液氦温区多级斯特林型脉管制冷机理研究
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摘要
液氦温区小型低温制冷机在空间探测、国防军事、医疗、交通运输、低温物理等领域有着重要应用。斯特林型脉管制冷机具有可靠、高效、紧凑、轻质等突出优点,可望满足苛刻的空间制冷要求,因此逐渐成为研究热点。与液氦温区GM型脉管制冷机相比,在高频条件下工作的斯特林型脉管制冷机,其工作机理更加复杂,尚未得到充分研究,限制了其制冷性能的提高。因此,本文旨在探索液氦温区斯特林型脉管制冷机的工作机理,主要开展了以下三方面的研究工作：
1.多级斯特林型脉管制冷机结构形式研究
首次系统开展多级斯特林型脉管制冷机的耦合方式与边界布置形式研究。重点研究了耦合方式对回热器效率和气流分配的影响,以及边界布置形式对调相能力、脉管效率以及预冷负荷等方面的影响。研究发现：气耦合型比热耦合型回热器损失更小,但同时气流分配受运行参数、结构参数影响更大。采用低温边界可显著增强惯性管的调相能力,提高脉管的绝热膨胀效率和制冷机压比,但同时增大了预冷负荷。结构形式研究可为多级斯特林型脉管制冷机的设计提供参考。
2.液氦温区多级斯特林型脉管制冷机设计方法研究
本文提出了采用确定结构形式、运行参数、温度分布、结构参数、最后进行匹配校核的一套多级斯特林型脉管制冷机设计方法。以一台液氦温区多级斯特林型脉管制冷机为例,首先选定三级热耦合的结构形式,其中第三级采用低温边界的形式。通过工质物性分析与各级匹配分析确定各级的基本运行参数,即工作频率与充气压力,进而依据制冷性能预估各级温度分布并依据温度分布选择回热材料。采用数值计算软件Sage与REGEGN及其他程序进行结构尺寸计算,其中回热器的结构尺寸根据回热效率与制冷量计算,脉管的体积与长径比根据膨胀效率、相位跨度与层流化要求而定,惯性管的结构尺寸基于简化的热声理论计算。最后对多级制冷机进行阻抗匹配校核。该设计方法可为多级斯特林型脉管制冷机的设计提供有效依据。
3.三级斯特林型脉管制冷机实验研究
本文自行设计搭建了三级斯特林型脉管制冷机实验装置,初步验证了多级斯特林型脉管制冷机理论设计方法的有效性。三级制冷机的频率与充气压力与设计值相近,第二级在设计频率与充气压力下获得纯惯性管型最低的无负荷温度之一,第三级最佳频率、充气压力为与设计值偏差分别小于0.1Hz、0.1MPa。三级制冷机的温度分布与设计值相近,一、二、三级的偏差仅为0.5K、0.7K、0.07K,并在各温区获得了与设计值相近的制冷效率。第一、二级分别获得35.1K、14.9K的无负荷温度,接近于单级、二级斯特林型脉管制冷机的世界最低温度,第三级获得4.97K的无负荷温度,首次以三级斯特林型脉管脉管制冷机结构进入液氦温区。理论结合实验研究了液氦温区运行参数的影响,研究发现频率、充气压力、输入功、预冷温度等四参数对制冷机各个部件的影响显著不同,据此提出提高制冷效率的方向并通过实验加以验证,获得了4.76K的无负荷制冷温度,低于国外采用四级结构(氦-4工质)所获得的最低制冷温度。以上实验与理论研究推动了液氦温区斯特林型脉管制冷机机理研究。
Cryocoolers working at liquid helium temperatures have many important applications in the fields of space exploration, military, medicine, transportion, and low-temperature physics. The Stirling pulse tube cryocooler (SPTC) is a potential candidate in space applications because of the advantages of high reliability, high efficiency, compactness, and low mass, and has become a hot topic these years. However, the working mechanism of a4K SPTC that operates at relatively high frequency is more complicated than that of the Gifford McMahon (GM) PTC that operates at the relatively low frequency of1-2Hz, and has not yet been well understood. In this study, theoretical and experimental investigation has been carried out to explore the refrigeration mechanism of the multistage SPTC working at liquid helium temperatures. The following content are included:
1. Structure investigation of multistage SPTCs
The characteristics of coupling methods and arrangement of the hot end of the pulse tube (short as pulse tube arrangement) are systematically investigated at the first time. The influence of coupling methods on regenerator efficiency and mass flow distribution and the influence of pulse tube arrangement on phase shift capability, pulse tube efficiency and precooling heat load are mainly investigated. The investigation reveals that the regenerator efficiency of gas-coupling method is higher that of thermal-coupling method, that the gas distribution of gas-coupling method is more apt to be influenced by working parameters and geometry parameters than that of thermal-coupling method. The investigation also reveals that phase shifting capability is enhanced by placing the pulse tube hot end at cold, meanwhile the expansion efficiency of the pulse tube is improved and the pressure ratio also improved. However, the precooling heat load increases. The structure investigation of multistage SPTC is the first step for the design of multistage SPTCs working at liquid helium temperatures.
2. Design method investigation of multistage SPTCs working at liquid helium temperatures
A new method of designing multistage SPTCs working at liquid helium temperatures is proposed in this paper, a series of steps including determining the structure, working parameters, temperature profile, geometry parameters are carried out and matching between stages is finally checked. A4K multistage SPTC is designed based on this method. The thermal coupling structure is fixed first, with the third-stage pulse tube hot end placed at cold. Secondly, the basic working parameters of frequency and charge pressure of each stage are determined based on the analysis of gas and material properties and also between-stage matching. The temperature profile is determined based on the summary of the performance of multistage SPTCs. Regenerator material is selected based on the temperature profile. Geometry parameters are determined based on the numerical calculation of Sage, REGEN and some other code. The length and diameter of regenerators are mainly fixed concerning regenerator efficiency and cooling power, the volume and aspect ratio of the pulse tubes are mainly fixed concerning the expansion efficiency, the phase span and the requirement of gas strengthening, the geometry of the inertance tubes are fixed based on the calculation of simplified thermoacoustic theory. Finally, the impedance matching between stages is checked. This method provides a reliable design method for multi-stage SPTCs.
3. Experimental investigation of the three stage SPTC
A three stage SPTC is designed and constructed. The experimental Investigation of this cooler has verified the design method of multistage SPTCs. The optimum frequency and charge pressure of three stages are close to the designed value. The second stage working at designed condition reached a no load temperature which is among the best results of inertance-phasing two stage SPTCs. The optimum frequency and charge pressure of the third stage are less than0.1Hz and0.1MPa of differences from the design values. The temperature distribution of the three stages is close to the design value, the difference is only0.5K,0.7K, and0.07K of three stages. The efficiency of the three stages are close to the designed value. The first stage and second stage reaches a no-load temperature of35.1K and14.9K, which is close to the lowest no-load temperature of single stage and two stage SPTCs. The three-stage SPTC reaches4.97K, which is the first time a three-stage SPTC reaches liquid helium temperatures. The influence of working parameters at liquid helium temperatures is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The investigation reveals that the influence of frequency, charge pressure, input power and precooling temperature is different on regenerators, pulse tubes and inertance tubes, and a new method for improving the cooling efficiency is proposed. This method is verified experimentally, and a no-load temperature of4.76K has been achieved, which is lower than that reached by a four-stage SPTC working with He-4. The experimental and theoritical investigation improves the refrigeration mechanism investigation of SPTCs working at liquid helium temperatures.
1.多级斯特林型脉管制冷机结构形式研究
首次系统开展多级斯特林型脉管制冷机的耦合方式与边界布置形式研究。重点研究了耦合方式对回热器效率和气流分配的影响,以及边界布置形式对调相能力、脉管效率以及预冷负荷等方面的影响。研究发现：气耦合型比热耦合型回热器损失更小,但同时气流分配受运行参数、结构参数影响更大。采用低温边界可显著增强惯性管的调相能力,提高脉管的绝热膨胀效率和制冷机压比,但同时增大了预冷负荷。结构形式研究可为多级斯特林型脉管制冷机的设计提供参考。
2.液氦温区多级斯特林型脉管制冷机设计方法研究
本文提出了采用确定结构形式、运行参数、温度分布、结构参数、最后进行匹配校核的一套多级斯特林型脉管制冷机设计方法。以一台液氦温区多级斯特林型脉管制冷机为例,首先选定三级热耦合的结构形式,其中第三级采用低温边界的形式。通过工质物性分析与各级匹配分析确定各级的基本运行参数,即工作频率与充气压力,进而依据制冷性能预估各级温度分布并依据温度分布选择回热材料。采用数值计算软件Sage与REGEGN及其他程序进行结构尺寸计算,其中回热器的结构尺寸根据回热效率与制冷量计算,脉管的体积与长径比根据膨胀效率、相位跨度与层流化要求而定,惯性管的结构尺寸基于简化的热声理论计算。最后对多级制冷机进行阻抗匹配校核。该设计方法可为多级斯特林型脉管制冷机的设计提供有效依据。
3.三级斯特林型脉管制冷机实验研究
本文自行设计搭建了三级斯特林型脉管制冷机实验装置,初步验证了多级斯特林型脉管制冷机理论设计方法的有效性。三级制冷机的频率与充气压力与设计值相近,第二级在设计频率与充气压力下获得纯惯性管型最低的无负荷温度之一,第三级最佳频率、充气压力为与设计值偏差分别小于0.1Hz、0.1MPa。三级制冷机的温度分布与设计值相近,一、二、三级的偏差仅为0.5K、0.7K、0.07K,并在各温区获得了与设计值相近的制冷效率。第一、二级分别获得35.1K、14.9K的无负荷温度,接近于单级、二级斯特林型脉管制冷机的世界最低温度,第三级获得4.97K的无负荷温度,首次以三级斯特林型脉管脉管制冷机结构进入液氦温区。理论结合实验研究了液氦温区运行参数的影响,研究发现频率、充气压力、输入功、预冷温度等四参数对制冷机各个部件的影响显著不同,据此提出提高制冷效率的方向并通过实验加以验证,获得了4.76K的无负荷制冷温度,低于国外采用四级结构(氦-4工质)所获得的最低制冷温度。以上实验与理论研究推动了液氦温区斯特林型脉管制冷机机理研究。
Cryocoolers working at liquid helium temperatures have many important applications in the fields of space exploration, military, medicine, transportion, and low-temperature physics. The Stirling pulse tube cryocooler (SPTC) is a potential candidate in space applications because of the advantages of high reliability, high efficiency, compactness, and low mass, and has become a hot topic these years. However, the working mechanism of a4K SPTC that operates at relatively high frequency is more complicated than that of the Gifford McMahon (GM) PTC that operates at the relatively low frequency of1-2Hz, and has not yet been well understood. In this study, theoretical and experimental investigation has been carried out to explore the refrigeration mechanism of the multistage SPTC working at liquid helium temperatures. The following content are included:
1. Structure investigation of multistage SPTCs
The characteristics of coupling methods and arrangement of the hot end of the pulse tube (short as pulse tube arrangement) are systematically investigated at the first time. The influence of coupling methods on regenerator efficiency and mass flow distribution and the influence of pulse tube arrangement on phase shift capability, pulse tube efficiency and precooling heat load are mainly investigated. The investigation reveals that the regenerator efficiency of gas-coupling method is higher that of thermal-coupling method, that the gas distribution of gas-coupling method is more apt to be influenced by working parameters and geometry parameters than that of thermal-coupling method. The investigation also reveals that phase shifting capability is enhanced by placing the pulse tube hot end at cold, meanwhile the expansion efficiency of the pulse tube is improved and the pressure ratio also improved. However, the precooling heat load increases. The structure investigation of multistage SPTC is the first step for the design of multistage SPTCs working at liquid helium temperatures.
2. Design method investigation of multistage SPTCs working at liquid helium temperatures
A new method of designing multistage SPTCs working at liquid helium temperatures is proposed in this paper, a series of steps including determining the structure, working parameters, temperature profile, geometry parameters are carried out and matching between stages is finally checked. A4K multistage SPTC is designed based on this method. The thermal coupling structure is fixed first, with the third-stage pulse tube hot end placed at cold. Secondly, the basic working parameters of frequency and charge pressure of each stage are determined based on the analysis of gas and material properties and also between-stage matching. The temperature profile is determined based on the summary of the performance of multistage SPTCs. Regenerator material is selected based on the temperature profile. Geometry parameters are determined based on the numerical calculation of Sage, REGEN and some other code. The length and diameter of regenerators are mainly fixed concerning regenerator efficiency and cooling power, the volume and aspect ratio of the pulse tubes are mainly fixed concerning the expansion efficiency, the phase span and the requirement of gas strengthening, the geometry of the inertance tubes are fixed based on the calculation of simplified thermoacoustic theory. Finally, the impedance matching between stages is checked. This method provides a reliable design method for multi-stage SPTCs.
3. Experimental investigation of the three stage SPTC
A three stage SPTC is designed and constructed. The experimental Investigation of this cooler has verified the design method of multistage SPTCs. The optimum frequency and charge pressure of three stages are close to the designed value. The second stage working at designed condition reached a no load temperature which is among the best results of inertance-phasing two stage SPTCs. The optimum frequency and charge pressure of the third stage are less than0.1Hz and0.1MPa of differences from the design values. The temperature distribution of the three stages is close to the design value, the difference is only0.5K,0.7K, and0.07K of three stages. The efficiency of the three stages are close to the designed value. The first stage and second stage reaches a no-load temperature of35.1K and14.9K, which is close to the lowest no-load temperature of single stage and two stage SPTCs. The three-stage SPTC reaches4.97K, which is the first time a three-stage SPTC reaches liquid helium temperatures. The influence of working parameters at liquid helium temperatures is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The investigation reveals that the influence of frequency, charge pressure, input power and precooling temperature is different on regenerators, pulse tubes and inertance tubes, and a new method for improving the cooling efficiency is proposed. This method is verified experimentally, and a no-load temperature of4.76K has been achieved, which is lower than that reached by a four-stage SPTC working with He-4. The experimental and theoritical investigation improves the refrigeration mechanism investigation of SPTCs working at liquid helium temperatures.
引文
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