激光相干探测中声光器件特性的研究
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摘要
本文对激光相干探测中声光器件的衍射效率及其对外差效率的影响进行了理论和实验研究。在光外差探测中利用声光调制器产生频移时，衍射光斑存在裂化，即衍射光束存在质量下降现象。利用逐点扫描法对声光器件的衍射效率进行测量，发现超声场在声光介质中分布不均匀，同时指出衍射光斑不均匀是由声场分布不均匀造成的。对此，通过对声场分布进行仿真和建立非均匀光栅衬度模型两种方法，描述了衍射不均匀现象。经实验表明，用光阑法限制光束尺寸可有效改善非均匀声场对衍射光束质量的影响。基于对声光器件声场特性进行的研究，建立了换能器简化声场分布模型，分析了在非均匀声场中影响衍射效率的因素，提出了声光器件最佳衍射效率区域。为进一步提高声光器件的工作效率，本文对声光器件的非互易效应进行了研究，实验表明利用该效应可有效提高声光器件的衍射效率。主要研究工作包括：
1、由参量互作用观点出发推导声光耦合波方程的一般形式，利用动量匹配和动量失配分析了介质中的声光互作用规律。通过声光衍射实验发现了衍射光束质量下降的现象，研究了导致衍射光束质量下降的主要原因。针对在声光晶体不同位置的衍射效率分布提出逐点测试方案，进行实验测量，并对测试数据进行了处理和分析，得出衍射光束质量变差、效率下降是由空间声场的不均匀分布造成的。
2、首先，通过有限元分析结合有限差分法，对声场分布进行了仿真。通过对这种非均匀声场的理论分析，验证了衍射光斑不均匀是由声场不均匀造成的，分析了在非均匀声场中影响衍射效率的因素。其次，根据体光栅衬度对衍射光效率的影响，建立非均匀光栅衬度模型。通过仿真再次验证了衍射光束质量下降由声场不均匀造成。最后，在不改变声光设备的情况下，用限制光束直径的方法，改善非均匀声场对衍射光束质量带来的影响。光外差实验中，通过光阑限制光束尺寸，消除了之前衍射光斑中心存在的暗纹，改善了光斑中心不呈现光强极大值和光强分布不均匀的现象，克服了之前衍射光束旁瓣多、噪声大的缺点。实验证明利用光阑法可以有效地改善非均匀声场对衍射光束质量的影响，达到提高激光外差效率的目的。
3、基于对声光器件压电换能器的特性研究，针对目前器件常用双电极压电换能器的情况，从瑞利积分出发，利用椭圆高斯分布描述压电换能器声场分布，建立了在各向异性介质中矩形活塞换能器的简化声场分布模型，对声源辐射的空间声场分布进行了分析、仿真和计算。通过这种构造的声场分布研究，结合声场分布与衍射效率分布的关系，计算出多个压电换能器声光器件的衍射效率分布曲线。针对氧化碲作为声光介质的双压电换能器声光器件进行仿真和实验研究，得出实际声光衍射效率特性曲线，证明理论仿真与实验结果吻合。最后得出在晶体中均匀声场分布范围的表达式，提出了声光器件最佳衍射效率区域。
4、根据光束相对声光器件正向、反向传播时，存在不同衍射效率的非互易现象，探讨了衍射光强衰减影响衍射效率的问题，分析了RF信号100MHz驱动下声光器件的非互易工作特性。借助信号发生器和光功率计结合光束衍射实验，对氧化碲介质的声光器件进行非互易程度测量，利用光功率计计量在不同驱动频率下的衍射效率分布情况。通过比较声光器件传输带宽，确定非互易效应造成的频移。实验证明氧化碲介质的声光器件存在非互易效应，并发现声波矢方向不仅影响光衍射方向，还伴随传输带宽的偏移。再通过激光外差干涉实验，判断声光器件的这种非互易效应对外差中频信号的影响，同时利用非互易效应提高激光外差中频信号的增益。实验结果表明，采用非互易特性可以提高声光调制器有效工作效率，增加其实用性。
This work focuses on the influence of acousto-optic devices on heterodyneefficiency in the laser heterodyne interference detection. The features and applicationsof acousto-optic devices and encountered problems are discussed. The sound fielddistribution can influence the diffraction efficiency of the acousto-optic modulator andthe beam quality of the diffracted beam. In this research, the ultrasonic sound fielddistribution model generated from ultrasonic transducer is investigated, the factors ofnon-uniform sound field that affect the diffraction efficiency are analyzed, thenon-reciprocal effects of acousto-optic devices and its influence on the laser heterodyneinterference effects are also discussed. A summary of the development and applicationof acousto-optic devices and its operating characteristics is given.
The first part of the paper, the general form of the sound and light coupled waveequations are derived from the parametric interactive point of view, and the interactionof the sound and light is analyzed by using the momentum matching and momentummismatch. The properties of the tellurium oxide acousto-optic devices are studiedthrough simulation and experiment, and then the acousto-optic diffraction efficiencycurves are obtained, the experimental results agree well with the theory. Based on thekind of non-uniform sound field theoretical analysis is made, and the result that thedecline in beam quality of the diffraction beam caused by the uneven sound field isexamined. The main reasons of the decline of diffraction beam quality led byacousto-optic crystal are studied. The experimental test measurement of theacousto-optic diffraction efficiency is made, and the measured data are processed andanalyzed. Through the comparison with the theoretical analysis, we can see that thediffraction beam quality deterioration and reduced efficiency was caused by the unevendistribution of spatial sound field.
The second part of the paper, because of the fact that sound reflection leads touneven distribution of sound field in the crystal, a light beam diaphragm method isproposed. First of all, the non-uniform grating contrast model is proposed from theinfluence on volume grating contrast and diffraction efficiency. By use of the theoreticalsimulation and experimental measurements, proof of the transmission performance ofthe aperture method is examined. In addition, through the beam diaphragm method thecenter dark lines in spot of the diffracted beam is eliminated in the heterodyneinterferometer experiments, and the beam spot shows much more uniform. This methodcan improve the diffraction beam quality and improve heterodyne interferometer performance.
The third part of the paper, based on the Rayleigh integral, the axisymmetricultrasonic transducer of sound field distribution characteristics is analysed. By use of anelliptical Gaussian modeling the piezoelectric transducer sound field distribution isdescribed, the radiation distribution for spatial sound field is analyzed, and numericalcomputation is also made. Through analysis and simulation modeling, the sound fielddistributions are discussed for different crystal location and attenuation. Then therelationship between the sound field distribution and the diffraction efficiencydistribution is derived, and the optical field distributions are computed for severaldiffraction conditions. At the end of this part, the condition under which the sound fieldin the crystal is uniform, and the diffraction efficiency on the acoustic axis are given.
The fourth part of the paper, according to the beam forward and back transmissionin the acousto-optic devices, there exist different diffraction efficiency. From this kindof non-reciprocal phenomenon in the acousto-optic device, the consideration of thefactors to influence the diffraction efficiency and the laser heterodyne interferometerefficiency owing to the diffracted light attenuation are discussed. By use of thenon-reciprocal theory the acousto-optic device operating characteristics which havedriven by100MHz are analysed. The frequency shift resulted from non-reciprocal effectcan be determined by help of comparison of the transmission bandwidth of theacousto-optic device. Experimental results indicate that in tellurium oxide acoustic-opticdevices there exist non-reciprocal effect, it is shown that the direction of acoustic wavepropagation effects not only the light diffraction’s direction also the change oftransmission bandwidth. In tellurium oxide crystal such change can be as high as50~60%of the total bandwidth.
In the research of laser heterodyne interferometer for coherent detection technology,the non-reciprocal effect in acousto-optic device can be used to determine the impactson heterodyne IF signal. And by use of the non-reciprocal effect the gain of laserheterodyne IF signal could be improved. The experiment shows: when the radiofrequency is tuned to a working range from100to105MHz for the acoustic opticmodulator (AOM), the diffraction efficiency reaches the maximum value of98%. Byuse of the non-reciprocal effect, a7.7dB voltage gain of diffraction efficiency can beobtained and heterodyne signal power increases by+13dBm to+21dBm.
1、由参量互作用观点出发推导声光耦合波方程的一般形式，利用动量匹配和动量失配分析了介质中的声光互作用规律。通过声光衍射实验发现了衍射光束质量下降的现象，研究了导致衍射光束质量下降的主要原因。针对在声光晶体不同位置的衍射效率分布提出逐点测试方案，进行实验测量，并对测试数据进行了处理和分析，得出衍射光束质量变差、效率下降是由空间声场的不均匀分布造成的。
2、首先，通过有限元分析结合有限差分法，对声场分布进行了仿真。通过对这种非均匀声场的理论分析，验证了衍射光斑不均匀是由声场不均匀造成的，分析了在非均匀声场中影响衍射效率的因素。其次，根据体光栅衬度对衍射光效率的影响，建立非均匀光栅衬度模型。通过仿真再次验证了衍射光束质量下降由声场不均匀造成。最后，在不改变声光设备的情况下，用限制光束直径的方法，改善非均匀声场对衍射光束质量带来的影响。光外差实验中，通过光阑限制光束尺寸，消除了之前衍射光斑中心存在的暗纹，改善了光斑中心不呈现光强极大值和光强分布不均匀的现象，克服了之前衍射光束旁瓣多、噪声大的缺点。实验证明利用光阑法可以有效地改善非均匀声场对衍射光束质量的影响，达到提高激光外差效率的目的。
3、基于对声光器件压电换能器的特性研究，针对目前器件常用双电极压电换能器的情况，从瑞利积分出发，利用椭圆高斯分布描述压电换能器声场分布，建立了在各向异性介质中矩形活塞换能器的简化声场分布模型，对声源辐射的空间声场分布进行了分析、仿真和计算。通过这种构造的声场分布研究，结合声场分布与衍射效率分布的关系，计算出多个压电换能器声光器件的衍射效率分布曲线。针对氧化碲作为声光介质的双压电换能器声光器件进行仿真和实验研究，得出实际声光衍射效率特性曲线，证明理论仿真与实验结果吻合。最后得出在晶体中均匀声场分布范围的表达式，提出了声光器件最佳衍射效率区域。
4、根据光束相对声光器件正向、反向传播时，存在不同衍射效率的非互易现象，探讨了衍射光强衰减影响衍射效率的问题，分析了RF信号100MHz驱动下声光器件的非互易工作特性。借助信号发生器和光功率计结合光束衍射实验，对氧化碲介质的声光器件进行非互易程度测量，利用光功率计计量在不同驱动频率下的衍射效率分布情况。通过比较声光器件传输带宽，确定非互易效应造成的频移。实验证明氧化碲介质的声光器件存在非互易效应，并发现声波矢方向不仅影响光衍射方向，还伴随传输带宽的偏移。再通过激光外差干涉实验，判断声光器件的这种非互易效应对外差中频信号的影响，同时利用非互易效应提高激光外差中频信号的增益。实验结果表明，采用非互易特性可以提高声光调制器有效工作效率，增加其实用性。
This work focuses on the influence of acousto-optic devices on heterodyneefficiency in the laser heterodyne interference detection. The features and applicationsof acousto-optic devices and encountered problems are discussed. The sound fielddistribution can influence the diffraction efficiency of the acousto-optic modulator andthe beam quality of the diffracted beam. In this research, the ultrasonic sound fielddistribution model generated from ultrasonic transducer is investigated, the factors ofnon-uniform sound field that affect the diffraction efficiency are analyzed, thenon-reciprocal effects of acousto-optic devices and its influence on the laser heterodyneinterference effects are also discussed. A summary of the development and applicationof acousto-optic devices and its operating characteristics is given.
The first part of the paper, the general form of the sound and light coupled waveequations are derived from the parametric interactive point of view, and the interactionof the sound and light is analyzed by using the momentum matching and momentummismatch. The properties of the tellurium oxide acousto-optic devices are studiedthrough simulation and experiment, and then the acousto-optic diffraction efficiencycurves are obtained, the experimental results agree well with the theory. Based on thekind of non-uniform sound field theoretical analysis is made, and the result that thedecline in beam quality of the diffraction beam caused by the uneven sound field isexamined. The main reasons of the decline of diffraction beam quality led byacousto-optic crystal are studied. The experimental test measurement of theacousto-optic diffraction efficiency is made, and the measured data are processed andanalyzed. Through the comparison with the theoretical analysis, we can see that thediffraction beam quality deterioration and reduced efficiency was caused by the unevendistribution of spatial sound field.
The second part of the paper, because of the fact that sound reflection leads touneven distribution of sound field in the crystal, a light beam diaphragm method isproposed. First of all, the non-uniform grating contrast model is proposed from theinfluence on volume grating contrast and diffraction efficiency. By use of the theoreticalsimulation and experimental measurements, proof of the transmission performance ofthe aperture method is examined. In addition, through the beam diaphragm method thecenter dark lines in spot of the diffracted beam is eliminated in the heterodyneinterferometer experiments, and the beam spot shows much more uniform. This methodcan improve the diffraction beam quality and improve heterodyne interferometer performance.
The third part of the paper, based on the Rayleigh integral, the axisymmetricultrasonic transducer of sound field distribution characteristics is analysed. By use of anelliptical Gaussian modeling the piezoelectric transducer sound field distribution isdescribed, the radiation distribution for spatial sound field is analyzed, and numericalcomputation is also made. Through analysis and simulation modeling, the sound fielddistributions are discussed for different crystal location and attenuation. Then therelationship between the sound field distribution and the diffraction efficiencydistribution is derived, and the optical field distributions are computed for severaldiffraction conditions. At the end of this part, the condition under which the sound fieldin the crystal is uniform, and the diffraction efficiency on the acoustic axis are given.
The fourth part of the paper, according to the beam forward and back transmissionin the acousto-optic devices, there exist different diffraction efficiency. From this kindof non-reciprocal phenomenon in the acousto-optic device, the consideration of thefactors to influence the diffraction efficiency and the laser heterodyne interferometerefficiency owing to the diffracted light attenuation are discussed. By use of thenon-reciprocal theory the acousto-optic device operating characteristics which havedriven by100MHz are analysed. The frequency shift resulted from non-reciprocal effectcan be determined by help of comparison of the transmission bandwidth of theacousto-optic device. Experimental results indicate that in tellurium oxide acoustic-opticdevices there exist non-reciprocal effect, it is shown that the direction of acoustic wavepropagation effects not only the light diffraction’s direction also the change oftransmission bandwidth. In tellurium oxide crystal such change can be as high as50~60%of the total bandwidth.
In the research of laser heterodyne interferometer for coherent detection technology,the non-reciprocal effect in acousto-optic device can be used to determine the impactson heterodyne IF signal. And by use of the non-reciprocal effect the gain of laserheterodyne IF signal could be improved. The experiment shows: when the radiofrequency is tuned to a working range from100to105MHz for the acoustic opticmodulator (AOM), the diffraction efficiency reaches the maximum value of98%. Byuse of the non-reciprocal effect, a7.7dB voltage gain of diffraction efficiency can beobtained and heterodyne signal power increases by+13dBm to+21dBm.
引文
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