基于方向图可重构技术的相控阵大角度扫描特性研究
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摘要
大角度扫描相控阵能够在较大的空域内发现目标，为制导、探测、搜索、识别、捕获和跟踪提供了及时的信息。工作在毫米波段的相控阵则具备很好的穿透传播特性，良好的抗干扰、反隐身能力，以及体积小、重量轻等特征，它们在车载、舰载和星载等领域有着广泛的应用。因此对工作在毫米波段的具备大角度扫描特性的相控阵进行研究，有着重要且深远的意义。
本文围绕毫米波段大角度扫描相控阵的分析与设计方法展开了一系列的研究，主要内容如下：
在第一章，介绍了相控阵、大角度扫描相控阵以及方向图可重构技术的研究背景以及发展动态。指出了相控阵发展过程中亟待解决的关键问题，并针对关键问题之一——大角度扫描，概述了实现大角度扫描的几种方法，分析了方向图可重构技术的特点以及实现方法。
在第二章，首先分析了影响相控阵扫描波束指向角、增益、波束宽度和扫描栅瓣等性能的若干参数；接着，将方向图可重构技术与相控阵设计相结合，提出了含有方向图可重构单元的相控阵大角度扫描新思路。该新思路包括了大角度扫描的新方法、实验验证方案以及实验天线模型。其中，新方法包括了大角度扫描的具体实施步骤；实验验证方案包括了对1×4有源相控阵的实验验证步骤、实验验证指标分解；最后，提出了包含方向图可重构单元、1×4有源相控阵、T/R组件和馈电网络的实验天线模型。
在第三章，提出了一种新型的毫米波馈电可重构方向图可重构天线，该新型方向图可重构天线通过重构馈电网络而得到不同重构模式的辐射方向图。首先，研究了它的方向图可重构原理，给出了详细估算方向图可重构模式的解析表达式。其次，根据上述解析表达式的初步计算结果，设计了三种可重构的馈电网络。最后，提出了该类型方向图可重构天线的定量设计方法。此外，考虑可重构天线内基本辐射元间的互耦效应以及重构馈电网络中嵌入开关的插入损耗等因素，修正和完善了估算解析表达式，使其能更加准确的指导该类型方向图可重构天线的设计。测试结果表明，所设计的方向图可重构天线具有三种可重构辐射模式，在其俯仰面的联合3dB波束宽度达到了大约128°，三种模式的辐射增益均达到9dB左右且增益波动在1dB之内。
在第四章，首先提出了含有方向图可重构单元的1×4相控阵，给出了相控阵具体结构和馈电网络。其次，按照大角度扫描新方法，将扫描空域划分为三个子空域，在各个子空域内实施相扫，在接连的子空域范围内实现大角度扫描。再次，分析了相控阵及其扫描波束的特性。在分析相控阵阵因子时，发现含有方向图可重构单元的相控阵具有二维波束扫描自由度。在分析相控阵馈电网络时，提出了一种通过控制可重构单元内基本辐射元的间距、各可重构单元的间距以及单元各可重构辐射方向图初始状态，在扫描子区域内合理地规避栅瓣的解析方法，并给出了具体的图示和公式说明。最后，针对扫描区域内的高旁瓣、扫描波束指向角不准确以及扫描波束宽度突变等问题，利用遗传算法优化了各可重构单元的馈电幅度和相位，从而提高了相控阵大角度扫描波束特性。论文研究结果表明，该相控阵能够实现在俯仰面内±75°的扫描，其联合3dB波束覆盖范围达到了±80°，且增益波动在3dB之内。
在第五章，对论文进行了总结，提出了进一步研究的课题。
The wide-angle scanning phased array can find targets in a large airspace, whichcould provide timely information for electronic guidance, detection, search, recognition,acquisition and tracking. Millimeter-wave phased arrays have some particularadvantages, such as excellent characteristic in penetration propagation, good capabilitiesin anti-jamming and anti-stealth, small size, and light weight, so they have been widelyutilized in airborne, shipborne, and spaceborne platforms. Therefore, it is of greatimprotance to research on the millimeter-wave phased array with wide-angle scanning.
This dissertation takes investigation on the analysis and design methods ofwide-angle scanning millimeter phased array and is organized as follows:
In Chapter1, the research background and recent developments about phased array,wide-angle phased array, and pattern reconfigurable antenna technology are reviewed.Some critical problems in the development process of phased array are discussed andspecial focus is cast on one of them, the wide-angle scanning. Several ways to realizewide-angle scanning are summarized. And then the features of pattern reconfigurabletechnology and its implementation methods are analyzed.
In Chapter2, some parameters impacted on the scanning beam angle, gain,beam-wdith, and greating lobes of phased array are analyzed at first. Then patternreconfigurable technology and design of phased array are combined, and a new idea forwide-angle scanning is presented. This new idea includes a wide-angle scanningapproach, an experimental verification scheme, and a model of experimental antenna.Detailed implementation steps for wide-angle scanning are introduced in the new wideangle scanning approach. Experimental verification steps and corresponding indexdecomposition for a1×4active phased array are explained in the new experimentalverification scheme. Finally, an experimental antenna model is proposed, which consistsof pattern reconfigurable elements,1×4active phased array, Transmitter andReceiver(T/R) unit, and feeding networks.
In Chapter3, a novel millimeter-wave pattern reconfigurable antenna withreconfigurable feeding networks is proposed. The proposed reconfigurable antenna canobtain its different radiating patterns by reconifgurabling its feeding networks. Firstly,the reconfigurable principle is investigated and a detailed analytical expression for reconfigurable mode estimation is provided. Secondly, according to the calculationresults of the analytiacal expression, three types of reconfigurable feeding networks aredesigned. Finally, a quantitative design method for this kind of pattern reconfigurableantenna is proposed. Futhermore, the analytical estimation expression is amended andimproved, which takes the mutual coupling effect between the pattern reconfigurableantenna’s basic radiation elements and the insert loss of the embeded PIN diodeswitches into account. The test results show that the pattern reconfigurable antnena hasthree different reconfigurable modes and its jointed3dB beam-width can cover about128°in the elevation plane, and the radiating gain reaches9dB with a gain fluctuationless than1dB.
In Chapter4, firstly, a1×4phased array with pattern reconfigurable elements isproposed. The specific structure and its feeding networks are provided. According to thenew wide-angle scanning approach, the scanning space is divided into three sub-spaces,phased scanning is implemented in each sub-space, and then wide-angle scanning isrealized in the jointed sub-spaces. Secondly, the proposed phased array and its scanningbeams are analyzed. When the array factor of the phased array is analyzed, it is foundthat the phased array with pattern reconfigurable elements has a two-dimensionalfreedom of scanning. When the structure of the feeding networks are analyzed, aanalytical method is proposed to avoid the grating lobes in each sub-space bycontrolling the space between each radiating unit in the pattern reconfigurable element,the space between each reconfigurable element in the phased array, and thereconfigurable modes. And a specific description with diagrams and analytical formulasare given. Finally, for the problems of high levels of side lobes, inaccurate beampointing angles, and mutable beam width, a genetic algorithm is used to get optimizedscanning beams. The test results show that the phased array can scan its main lobe from-75°to+75°and its jointed3dB beam width can cover±80°in the elevation planewith a gain fluctuation less than3dB.
In Chapter5, a summary of the whole dissertation is given and topics for futureresearch are suggested.
本文围绕毫米波段大角度扫描相控阵的分析与设计方法展开了一系列的研究，主要内容如下：
在第一章，介绍了相控阵、大角度扫描相控阵以及方向图可重构技术的研究背景以及发展动态。指出了相控阵发展过程中亟待解决的关键问题，并针对关键问题之一——大角度扫描，概述了实现大角度扫描的几种方法，分析了方向图可重构技术的特点以及实现方法。
在第二章，首先分析了影响相控阵扫描波束指向角、增益、波束宽度和扫描栅瓣等性能的若干参数；接着，将方向图可重构技术与相控阵设计相结合，提出了含有方向图可重构单元的相控阵大角度扫描新思路。该新思路包括了大角度扫描的新方法、实验验证方案以及实验天线模型。其中，新方法包括了大角度扫描的具体实施步骤；实验验证方案包括了对1×4有源相控阵的实验验证步骤、实验验证指标分解；最后，提出了包含方向图可重构单元、1×4有源相控阵、T/R组件和馈电网络的实验天线模型。
在第三章，提出了一种新型的毫米波馈电可重构方向图可重构天线，该新型方向图可重构天线通过重构馈电网络而得到不同重构模式的辐射方向图。首先，研究了它的方向图可重构原理，给出了详细估算方向图可重构模式的解析表达式。其次，根据上述解析表达式的初步计算结果，设计了三种可重构的馈电网络。最后，提出了该类型方向图可重构天线的定量设计方法。此外，考虑可重构天线内基本辐射元间的互耦效应以及重构馈电网络中嵌入开关的插入损耗等因素，修正和完善了估算解析表达式，使其能更加准确的指导该类型方向图可重构天线的设计。测试结果表明，所设计的方向图可重构天线具有三种可重构辐射模式，在其俯仰面的联合3dB波束宽度达到了大约128°，三种模式的辐射增益均达到9dB左右且增益波动在1dB之内。
在第四章，首先提出了含有方向图可重构单元的1×4相控阵，给出了相控阵具体结构和馈电网络。其次，按照大角度扫描新方法，将扫描空域划分为三个子空域，在各个子空域内实施相扫，在接连的子空域范围内实现大角度扫描。再次，分析了相控阵及其扫描波束的特性。在分析相控阵阵因子时，发现含有方向图可重构单元的相控阵具有二维波束扫描自由度。在分析相控阵馈电网络时，提出了一种通过控制可重构单元内基本辐射元的间距、各可重构单元的间距以及单元各可重构辐射方向图初始状态，在扫描子区域内合理地规避栅瓣的解析方法，并给出了具体的图示和公式说明。最后，针对扫描区域内的高旁瓣、扫描波束指向角不准确以及扫描波束宽度突变等问题，利用遗传算法优化了各可重构单元的馈电幅度和相位，从而提高了相控阵大角度扫描波束特性。论文研究结果表明，该相控阵能够实现在俯仰面内±75°的扫描，其联合3dB波束覆盖范围达到了±80°，且增益波动在3dB之内。
在第五章，对论文进行了总结，提出了进一步研究的课题。
The wide-angle scanning phased array can find targets in a large airspace, whichcould provide timely information for electronic guidance, detection, search, recognition,acquisition and tracking. Millimeter-wave phased arrays have some particularadvantages, such as excellent characteristic in penetration propagation, good capabilitiesin anti-jamming and anti-stealth, small size, and light weight, so they have been widelyutilized in airborne, shipborne, and spaceborne platforms. Therefore, it is of greatimprotance to research on the millimeter-wave phased array with wide-angle scanning.
This dissertation takes investigation on the analysis and design methods ofwide-angle scanning millimeter phased array and is organized as follows:
In Chapter1, the research background and recent developments about phased array,wide-angle phased array, and pattern reconfigurable antenna technology are reviewed.Some critical problems in the development process of phased array are discussed andspecial focus is cast on one of them, the wide-angle scanning. Several ways to realizewide-angle scanning are summarized. And then the features of pattern reconfigurabletechnology and its implementation methods are analyzed.
In Chapter2, some parameters impacted on the scanning beam angle, gain,beam-wdith, and greating lobes of phased array are analyzed at first. Then patternreconfigurable technology and design of phased array are combined, and a new idea forwide-angle scanning is presented. This new idea includes a wide-angle scanningapproach, an experimental verification scheme, and a model of experimental antenna.Detailed implementation steps for wide-angle scanning are introduced in the new wideangle scanning approach. Experimental verification steps and corresponding indexdecomposition for a1×4active phased array are explained in the new experimentalverification scheme. Finally, an experimental antenna model is proposed, which consistsof pattern reconfigurable elements,1×4active phased array, Transmitter andReceiver(T/R) unit, and feeding networks.
In Chapter3, a novel millimeter-wave pattern reconfigurable antenna withreconfigurable feeding networks is proposed. The proposed reconfigurable antenna canobtain its different radiating patterns by reconifgurabling its feeding networks. Firstly,the reconfigurable principle is investigated and a detailed analytical expression for reconfigurable mode estimation is provided. Secondly, according to the calculationresults of the analytiacal expression, three types of reconfigurable feeding networks aredesigned. Finally, a quantitative design method for this kind of pattern reconfigurableantenna is proposed. Futhermore, the analytical estimation expression is amended andimproved, which takes the mutual coupling effect between the pattern reconfigurableantenna’s basic radiation elements and the insert loss of the embeded PIN diodeswitches into account. The test results show that the pattern reconfigurable antnena hasthree different reconfigurable modes and its jointed3dB beam-width can cover about128°in the elevation plane, and the radiating gain reaches9dB with a gain fluctuationless than1dB.
In Chapter4, firstly, a1×4phased array with pattern reconfigurable elements isproposed. The specific structure and its feeding networks are provided. According to thenew wide-angle scanning approach, the scanning space is divided into three sub-spaces,phased scanning is implemented in each sub-space, and then wide-angle scanning isrealized in the jointed sub-spaces. Secondly, the proposed phased array and its scanningbeams are analyzed. When the array factor of the phased array is analyzed, it is foundthat the phased array with pattern reconfigurable elements has a two-dimensionalfreedom of scanning. When the structure of the feeding networks are analyzed, aanalytical method is proposed to avoid the grating lobes in each sub-space bycontrolling the space between each radiating unit in the pattern reconfigurable element,the space between each reconfigurable element in the phased array, and thereconfigurable modes. And a specific description with diagrams and analytical formulasare given. Finally, for the problems of high levels of side lobes, inaccurate beampointing angles, and mutable beam width, a genetic algorithm is used to get optimizedscanning beams. The test results show that the phased array can scan its main lobe from-75°to+75°and its jointed3dB beam width can cover±80°in the elevation planewith a gain fluctuation less than3dB.
In Chapter5, a summary of the whole dissertation is given and topics for futureresearch are suggested.
引文
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