36%at 800℃.The flame retardant mechanism is proposed that the degraded products of phosphate formed poly(phosphoric acid)at the temperature of 160℃to 270℃, which further catalyzes the breakage of carbonyl groups to form an intumescent char for preventing the samples from further burning.A lot of water and carbon dioxide are released at the temperature of 300℃to 400℃.As the temperature is raised to 500℃,there are some phosphorus oxides such as P_2O_5 and P_4O_(10)formed.There is graphite-like structure in char residue using XRD,SEM and Raman measurements.
2.BTP has been used as reactive-type flame retardant diluent monomer for commercial epoxy acrylate(EA)and polyurethane acrylate(PUA)oligomers in UV curable resins.It has been found that the addition of BTP obviously increases the photopolymerization rates and the flame retardance.The thermal degradation results showed that the phosphate in BTP decomposes to form poly(phosphoric acid)at low temperature,which catalyze EA and PUA carbonization,and increase the thermal stability at high temperature.The LOI,UL 94,HRR and MLR results showed that BTP effectively improve the flame retardance of EA and PUA.The UL 94 rating can raise to V-0 with the addition of 50 wt.%BTP for EA,however,it can pass V-0 for PUA with only 30 wt.%BTP loading.The LOI of EA and PUA can increase 18.0 to 28.0 and 19.0 to 30.5,the heat release rate decreases by 58.9%and 66.0%, respectively with the addition of 30 wt.%BTP.There is obviously distinct synergistic flame retardant effect between BTP and PUA.
3.An acrylate monomer containing phosphorus,nitrogen and silicon(DGTH)as flame retardant multifunctional monomers used for UV/moisture curable systems has been synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO),3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane(GPTMS),2,4-Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)and hydroxylethyl acrylate(HEA).Its thermal degradation mechanism has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis,in-situ Fourier-transform infrared and direct pyrolysis/mass spectrometry measurements.The cured DGTH film showed high thermal stability with the initial decomposition temperature of 273℃.And the residue is as high as 38%at 600℃.The process of thermal degradation of the cured DGTH film can be mainly divided into three parts.DOPO structure units firstly degrade to form aromatic compounds containing phosphorus,and then catalyze the adjacent ester groups to decomposition.Acrylate units mainly occurs depolymerization,and then form acetone or acrolein compound under the catalyst phosphide.Polyurethane waits generate depolymerization to polyol and isocyanate, and the isocyanates generate polyurea structure with the release of carbon dioxide.
4.Star aerylated melamine oligomer(SPUA)as a flame retardant multifunctional oligomer used for UV curable systems has been synthesized.The thermal degradation mechanism of SPUA cured film was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis and in-situ FTIR.DGTH and TAEP were blended with SPUA in different ratios to obtain a series of UV curable intumescent flame retardant resins.There is a distinct synergistic flame retardant effect in DGTH/SPUA and TAEP/SPUA systems.The sample containing 37.5 wt.%SPUA in DGTH/SPUA systems showed the highest LOI value of 41 and the lowest heat release rate among all resins.The degradation mechanism suggested that phosphate group in DGTH first degraded to form Aromatic compounds containing phosphorus,which further catalyze the degradation of the material to form char with the emission of nitrogen volatiles from SPUA,leading to the formation of expanding char.The degradation mechanism suggested that phosphate group in TAEP first degraded to form poly(phosphoric acid)s,which further catalyze the degradation of the material to form char with the emission of nitrogen volatiles from SPUA,leading to the formation of expanding char.The sample containing 50 wt.%SPUA in TAEP/SPUA systems showed lowest heat release rate and total heal release among all resins.There is a better synergistic flame retardant effect between TAEP and SPUA.
5.BTP,DGTH/SPUA and TAEP/SPUA protective fire coatings has been prepared on the Chinese fir wood.The cone calorimeter results showed that BTP and DGTH/SPUA systems have better protective effect among the all the samples.The reason may be that BTP can form high char residue,that BTP can catalyze wood to carbonization,and SPUA/DGTH can form compact char residue with high intensity.
1.以三氯氧磷、季戊四醇和丙烯酸羟乙酯为原料,合成了二官能度磷酸酯丙烯酸酯单体(BTP);采用热重分析、实时红外和直接进样质谱等表征手段对固化膜的热降解过程进行了研究。热重分析结果显示,BTP固化膜具有较好的成炭性能,在800℃时,仍然有36%的炭渣残留;动态红外和直接进样质谱结果表明,从160℃到270℃,BTP固化膜中磷酸酯结构首先降解生成磷酸结构,随着温度的进一步升高,这些降解产物缩聚生成聚磷酸,聚磷酸催化酯基降解生成芳香结构,并进一步成炭;BTP固化膜在300-400℃之间生成大量的水和二氧化碳;升温至500℃以上时,炭层中的聚磷酸结构进一步缩合生成磷氧化物,如P_2O_5、P_4O_(10)等。拉曼光谱、XRD和SEM结果表明,BTP固化膜燃烧后的炭层结构是致密的类石墨结构。
2.将BTP作为环氧和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯稀释单体,用于紫外固化涂层。研究发现BTP的加入可以提高光固化速率,并明显提高固化膜的阻燃性能。研究了BTP阻燃环氧和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯固化膜热降解机理,含磷单体在低温下可以催化固化膜降解,生成稳定炭层,从而提高了高温热稳定性;极限氧指数、UL 94、热释放速率和质量损失速率研究结果表明BTP可以有效地提高EA和PUA的阻燃性能,在EA中加50 wt.%的BTP达V-0,而在PUA中只需30 wt.%的BTP达V-0;30wt.%的BTP可以使EA的氧指数由18.0提高到28.0,使PUA的氧指数由19.0提高到30.5;30 wt.%的BTP可以使EA/BTP和PUA/BTP体系的热释放速率分别降低58.9%和66.0%:BTP和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯之间存在明显的协同阻燃作用。
3.以9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)、γ-缩水甘油醚氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-560)、2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和丙烯酸羟乙酯为原料,合成了含磷氮硅三种阻燃元素的丙烯酸酯单体(DGTH):利用热重分析、实时红外和直接进样质谱等表征手段对固化膜的热降解过程进行了研究。DGTH固化材料具有较高的热稳定性,初始分解温度为273℃,在600℃时的炭渣量仍高达38%。DGTH固化材料的热降解主要分成三个部分:DOPO结构单元首先降解,生成含磷芳香族化合物,它进一步催化酯基降解;丙烯酸酯结构单元主要发生解聚反应,并在磷化物的催化下生成丙酮或丙烯醛化合物;聚氨酯结构单元发生解聚反应生成多元醇和异氰酸酯,异氰酸酯之间主要发生缩聚反应放出大量的二氧化碳,并生成聚脲结构。
4.合成了星形丙烯酸酯化三聚氰胺(SPUA)低聚物,采用热重分析、实时红外等对SPUA固化膜的热降解过程进行了研究。将SPUA与TAEP和DGTH以不同比例混合制备膨胀型阻燃紫外可固化膜,讨论了SPUA添加量对热降解性能、阻燃性能和炭层形貌的影响,发现SPUA与TAEP和DGTH之间存在明显的协同阻燃效应。研究结果表明,SPUA和DGTH之间存在明显的阻燃协效作用,添加37.5 wt.%SPUA的样品具有最高的氧指数(41)和最低的热释放速率,并且生成致密的膨胀炭层。热降解机理结果表明,DGTH中DOPO结构单元首先降解生成芳香磷酸酯催化临近羰基成炭,同时SPUA降解生成大量含氮挥发物,形成膨胀炭层。热降解结果显示TAEP的磷酸酯首先降解生成聚磷酸,进一步催化成炭,同时,SPUA降解生成二氧化碳和氮挥发物,形成膨胀炭层。阻燃性能结果显示,适量的SPUA可以提高TAEP的阻燃性能,50 wt.%SPUA可以使材料的热释放速率的峰值、平均热释放速率和总热释放大幅度下降,并生成致密炭层。SPUA和TAEP之间存在较好的阻燃协效作用。
5.将BTP、SPUA/DGTH和SPUA/TAEP体系应用于杉木防火保护,锥形量热仪测试研究结果表明,BTP和SPUA/DGTH体系对杉木具有较好的防火保护效果,其原因可能是BTP本身成炭和催化木材成炭,SPUA/DGTH体系则能形成强度较高、结构致密的炭层。
The thesis was aimed on the synthesis of bis(2-acryloxyethyl) 2.6.7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2.]octane-methylol-1-oxide(BTP)containing acid and carbon source,and the study on its thermal degradation and flame retardant mechanisms as well as applications in UV curable coatings together with epoxy acrylate and polyurethane acrylate.Then,the thesis was focused on the syntheses of an acrylate monomer containing phosphorus,nitrogen and silicon(DGTH)and a star acrylated melamine oligomer(SPUA).The thermal degradation mechanism and the flame retardant properties of the cured DGTH and SPUA films have been also investigated.The thermal degradation mechanism and combustion behaviours of the intumescent flame retardant resins by blending star acrylated melamine oligomer (SPUA)with DGTH and tri(acryloyloxyethyl)phosphate(TAEP)in different ratios have also been investigated.Based on the selected several coating systems,the fire protection of the Chinese fir wood has also been investigated.The detailed outline is elaborated as follows:
1.Bis(2-acryloxyethyl)2.6.7-trioxa- 1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2.]octane-methylol-1-oxide (BTP)as flame retardant multifunctional monomer used for UV curable systems has been synthesized using phosphorus oxychloride,pentaerythritol and hydroxylethyl acrylate.Its thermal degradation mechanism has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis,in-situ Fourier-transform infrared and direct pyrolysis/mass spectrometry measurements.The BTP cured film has high char residue in the thermogravimetric analysis test,and the residual weight is about 36%at 800℃.The flame retardant mechanism is proposed that the degraded products of phosphate formed poly(phosphoric acid)at the temperature of 160℃to 270℃, which further catalyzes the breakage of carbonyl groups to form an intumescent char for preventing the samples from further burning.A lot of water and carbon dioxide are released at the temperature of 300℃to 400℃.As the temperature is raised to 500℃,there are some phosphorus oxides such as P_2O_5 and P_4O_(10)formed.There is graphite-like structure in char residue using XRD,SEM and Raman measurements.
2.BTP has been used as reactive-type flame retardant diluent monomer for commercial epoxy acrylate(EA)and polyurethane acrylate(PUA)oligomers in UV curable resins.It has been found that the addition of BTP obviously increases the photopolymerization rates and the flame retardance.The thermal degradation results showed that the phosphate in BTP decomposes to form poly(phosphoric acid)at low temperature,which catalyze EA and PUA carbonization,and increase the thermal stability at high temperature.The LOI,UL 94,HRR and MLR results showed that BTP effectively improve the flame retardance of EA and PUA.The UL 94 rating can raise to V-0 with the addition of 50 wt.%BTP for EA,however,it can pass V-0 for PUA with only 30 wt.%BTP loading.The LOI of EA and PUA can increase 18.0 to 28.0 and 19.0 to 30.5,the heat release rate decreases by 58.9%and 66.0%, respectively with the addition of 30 wt.%BTP.There is obviously distinct synergistic flame retardant effect between BTP and PUA.
3.An acrylate monomer containing phosphorus,nitrogen and silicon(DGTH)as flame retardant multifunctional monomers used for UV/moisture curable systems has been synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO),3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane(GPTMS),2,4-Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)and hydroxylethyl acrylate(HEA).Its thermal degradation mechanism has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis,in-situ Fourier-transform infrared and direct pyrolysis/mass spectrometry measurements.The cured DGTH film showed high thermal stability with the initial decomposition temperature of 273℃.And the residue is as high as 38%at 600℃.The process of thermal degradation of the cured DGTH film can be mainly divided into three parts.DOPO structure units firstly degrade to form aromatic compounds containing phosphorus,and then catalyze the adjacent ester groups to decomposition.Acrylate units mainly occurs depolymerization,and then form acetone or acrolein compound under the catalyst phosphide.Polyurethane waits generate depolymerization to polyol and isocyanate, and the isocyanates generate polyurea structure with the release of carbon dioxide.
4.Star aerylated melamine oligomer(SPUA)as a flame retardant multifunctional oligomer used for UV curable systems has been synthesized.The thermal degradation mechanism of SPUA cured film was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis and in-situ FTIR.DGTH and TAEP were blended with SPUA in different ratios to obtain a series of UV curable intumescent flame retardant resins.There is a distinct synergistic flame retardant effect in DGTH/SPUA and TAEP/SPUA systems.The sample containing 37.5 wt.%SPUA in DGTH/SPUA systems showed the highest LOI value of 41 and the lowest heat release rate among all resins.The degradation mechanism suggested that phosphate group in DGTH first degraded to form Aromatic compounds containing phosphorus,which further catalyze the degradation of the material to form char with the emission of nitrogen volatiles from SPUA,leading to the formation of expanding char.The degradation mechanism suggested that phosphate group in TAEP first degraded to form poly(phosphoric acid)s,which further catalyze the degradation of the material to form char with the emission of nitrogen volatiles from SPUA,leading to the formation of expanding char.The sample containing 50 wt.%SPUA in TAEP/SPUA systems showed lowest heat release rate and total heal release among all resins.There is a better synergistic flame retardant effect between TAEP and SPUA.
5.BTP,DGTH/SPUA and TAEP/SPUA protective fire coatings has been prepared on the Chinese fir wood.The cone calorimeter results showed that BTP and DGTH/SPUA systems have better protective effect among the all the samples.The reason may be that BTP can form high char residue,that BTP can catalyze wood to carbonization,and SPUA/DGTH can form compact char residue with high intensity.
引文
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