压力容器外部冷却系统内局部温度场及两相分布特性研究
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摘要
压力容器外部冷却（ERVC）作为一项先进压水堆严重事故缓解措施，以其结构简单、良好的经济性和非能动安全等优点得到了广泛的研究和应用。ERVC流道内的两相局部分布和冷却水池的热分层现象通过影响自然循环流动会间接影响到外部冷却能力；而现有的针对ERVC两相局部分布和热分层现象等方面的基础研究实验和数值研究非常罕见，尚无研究者能够确定这两个现象对外部冷却能力的影响程度。本文主要针对先进压水堆外部冷却流道内局部空泡份额和冷却水池内的局部温度场分布进行实验测量，分析和总结局部空泡份额及热分层的分布特征和发展规律，为ERVC流动传热现象和机理研究提供详细的实验数据；同时采用FLUENT程序对下封头外部流道内的两相流分布及水箱热分层现象进行模拟计算，对相关模型的适用性进行评价，为程序计算模型的优化提供改进建议。
在ERVC流道内的两相局部分布研究中，采用自制的电导探针测量了不同液相/气相流量下ERVC上升通道内局部空泡份额的分布；实验发现，流道截面局部空泡份额分布特征主要受测点位置和流动条件影响；采用统计学中的峰度系数和偏度系数对局部空泡率的分布进行定量分析：下封头底部的局部空泡份额分布为壁面峰值分布，而中上部则逐渐发展为近壁面峰值分布，上升段则基本发展成为中心分布。对实验段内的两相流动开展FLUENT程序模拟计算时，针对实验段中心剖面进行2维建模，并分别采用欧拉和混合模型对实验工况进行了计算；对比表明，欧拉和混合两相流模型的计算结果均与实验数据存在较大差异；通过修改升力系数，虽然欧拉模型的计算结果显示了与实验相似的分布规律，但仍需要进行模型修改才能提高计算的准确性。
而在冷却水池热分层现象研究过程中，通过实验研究和分析总结了温度场分层空间分布特征、随时间发展规律以及循环流量等因素对温度场分布的影响。实验表明温度分层现象主要体现在水箱高度方向上，据此提出了描述水箱温度场分布的一维无量纲模型；随着时间的发展，水箱内的温度场分层具有周期性现象；循环流量对热分层的发展和分布具有重要影响。采用FLUENT程序对热分层实验工况进行的1:1的三维模拟中，采用实验数据评价了各湍流模型的模拟能力，并通过实验现象与数值计算相结合的方法对水箱内温度场分布和局部流动特点进行了综合分析；计算结果与实验对比表明，合理设置模拟参数后，FLUENT程序能够较好的模拟冷却水箱热分层现象和发展过程。
External reactor pressure vessel cooling (hereinafter referred to asERVC), as one of the severve accident mitigation measurements, has beenextensively studied and widely applicated in advanced PWRs becasure ofits simplified structures, good economy and passive safety features, andetc. The ERVC cooling capacity could be affected mainly by the local voiddistribution in the channel and heat stratification in the cooling pool.Currently, most of the existing experimental and numerical studies onERVC focus on the engineering applications. However, the researches onthe ERVC two-phase distribution and thermal stratification are very rare.This dissertation mainly focuses on advanced PWR external cooling flowchannel local void fraction and temperature distribution. The outcomingsof this dissertation are providing analysis and summaries on the featuresand mechanismes of ERVC local void fraction distribution and thermalstratification, and detailed experimental data. FLUENT simulations areperformed according to the experimental parameters, and the CFD models are evaluated with test data.
During the studies on the two phase flow, the local void distributionsin the ERVC flow channel were measured with conductivity pobes. It wasfound that the local void distribution along the cross-section is mainlyaffected by the measuring point positions and air/water flow rates. Thedistribution of the void fraction was quantitativly analyed with a statisticalmethod using coefficient of kurtosis and skewness, and it was showed thatthe local void fraction distribution at the bottom of the RPV lower head iswall-peak distribution, while the upper part of RPV lower head isnear-wall peak distribution, and in the vertical pipe is basically developedinto a center peak distribution. The CFD simulation was carried out with atwo-dimensional modeling and experimental parameters; Euler-Euler andEuler-Mixture two phase models were used, respectively. Comparisonbetween the simulation results and test data shows a large difference;Though Euler model simulation result could show a similar distributionwith the test results by modifying the lift force coefficient, it is stillrequired many modifications on the FLUENT simulation to obtainaccurate results.
During the investigations on the thermal stratification in the ERVCcooling pool, the spatial distribution and time histories of temperature stratification, and the effect of circulating flow rate and other factors onthermal distribution were analyzed and summarized. Experimental resultsshow that water in the tank stratified mainly in the gravity direction, and itis believd that one-dimensional model could be used to describe thetemperature distribution in the water tank. The circulation flow rate showsa critical effect on the development and distribution of thermalstratification, and the effect of initial temperature field, thermalstratification between cooling rate and other factors are very small.1:1scale,3D FLUENT simulations were performed to calculate thethermal stratification pheonema in the tank. The simulation results show agood agreement with experimental data, and it is concluded that FLUENTcode has a good capability to simulate the heat stratification and itsdevelopment process in the cooling pool.
在ERVC流道内的两相局部分布研究中，采用自制的电导探针测量了不同液相/气相流量下ERVC上升通道内局部空泡份额的分布；实验发现，流道截面局部空泡份额分布特征主要受测点位置和流动条件影响；采用统计学中的峰度系数和偏度系数对局部空泡率的分布进行定量分析：下封头底部的局部空泡份额分布为壁面峰值分布，而中上部则逐渐发展为近壁面峰值分布，上升段则基本发展成为中心分布。对实验段内的两相流动开展FLUENT程序模拟计算时，针对实验段中心剖面进行2维建模，并分别采用欧拉和混合模型对实验工况进行了计算；对比表明，欧拉和混合两相流模型的计算结果均与实验数据存在较大差异；通过修改升力系数，虽然欧拉模型的计算结果显示了与实验相似的分布规律，但仍需要进行模型修改才能提高计算的准确性。
而在冷却水池热分层现象研究过程中，通过实验研究和分析总结了温度场分层空间分布特征、随时间发展规律以及循环流量等因素对温度场分布的影响。实验表明温度分层现象主要体现在水箱高度方向上，据此提出了描述水箱温度场分布的一维无量纲模型；随着时间的发展，水箱内的温度场分层具有周期性现象；循环流量对热分层的发展和分布具有重要影响。采用FLUENT程序对热分层实验工况进行的1:1的三维模拟中，采用实验数据评价了各湍流模型的模拟能力，并通过实验现象与数值计算相结合的方法对水箱内温度场分布和局部流动特点进行了综合分析；计算结果与实验对比表明，合理设置模拟参数后，FLUENT程序能够较好的模拟冷却水箱热分层现象和发展过程。
External reactor pressure vessel cooling (hereinafter referred to asERVC), as one of the severve accident mitigation measurements, has beenextensively studied and widely applicated in advanced PWRs becasure ofits simplified structures, good economy and passive safety features, andetc. The ERVC cooling capacity could be affected mainly by the local voiddistribution in the channel and heat stratification in the cooling pool.Currently, most of the existing experimental and numerical studies onERVC focus on the engineering applications. However, the researches onthe ERVC two-phase distribution and thermal stratification are very rare.This dissertation mainly focuses on advanced PWR external cooling flowchannel local void fraction and temperature distribution. The outcomingsof this dissertation are providing analysis and summaries on the featuresand mechanismes of ERVC local void fraction distribution and thermalstratification, and detailed experimental data. FLUENT simulations areperformed according to the experimental parameters, and the CFD models are evaluated with test data.
During the studies on the two phase flow, the local void distributionsin the ERVC flow channel were measured with conductivity pobes. It wasfound that the local void distribution along the cross-section is mainlyaffected by the measuring point positions and air/water flow rates. Thedistribution of the void fraction was quantitativly analyed with a statisticalmethod using coefficient of kurtosis and skewness, and it was showed thatthe local void fraction distribution at the bottom of the RPV lower head iswall-peak distribution, while the upper part of RPV lower head isnear-wall peak distribution, and in the vertical pipe is basically developedinto a center peak distribution. The CFD simulation was carried out with atwo-dimensional modeling and experimental parameters; Euler-Euler andEuler-Mixture two phase models were used, respectively. Comparisonbetween the simulation results and test data shows a large difference;Though Euler model simulation result could show a similar distributionwith the test results by modifying the lift force coefficient, it is stillrequired many modifications on the FLUENT simulation to obtainaccurate results.
During the investigations on the thermal stratification in the ERVCcooling pool, the spatial distribution and time histories of temperature stratification, and the effect of circulating flow rate and other factors onthermal distribution were analyzed and summarized. Experimental resultsshow that water in the tank stratified mainly in the gravity direction, and itis believd that one-dimensional model could be used to describe thetemperature distribution in the water tank. The circulation flow rate showsa critical effect on the development and distribution of thermalstratification, and the effect of initial temperature field, thermalstratification between cooling rate and other factors are very small.1:1scale,3D FLUENT simulations were performed to calculate thethermal stratification pheonema in the tank. The simulation results show agood agreement with experimental data, and it is concluded that FLUENTcode has a good capability to simulate the heat stratification and itsdevelopment process in the cooling pool.
引文
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