冻融环境对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的影响
|
摘要
钢筋混凝土结构是目前我国以及世界上各个国家基础建设中应用最广泛的结构形式，其耐久性问题正逐渐得到各个国家的重视。而对于我国三北地区以及世界上其他寒冷地区，冻融循环又是影响到钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的最主要的因素。因此，冻融环境下钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性研究是钢筋混凝土耐久性研究中非常重要的一部分内容。本文从冻融环境对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的直接影响和间接影响这两方面展开研究，进行了如下工作：
一、冻融循环对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的直接影响，考虑的是冻融循环对混凝土的直接冻害。本文通过机理分析，结合实际冻融环境下混凝土一般承受压力的情况，通过自制外压力设备，针对外压力作用下混凝土试块的抗冻性能及强度衰减规律进行了试验研究，并深入讨论了外压力、水灰比及引气剂对试验结果的影响机制。基于试验结果和机理分析，本文最终提出了冻融环境下，受外压力混凝土的抗压强度退化模型，并结合其他研究人员的实验室试验数据以及现场检测结果，对本文模型进行了验证。
二、冻融循环对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的间接影响，考虑的是冻融循环对钢筋混凝土其他耐久性问题的影响。本文主要着眼于氯离子引起的钢筋锈蚀问题，其中一个非常重要的问题就是氯离子的入侵混凝土问题。本文从冻融环境下氯离子入侵混凝土的机理分析入手，设计实施了冻融环境下的氯离子自然浸泡扩散试验，并深入讨论了冻融循环、水灰比、粉煤灰及引气剂对试验结果的影响机制。结合试验结果得到了冻融环境下氯离子有效扩散系数的时变模型，并在此基础上最终提出了在冻融环境下的氯离子入侵混凝土模型；最后，结合其他研究人员的实验室试验数据以及现场检测结果，对本文模型进行了验证。
三、冻融循环对氯离子引起的钢筋锈蚀影响研究中，另一个非常重要的问题就是钢筋锈蚀的临界氯离子浓度问题。本文从钢筋腐蚀的电化学腐蚀原理研究入手，明确了：在混凝土这样的特定环境中，氯离子入侵导致钢筋脱钝的本质原因是，钢筋的腐蚀电位超过了钢筋的点蚀电位。并在此基础上，设计实施了冻融环境下以恒电位控制、宏电流测量判断钢筋脱钝的临界氯离子浓度试验。结合试验结果，本文讨论了冻融循环、点蚀电位、水灰比以及引气剂对临界氯离子浓度的影响。根据本文低温下的试验结果和以往常温和高温下的研究结果，得到了低中高全范围温度与临界氯离子浓度的关系，并在此基础上讨论了冻融环境对钢筋脱钝的整体影响。
在以上研究过程中，充分发挥了试验在宏观现象与细观机理之间的桥梁作用，有效地解决了研究中的难点问题。并且，对文章中提出的各计算模型都进行了从现场检测到实验室快速试验的验证，确定了模型的可靠性和在实际工程中的适用性。感谢国家自然科学基金(No.50678101)和上海自然科学基金(No.11ZR1417400)对本文研究的资助。
Reinforced concrete structures are the most popular structures in infrastructureconstruction, and the durability of reinforced concrete structure has become widely concernednow. In cold regions, the freeze-thaw resistance of reinforced concrete structures is the mostimportant parameter to define durability. It is clear that the research of durability of reinforcedconcrete under freeze-thaw cycles is very important. In the present dissertation, two aspects ofdirect and indirect influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the durability of reinforced concretestructures are given as follows:
1． The direct influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the durability of reinforced concretestructures means the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on concrete directly. It is well knownthat most of concrete structures in cold regions are subjected to both external loads andfreeze-thaw cycles. In the present dissertation, the frost resistance and compressivestrength degradation of concrete under the simultaneous action of compressive load andfreeze-thaw cycles were experimentally investigated by specially designed apparatus.Also, the influence of external loads, w/c ratio and air entrainment on experimental resultswas discussed respectively. Based on the experimental results and mechanism analysis, amodel was suggested to predict the compressive strength degradation of concrete underthe simultaneous action of compressive load and freeze-thaw cycles, and the model wastestified by the data obtained from both situ and laboratory.
2． The indirect influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the durability of reinforced concretestructures means the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the other durability problems of reinforced concrete. In the present dissertation, author focuses on chloride inducedcorrosion, in which chloride ingress into concrete is one of the most important problems.Firstly, the mechanism of ions transport operating in concrete and the parameters thatdefine them were discussed. And then, the experiment of chloride ingress into concreteexposed to freeze-thaw cycles was carried out by the natural diffusion method. Also, theinfluence of freeze-thaw cycles, w/c ratio, fly ash and air entrainment on experimentalresults was discussed respectively. With the experimental results, a time dependent modelof effective diffusion coefficient was established, and based on which, a model wassuggested to predict chloride ingress into concrete under freeze-thaw cycles. Also thepredicting model was testified by the data obtained from both situ and laboratory.
3． Another important problem in chloride induced corrosion research is the research ofchloride threshold level (CTL) for corrosion initiation. In the present dissertation, theinfluence of freeze-thaw cycles on CTL was discussed. Firstly, the electrochemicalmechanism of corrosion of steel in concrete was reviewed. And the conclusion wasobtained that the essential condition for depassivation of steel in concrete was corrosionpotential exceeding pitting potential. Based on the conclusion, experiment of CTL of steelin concrete specimens under freeze-thaw cycles was carried out. And in the experiment,the potentiostatic and macro current testing methods were used to control and check thecorrosion state of steel. With the experimental results, the influence of freeze-thaw cycles,pitting potential, w/c ratio and air entrainment on CTL was discussed respectively. At last,with the research of CTL under normal temperature and high temperature, the relationshipbetween CTL and full range of temperature (low, normal and high temperature) wasobtained, and based on which, the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on steel depassivationwas discussed.
In the previously mentioned research works, several difficult problems were solvedsuccessfully through experiments. All models established in the present dissertation were testified by data obtained from situ and laboratory, which enhanced the reliability andapplicability of models in practice.
The author wishes to express his appreciation for the support of the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (No.50678101) and Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.11ZR1417400).
一、冻融循环对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的直接影响，考虑的是冻融循环对混凝土的直接冻害。本文通过机理分析，结合实际冻融环境下混凝土一般承受压力的情况，通过自制外压力设备，针对外压力作用下混凝土试块的抗冻性能及强度衰减规律进行了试验研究，并深入讨论了外压力、水灰比及引气剂对试验结果的影响机制。基于试验结果和机理分析，本文最终提出了冻融环境下，受外压力混凝土的抗压强度退化模型，并结合其他研究人员的实验室试验数据以及现场检测结果，对本文模型进行了验证。
二、冻融循环对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的间接影响，考虑的是冻融循环对钢筋混凝土其他耐久性问题的影响。本文主要着眼于氯离子引起的钢筋锈蚀问题，其中一个非常重要的问题就是氯离子的入侵混凝土问题。本文从冻融环境下氯离子入侵混凝土的机理分析入手，设计实施了冻融环境下的氯离子自然浸泡扩散试验，并深入讨论了冻融循环、水灰比、粉煤灰及引气剂对试验结果的影响机制。结合试验结果得到了冻融环境下氯离子有效扩散系数的时变模型，并在此基础上最终提出了在冻融环境下的氯离子入侵混凝土模型；最后，结合其他研究人员的实验室试验数据以及现场检测结果，对本文模型进行了验证。
三、冻融循环对氯离子引起的钢筋锈蚀影响研究中，另一个非常重要的问题就是钢筋锈蚀的临界氯离子浓度问题。本文从钢筋腐蚀的电化学腐蚀原理研究入手，明确了：在混凝土这样的特定环境中，氯离子入侵导致钢筋脱钝的本质原因是，钢筋的腐蚀电位超过了钢筋的点蚀电位。并在此基础上，设计实施了冻融环境下以恒电位控制、宏电流测量判断钢筋脱钝的临界氯离子浓度试验。结合试验结果，本文讨论了冻融循环、点蚀电位、水灰比以及引气剂对临界氯离子浓度的影响。根据本文低温下的试验结果和以往常温和高温下的研究结果，得到了低中高全范围温度与临界氯离子浓度的关系，并在此基础上讨论了冻融环境对钢筋脱钝的整体影响。
在以上研究过程中，充分发挥了试验在宏观现象与细观机理之间的桥梁作用，有效地解决了研究中的难点问题。并且，对文章中提出的各计算模型都进行了从现场检测到实验室快速试验的验证，确定了模型的可靠性和在实际工程中的适用性。感谢国家自然科学基金(No.50678101)和上海自然科学基金(No.11ZR1417400)对本文研究的资助。
Reinforced concrete structures are the most popular structures in infrastructureconstruction, and the durability of reinforced concrete structure has become widely concernednow. In cold regions, the freeze-thaw resistance of reinforced concrete structures is the mostimportant parameter to define durability. It is clear that the research of durability of reinforcedconcrete under freeze-thaw cycles is very important. In the present dissertation, two aspects ofdirect and indirect influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the durability of reinforced concretestructures are given as follows:
1． The direct influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the durability of reinforced concretestructures means the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on concrete directly. It is well knownthat most of concrete structures in cold regions are subjected to both external loads andfreeze-thaw cycles. In the present dissertation, the frost resistance and compressivestrength degradation of concrete under the simultaneous action of compressive load andfreeze-thaw cycles were experimentally investigated by specially designed apparatus.Also, the influence of external loads, w/c ratio and air entrainment on experimental resultswas discussed respectively. Based on the experimental results and mechanism analysis, amodel was suggested to predict the compressive strength degradation of concrete underthe simultaneous action of compressive load and freeze-thaw cycles, and the model wastestified by the data obtained from both situ and laboratory.
2． The indirect influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the durability of reinforced concretestructures means the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the other durability problems of reinforced concrete. In the present dissertation, author focuses on chloride inducedcorrosion, in which chloride ingress into concrete is one of the most important problems.Firstly, the mechanism of ions transport operating in concrete and the parameters thatdefine them were discussed. And then, the experiment of chloride ingress into concreteexposed to freeze-thaw cycles was carried out by the natural diffusion method. Also, theinfluence of freeze-thaw cycles, w/c ratio, fly ash and air entrainment on experimentalresults was discussed respectively. With the experimental results, a time dependent modelof effective diffusion coefficient was established, and based on which, a model wassuggested to predict chloride ingress into concrete under freeze-thaw cycles. Also thepredicting model was testified by the data obtained from both situ and laboratory.
3． Another important problem in chloride induced corrosion research is the research ofchloride threshold level (CTL) for corrosion initiation. In the present dissertation, theinfluence of freeze-thaw cycles on CTL was discussed. Firstly, the electrochemicalmechanism of corrosion of steel in concrete was reviewed. And the conclusion wasobtained that the essential condition for depassivation of steel in concrete was corrosionpotential exceeding pitting potential. Based on the conclusion, experiment of CTL of steelin concrete specimens under freeze-thaw cycles was carried out. And in the experiment,the potentiostatic and macro current testing methods were used to control and check thecorrosion state of steel. With the experimental results, the influence of freeze-thaw cycles,pitting potential, w/c ratio and air entrainment on CTL was discussed respectively. At last,with the research of CTL under normal temperature and high temperature, the relationshipbetween CTL and full range of temperature (low, normal and high temperature) wasobtained, and based on which, the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on steel depassivationwas discussed.
In the previously mentioned research works, several difficult problems were solvedsuccessfully through experiments. All models established in the present dissertation were testified by data obtained from situ and laboratory, which enhanced the reliability andapplicability of models in practice.
The author wishes to express his appreciation for the support of the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (No.50678101) and Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.11ZR1417400).
引文
[1] Mehta P. K.混凝土的结构、性能与材料（祝永年等译）[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1991.
[2] Gaal G.. Prediction of Deterioration of Concrete Bridges[M]. Netherlands: Delft University Press,2004.
[3]刘西拉.结构工程学科的现状与展望[M].人民交通出版社,1997.
[4]刘西拉.结构工程学科的进展与前景[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[5]赵国藩,金伟良,贡金鑫.结构可靠度理论[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[6]洪乃丰.钢筋混凝土基础设施腐蚀与耐久性[C].混凝土结构耐久性及耐久性设计会议,北京,清华大学,2002
[7] ACI Committee201. Proposed Revision of Guide to Durable Concrete[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1991, Sep.-Oct.:544-582.
[8]汪鹰.缓蚀剂对钢筋锈蚀的抑制及其机理的研究[硕士][D].南京:南京化工大学,1997.
[9]周剑婷.高温条件下混凝土模拟孔隙液中钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海:上海交通大学,2010.
[10]蒋清野,王洪深,路新瀛.混凝土碳化数据库与混凝土碳化分析.国家攀登B计划年度研究报告[R].1997.
[11]蒋清野,王洪深,路新瀛.混凝土氯离子扩散数据库.国家攀登B计划年度研究报告[R].1996.
[12]汤灿.考虑模糊性与随机性的混凝土结构耐久性评估与寿命预测研究[硕士][D].江苏大学,2010.
[13]郑辉.自然环境下混凝土氯离子侵蚀的随机性及寿命预测[硕士][D].浙江工业大学,2009.
[14]范宏.混凝土结构中的氯离子侵入与寿命预测[博士][D].西安建筑科技大学,2009.
[15]付燕弟.混凝土结构氯离子侵蚀寿命预测及敏感性分析[硕士][D].青岛理工大学,2010.
[16] DuraCrete. General Guildelines for Durability Design and Redesign[R]. Tack7Report, COR, Gouda,1999.
[17]中国工程院土木水利建筑学部.土建结构工程的安全性与耐久性之现状、问题与对策（初稿）[R].2003.
[18]中国工程建设标准化协会. CECS220：2007,混凝土结构耐久性评定标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[19]中国土木工程学会. CCES01-2004,混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[20]中国土木工程学会. CCES01-2004,混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南（2005年修订版）[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[21]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. GB/T50476-2008,混凝土结构耐久性设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[22]蔡昊.混凝土抗冻耐久性预测模型[博士][D].北京:清华大学,1998.
[23] Elsener B., Bertolini L., Pedeferri P., et al. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete[M]. WILEY-VCH,2004.
[24] Bolzoni F., Bertolini L., Pastore T., et al. Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction[M].Cambridge: SCI,1996.
[25]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理(第二版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[26]洪定海.混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀与保护[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1998.
[27]黄智德.北方冰冻海域C35混凝土的配制与抗渗试验方法对比研究[硕士][D].重庆:重庆大学,2009.
[28]张奕.氯离子在混凝土中的输运机理研究[博士][D].浙江大学,2008.
[29]宋晓冰.钢筋混凝土结构中的钢筋腐蚀[博士][D].北京:清华大学,1999.
[30]唐光普.混凝土结构冻融耐久性评估研究[博士][D].北京:清华大学,2006.
[31]闻宝联,张红卫,王春阳.天津滨海地区钢筋混凝土桥梁病害调查与耐久性设计[J].城市道桥与防洪,2008,1:38-40.
[32]唐明述.关于碱-集料反应的几个理论问题[J].硅酸盐学报,1990,18(4):365-373.
[33] West. Alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete roads and bridges[M]. London: Thomas Telford,1996.
[34]唐明述,邓敏.碱集料反应研究的新进展[J].建筑材料学报,2003,6(1):8.
[35] MehtaP.K. Sulfate Attack on Concrete-A Critical Review in: Materials Science of Concrete III[M].The American Ceramic Society,1992.
[36]黄波.铁路隧道衬砌混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的技术措施研究[硕士][D].中南大学,2010.
[37]吕平.海洋混凝土防护用新型聚天冬氨酸酯聚脲涂层的研究[博士][D].中国海洋大学,2007.
[38]任七华.海洋环境下抗腐蚀材料开发与性能研究[硕士][D].浙江大学,2006.
[39] Mehta P. K. Concretedurability-fifty year's progress[C]. Proceedings of2nd International Conferenceon Concrete Durability,1991:1-31.
[40]黄士元,杨全兵.我国寒冷地区混凝土路桥结构的耐久性问题[C].混凝土结构耐久性及耐久性设计会议,北京,2003
[41] The Institution of Civil Engineers. How to Make Today's Concrete Durable for Tomorrow[R].1985.
[42] Bohn H.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的几种检测方法[J].腐蚀与保护,1992,2.
[43]陈肇元.混凝土结构耐久性设计[C].混凝土结构耐久性及耐久性设计会议,北京,清华大学, 002
[44]水电部混凝土耐久性调查组.全国水工混凝土建筑耐久性及病害处理调查报告[R].中华人民共和国水电部.1987.
[45]李书民.河北省渠道衬砌冻害调查及分析[J].防渗技术,2000(04]：28-31.
[46]宋恩来.东北水电站大坝混凝土冻融与冻胀破坏[J].大坝与安全,1999(01]：22-27-13.
[47]翁永基.材料腐蚀通论-腐蚀科学与工程基础[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2003.
[48]葛燕,朱锡昶,日雅仙等.混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀与阴极保护[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007.
[49]樊云昌,曹兴国,陈怀荣.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的防护与修复[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2001.
[50]姬永生.钢筋混凝土的全寿命过程与预计[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2011.
[51]金伟良.腐蚀混凝土结构学[Ⅻ.北京：科学出版社,2011.
[52]耿欧.混凝土构件的钢筋锈蚀和退化速率[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2010.
[53]Troconis O., de Rincon. Durability of concrete structures: DURACON, an iberoamerican project. Preliminary results[J]. Building and Environment,2006,41(7):952-962.
[54]Tuutti K. Corrosion of steel in concrete[R]. CBI Research Report1982.
[55]洪定海,潘德强等.华南海港钢筋混凝土码头锈蚀调查报告[J].水运工程,1982,2.
[56]范卫国,潘今岱,罗德宽等.北仑港码头钢筋混凝土上部结构腐蚀破坏调查报告[C].海岸工程两岸研讨会,西安,1997
[57]中国水利水电科学研究院.大体积混凝土[M].北京：水利水电出版社,1990.
[58]Powers, Helmuth. Theory of Volume Change in Hardened Porland Cement Paste During Freezing[C]. Highway Rjesearch Board, Washington D.C.,1953:285-297.
[59]Powers T.C. A working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance of concrete[J]. ACL1945.
[60]Powers T.C. Freezing effect in concrete, in Durability of concrete.1975, ACL1-11.
[61]AS Til ASTM C666C666M-2003[2008],Standard Test Method for Rjesi stance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawjng[S]. ASTM International,2003.
[62]ASTM. C672C672M-98[el],Standard Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals[S]. ASTM International.2002.
[63]ASTM. ASTM C671-94,Standard Test Method for Critical Dilation of Concrete Specimens Subjected to Freezing[S]. ASTM International,1994.
[64]Zhou Y., Menashi C., William D.. Effect of External Loads on the Frost-Rjesistant Properties of Mortar with and without Silica Fume[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1994,91(6):591-601.
[65]Benjamin G. Jussara T.. Durability of anUltrahigh-Performance Concrete[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2007, l9(10):848-854.
[66]朱江.预应力混凝土梁在冻融循环后的受力性能研究[硕士][D].扬州大学,2006.
[67]冀晓东.冻融后混凝土力学性能及钢筋混凝土粘结性能的研究[博士][D].大连理工大学,2007.
[68]于长江.冻融环境下普通混凝土的多轴破坏准则[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2004.
[69]慕儒.冻融循环与外部弯曲应力、盐溶液复合作用下混凝土的耐久性与寿命预测[博士][D].东南大学,2000.
[70]Mu R., Miao C., Luo X., et al. Interaction between Loading, Freeze-Thaw Cycles, and Chloride Salt Attack of Concrete with and without Steel Fiber Reinforcement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(7):1061-1066.
[71]Sun W, Zhang Y.M., Yan HD., et al. Damage and Damage Resistance of High Strength Concrete under the Action of Load and Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,20(9):1519-1523.
[72]蔡昊.冻融循环作用下混凝土力学性能的损失.第五届全国结构工程学术会议论文集.1996.
[73]Collepardi M., Marcialis, et al. Penetration of chloride ions into cement pastes and concrete[J]. Journal of American Ceramic Society,1972,55)(0):534-535.
[74]Daniel W., Stroock S.R, Varadhan S.. Multidimensional Diffusion Proses5es[M]. Springer,2009.
[75]American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO T259-80,Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration[S]. Washington D.C., U.S.A.:1904.
[7(5]Nordtest. NT Build443-94,Nordtest Method: Accelerated Chloride Penetration into hardened Concrete[S]-Espoo, F inland:1995.
[77]Stanish K.D., Hooton RD., Thomas M.D.A.. Testing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: A Literature Review[M]. Prediction of Chloride Penertation in Concrete.,
[78]ASTM. C1202-94,Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete ability7to resist chloride ion penetration[S].1994.
[79]Whiting D., Mitchell T.M.. History of the rapid chloride permeability test[J]. TransP.Res.Rec,1992,1335(55-62).
[80]Yang C.C., Cho S.W., Huang R The relationship bewteen charge passed and the chloride ion concentration in concrete using steady state chloride migration test[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32:217-222.
[81]Tang L., Nilsson L.O. Rapid determination of the chloride diuffsivity in concrete by applying an electrical field[J].ACI Materials Jounral,1991, SP(1):49-53.
[82]路新赢,李翠玲等.混凝土渗透性的电学评价[J].混凝土与水泥品,1999,109(5)：12-14.
[83]Halamickova P., Dettviler RJ., Bentz D.P., et al. Water Permeability and Chloride Ion Diffusion in Portland Cement Mortars:Relationship to Sand Content and Critical Pore Diameter[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(4):790-802.
[84]赵川.混凝土中临界氯离子浓度压力渗透法研究[硕士][D].上海交通大学,?2012.
[85]Polder R.B., Larbi J.A.. Investigation of concrete exposed to North Sea water submersion for16years[J].Heron[Delft),1995,40(1):31-56.
[86]Buenfeld N.R., Newman J.B. Examination of three methods for studying ion diffusion in cement pastes mortars and concrete[J]. Materials and Structures,1987,20(115):3-10.
[87]Mange P.S., MolloyB.T. Prediction of Long Term Chloride Concentration in Coneret[J]. Materials and Structures,1994,27(170):338-346.
[88]Zhang T.W., Odd E.G Diffusion Behavior of Chloride Ions in Conere[J]. cement and Concrete Research,1996,26(6):907-916.
[89]Boddy A., Bentz E., Thomas M.D.A, et al. An overview and sensitivity study of multi-mechanistic chloride transport model[J]. Cement and Concrete Ejesearch,1999,29(6):827-837.
[90]金祖权,孙伟,张云升等.双因素作用下混凝土对氯离子结合能力研究[J].混凝土与水泥制品,2004.6：1-3.
[91]马昆林,谢友均,唐湘辉等.粉煤灰对混凝土中氯离子的作用机理研究[J].粉煤灰综合利用,2007：1(13-15).
[92]余红发,翁智财,孙伟等..矿渣掺量对混凝土氯离子结合能力的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2007,35(6)：801-806.
[93]Nilsson L.O. Penetration of Chloride into Conerete struetures-an lntroduetion and some Definitions[C]. Nordic Mini-seminar on Chloride Penetration into concrete structures, Sweden,1993
[94]Riehards L.A. CaPillary Conduction of Liquid through Porous Mediums[J]. Physics,1931,1:318-333.
[95]Hall C. Water sorptivity of mortars and concretesia review[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1989,41(51-61).
[96]Hall C., Kam M. Water Movement in Porous Building Materials-Ⅶ: the Sorptivity of Mortars[J]. Building Environment1986,21(2):113-118.
[97]姬永生,袁迎曙.干湿循环作用下氯离子在混凝土中的侵蚀过程分析[J].工业建筑,2006,36(12)：16-19.
[98]Pel L. Moisture transport in porous building materials[The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology,1995.
[99]樊友煌,余红发,张云清.干湿循环对混凝土在高浓度卤水中氯离子扩散行为的影响[J].盐湖研究,2007,15(1)：49-54.
[100]Chaube R.P., Shimomura T., Maekawa K. Multiphase water movement in concrete as a multi-comPonent system[C]. The5th RILEM International Symposium on Creep and Shrinkage in Conerete, Barcelona,1993:139-144.
[101]SamsonE., Marchand J., Snyder KA., et al. Modeling ion and fluidt ransport in unsaturated cement systems in isothermal conditions[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2005,35(1):141-153.
[102]Ababneh A.. Benboudjema F., Xi Y. Chloride Penetration in non-saturated concrete]J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE,2003,15(2):183-191.
[103]林刚,刘应华.干湿交替下混凝土氯离子运输模拟[J].武汉工业学院学报,2009,28(3]：68-71.
[104]延永东.氯离子在损伤及开裂混凝土内的输运机理及作用效应[博士][D].浙江大学,2011.
[105]Gerard B., Marchand J. Influence of cracking on the diffusion properties of cement-based materials.Part1: influence of continuous cracks on the steady-state regime[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30(1):37-43.
[106]Masatoshiya Yamakawa. Chloride permeability of distressed concrete[D]. America: University of Colorado,1996.
[107]Ismail M. Effect of crack opening on the local diffusion of chloride in inert materials[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(4):711-716.
[108]Wang K., Jansen D.C., Shah S.P., et al. Permeability study of cracked concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1997,27(3):81-93.
[109]Rodriguez O.G, Hooton R.D. Influence of cracks on chloride ingress into concrete[J]. ACI Materials Journals,2003,100(2):120-126J
[110]WinP.P., Watanabe M. Machida A.Penetration Profile of chloride ion in cracked reinforced conerete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(2004):1073-1079.
[111]Arya C., Ofori-Darko F.K. Influence of crack frequency7on reinforcement corrosion in concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1996,26(3):345-354.
[112]Guneyisi E., Ozturan T., Gesoglu M. Effect of initial curing on chloride ingress and corrosion resistance charaeteristies of concretes made with plain and blended cements[J]. Building and Environment.2007.42:2676-2685.
[113]洪锦祥,廖吕文,黄卫.冻融损伤对混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响[J].混凝土,2006,195(1)：36-38.
[114]何世钦,龚金鑫,赵国藩.冻融循环卜混凝土中的氯离子扩散性[J].水利水运工程学报,2004, 4：32-36.
[115]Delorme L., Refait P., Genin J.M., et al. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete[M]. Shefield:1994.
[116]Pourbaix M. Lectures on Electrochemical Corrosion[M]. New York:Plenum press,1973.
[117]洪乃丰.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀与防护技术-钢筋腐蚀危害与对混凝土的破坏作用[J].工业建筑,1999,29(8)：66-68.
[118]Morris W.. Vazquez. Corrosion of reinforced concrete exposed to marine environment[J]. Corrosion Reviews,2002,20(6):469-508.
[119]Martin F.J., Olek J. Experimental procedure for fundamental studies of reinforcing steel corrosion processes[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments2003.74(4):2512-2516.
[120]Saremi M., Mahallati E. A study on chloride-induced depassivation of mild steel in simulated concrete pore solution[J]. Cement and Concrete Rjesearch,2002,32:1915-1921.
[121]金伟良,袁迎署,卫军等.氯盐环境下混凝土结构耐久性理论与设计方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2011.
[122]陈卿.钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.
[123]CUR. Kritisch chlorideegehalte in gewapend beton(in Dutch)[R]. Gouda,1992.
[124]CUR. DuraCrete-Final Technical Report(R17)[R]. Civieltechnisch Centrum Uitvoering Research en Regelgeving, Gouda,2000.
[125]Arya C. Newman J.B.. An assessment of four methods of determining the free chloride content of concrete[J]. Materials and Structures,1990,23:319-330.
[126]Page J.A, Hope B.B., Poland J.S., The Determination of Chloride Content of Concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1985,15:863-870.
[127]Rjeddy B., Glass G.K., Buenfeld N.R., The participation of bound chloride in passive film breakdown on steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion Science,2000,42:2013-2021.
[128]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB50010-2002.混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[129]British Standards Institute. British Standard8110,Structural use of concrete-Code of practice for design and construction[S]. London UK:British Standards Institute,1985.
[130]American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee201,Guide to durable concrete, annual of concrete practice Part1[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[131]D.A.Hausmann, Steel corrosion in concrete,how does it occur[J]. Materials Protection,1967,11:19-23.
[132]Ashworth V., Yoneaswa T., Procter RPM. Pore solution composition and chloride effects on the corrosion of steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion,1988,44:489-499.
[133]Buenfeld N.R., Glass G.K. The presentation of the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion Science,1997,30(5):1001-1013.
[134]Alonsoa C., Andrade C., Castellote M., et al. Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30:1047-1055.
[135]翟之阳.混凝土中临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.
[136]American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee357,Guide for Design and Construction of Fixed Off-Shore Concrete Structures, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part4[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[137]American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee222,Corrosion of metals in concrete, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part3[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[138]E.C.F. Standarization. EN206-1,Concrete-Part1.Specification, performance, production and conformity[S].2001.
[1]Mehta K., Richard B.. Building Durable Structures in the21st Century[J]. Indian Concrete Journal,2001,75(7):437-443.
[2]Mehta K. High-performance Concrete Durability Affected by Many Factors [J]. Aberdeen's Concrete Construction,1992,37(5):367-370.
[3]Mehta K. Durability of Concrete-The Zigzag Course of Progress[J]. Indian Concrete Journal,2006,80(8):9-16.
[4]Bryant M.. Concrete Durability[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,2004,26(1):3-4.
[5]中国水利水电科学研究院.大体积混凝土[M].北京：水利水电出版社,1990.
[6]Powers T.C. A working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance of concrete[J]. ACI,1945.
[7]Fagerlund G. The significance of critical degrees of saturation at freezing of porous and brittle materials [J]. ACI,1975:13-65.
[8]Pagerlund G Critical moisture contents at freezing of porous materials[C]. Second ClBrRILEM Symposium on Moisture Problems in Buildings, Bouuxentrum,Rjotterdam,The Netherlands,1974:1-17.
[9]Helmuth R.A, Powers T.C. Theory of volume change in hardened porland cement paste during freezing[C]. Highway research board,1953:285-297.
[10]Schiessl P., Mihta P.K., Raupach M Performance and durability of concrete systems[C].9th International Congress on The Chemistry Cement,1992:571-659.
[11]Litvan G.G.. Phase transitions of adsorbates-Part Ⅳ; Mechanism of frost action in hardened cement paste[J]. Amer, Ceram, Soc.,1972,55(1):38-42.
[12]Setzer M.J.. A new approach to describe frost action in hardened cement paste and concrete[C]. Proc.Conference on Hydraulic Cement Paste-Their Structure and Properties, Sheffield, UK,1976:313-325.
[13]Rachel D., Brian D., Brady V.R. Assessing the Durability of Concrete in Freezing and Thawing[J]. ACI Materials Journal [American Concrete Institute),1989,86(1):29-35.
[14]Alexander, Magee. Durability Performance of Concrete Containing Condensed Silica Fume[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(6):917-922.
[15]Moukwa. Deterioration of Concrete in Cold Sea Waters[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1990,20[3):439-446.
[16]Senbu, Kamada. Mechanism and Evaluation Method of Frost Deterioration of Cellular Concrete[C]. Durability of Building Materials and Components, Brighton, UK1990:241-241.
[17]Taejun C. Prediction of Cyclic Freeze-Thaw Damage in Concrete Structures Based on Response Surface Method[J]. Construction and Building Materials,2007,21(12):2031-2040.
[18]蔡昊.混凝土抗冻耐久性预测模型[博士][D].北京：清华大学,1998.
[19]唐光普.混凝土结构冻融耐久性评估研究[博士][D].北京：清华大学,2006.
[20]Richardson A., Coventry K., Bacon J. Freeze/thaw durability of concrete with recycled demolition aggregate compared to virgin aggregate concrete [J].2010(Compendex).
[21]Pospichal, Kucharczykova, Misak, et al. Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete with Porous Aggregate[J].10th International Fatigue Congress, FATIGUE2010, June6,2010-June11,2010, Prague, Czech republic,2010:521-529.
[22]Benjamin G, Jussara T.. Durability of an Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2007,19(10):848-854.
[23]Shang H.S., Song Y.P., Qin L.K Experimental Study on Strength and Deformation of Plain Concrete under Triaxial Compression after Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Building and Environment,2008,43(7):1197-1204.
[24]Mu R., Miao C., Luo X., et al Interaction between Loading, Freeze-Thaw Cycles, and Chloride Salt Attack of Concrete with and without Steel Fiber Reinforcement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(7):1061-1066.
[25]Sun W., Zhang Y., Yan H, et al Damage and Damage Resistance of High Strength Concrete under the Action of Load and Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,20(9):1519-1523.
[26]Zhou Y, Menashi C., William D.. Effect of External Loads on the Frost-Resistant Properties of Mortar with and without Silica Fume[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1994,91(6):591-601.
[27]曹建国李金玉：徐文雨等.混凝土冻融破坏机理的研究[J].水利学报,1999(1)：41-49.
[28]王兆利.混凝土抗冻性及其渗透性关系[硕士][D].青岛：青岛建筑工程学院,2003.
[29]巩妮娜.混凝土冻融破坏的有限元模拟研究[硕士][D].北京：清华大学,2005.
[30]宋玉普,覃丽坤,陈浩然等.双轴拉压混凝土在冻融循环后的力学性能及破坏准则[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005：24(10]：1740-1745.
[31]Neshawy F., Penttala V Stress and strain state of concrete during freezing and thawing cycles[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(9):1407-1420.
[32]Pheeraphan T., Leung C.K.Y. Freeze-thaw durability of microwave cured air-entrained concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1997,27(3):427-435.
[33]蔡昊.冻融循环作用下混凝土力学性能的损失[C].第五届全国结构工程学术会议论文集.1996.
[34]ASIM. ASIM C666C666M-2003(2008):Standard Test Method for Resi stance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thavwing[S]. ASIM International,2003.
[35]刘西拉：唐光普.基于唯象损伤观点的混凝土冻害模型研究[J]四川建筑科学研究：2007：33(3)
[36]ASIM.C666C666M-03,Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Xhawing[S].
[37]中国建筑科学研究院GBJ82-85：普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性试验方法[S]北京：中国标准出版社200012
[38]中国水利水电科学研究院北京水利科学研究院DL T5150-2001：水工混凝土试验规程[S]北京：中国电力出版社2002
[39]姬立德：姜双伦：吴会强.混凝土的冻融破坏与外加剂[J]混凝土：2001：2：54-55
[40]慕懦.冻融循环与外部弯曲应力、盐溶液作用下混凝土耐久性与寿命预测[南京：东南大学：2000
[41]清华大学土木工程系建筑材料研究所.重点项目用混凝土配合比试配报告(初稿)[R].2006.
[42]中华人民共和国交通部.JTGE30-2005,公路工程水泥及水泥混凝土试验规程[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[43]AVICI. A Kind of Corrosion-Proof Strain Gage(in Chinese)[P]. China, CN200620012079.0.2007.
[44]铁道部科学研究院铁道建筑研究所.电阻应变片[M].北京：人民铁道出版社,1977.
[45]吴慧敏.结构混凝土现场检测技术[M].长沙：湖南大学出版社,1988.
[46]吴慧敏.结构混凝土现场检测新技术[M].长沙：湖南大学出版社,1998.
[47]商涛平等.混凝土裂缝深度的超声检测方法研究[J].无损检测,2002,24(1).
[48]李光耀,卢明良.用声速评价混凝土相对强度的改进方法[J].电力建设,1990(3).
[49]蓝宗建.混凝土结构设计原理[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2002.
[50]Gregor T., Franci K., Goran T. Prediction of Concrete Strength Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Artificial Neural Networks[J]. Ultrasonics,2009,49(1):53-60.
[51]Prassianakis. Ultrasonic Testing of Non-metallic Materials:Concrete and Marble[J]. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics,2004,42(2):191-198.
[52]Popovics S.. Analysis of the Concrete Strength Versus Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Relationship[OL]. http://www.asnt.org/publications/materialseval/basics/feb01basics/feb01basics.htm.
[53]陈惠发,A.E萨里普.混凝土和土的本构方程[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[54]李宏,刘西拉.混凝土拉、剪临界破坏及纯剪强度[J].工程力学,1992(04)：1-9.
[55]刘西拉,籍孝广,杨雪松.混凝土的裂缝及破坏形态[C].约束混凝土与普通混凝土强度及应用学术讨论会,烟台,1987
[56]Power; T. C. The Air Requirement of Frost-Resistance Concrete[C]. Proceedings of Highway Research Board1949:184-202.
[57]Helmuth RA Powers.I.C. Theory of volume change in hardened porland cement paste during freezing[C]. Proceedings of Highway Research Board:1953:285-297.
[5S]Wei J., Wu X.. Zhao X. Damage Model of Concrete under Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition,2003,18(3):40-42.
[59]Laland. Continuous Damage Model for Load-Response Estimation of Concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,19S0,10(3):395-402.
[60]Lemaitre J. A Course on Damage Mechanics[M]. Berlin,Germany:Springer,1992.
[61]Hajek J.. Influence of strain gradient on concrete tensile strength[J].1978,26(1):20-21.
[62]Francis A. Oluokun. Prediction of concrete tensile strength from its compressive strength. Evaluation of existing relations for normal weight concrete[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1991,88(3):302-309.
[63]Cody K.P., Jennifer E.T., Jorge L, et al. Evaluation of ASTM methods to determine splitting tensile strength in concrete, masonry, and autoclaved aerated concrete [C].11th Symposium on Masonry, June13,2006-June13,2006, Toronto, ON, Canada,2008:62-73.
[64]Weerheijm J. Axial dynamic tensile strength of concrete under static lateral compression[C].2006:991-994.
[65]Zain M.F.M., Mahmud H.B., Ade Ilham, et al. Prediction of splitting tensile strength of high-performance concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(8):1251-1258.
[66]陆明万,张远高.混凝土的三参数破坏准则[J].上海交通大学学报,1990,24(5,6).
[67]过镇海.混凝土的强度和变形：试验基础和本构关系[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1997.
[68]唐光普,刘西拉,施士升.冻融条件下混凝土破坏面演化模型研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(12).
[69]Hilsdorf H.K., Kupfer H., Rusch H. Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses[J]. ACI,1969,66(8):656-666.
[70]杨忠伟.冻融循环作用下混凝土单轴受压性能试验研究[硕士][D].扬州大学,2010.
[71]商怀帅,宋玉普,覃丽坤.普通混凝土冻融循环后性能的试验研究[J].混凝土与水泥制品,2005(02)：9-11.
[72]李金玉.冻融环境下混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工[C].2004水力发电国际研讨会,中国湖北宜昌,2004:9.
[73]高旭.某海港码头海洋大气区钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性评估与修复[硕士][D].青岛:青岛理工大学,2011.
[74]林宝玉,蔡跃波,单国良.保证和提高我国港工混凝土耐久性措施的研究与实践[C].水泥基复合材料科学与技术,北京,1999:16-23.
[75]李金玉,彭小平,邓正刚等.混凝土抗冻性的定量化设计[C].第五届全国混凝土耐久性学术交流会,2000
[1] Elsener B., Bertolini L., Pedeferri P.,, et al. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete[M]. WILEY-VCH,2004.
[2] Sun C., Chen J., Zhu J., et al. A new diffusion model of sulfate ions in concrete[J]. Construction andBuilding Materials,2013,39(0):39-45.
[3] Charis A. Apostolopoulos, Sotiris Demis, Vagelis G. Papadakis. Chloride-induced corrosion of steelreinforcement–Mechanical performance and pit depth analysis[J]. Construction and BuildingMaterials,2013,38(0):139-146.
[4] Andrade C., Prieto M., Tanner P., et al. Testing and modelling chloride penetration into concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2013,39(0):9-18.
[5] Nokken M., Boddy A., Hooton R.D., et al. Time dependent diffusion in concrete—three laboratorystudies[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2006,36(1):200-207.
[6] Luo R., Cai Y., Wang C., et al. Study of chloride binding and diffusion in GGBS concrete[J]. Cementand Concrete Research,2003,33(1):1-7.
[7]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理(第二版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[8]金伟良.腐蚀混凝土结构学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[9]赵国藩,金伟良,贡金鑫.结构可靠度理论[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[10]姬永生.钢筋混凝土的全寿命过程与预计[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2011.
[11]王涛,朴香兰,朱慎林.高等传递过程原理[M].化学出版社,2005.
[12]向发海.氯离子在混凝土中的传输机理研究[硕士][D].中南大学,2011.
[13]张奕.氯离子在混凝土中的输运机理研究[博士][D].浙江大学,2008.
[14]延永东.氯离子在损伤及开裂混凝土内的输运机理及作用效应[博士][D].浙江大学,2011.
[15] Gaal G.. Prediction of Deterioration of Concrete Bridges[M]. Netherlands: Delft University Press,2004.
[16]陈春雷.氯离子在混凝土中的扩散实验及影响因素分析[硕士][D].浙江工业大学,2009.
[17]程飞.海洋混凝土结构中氯离子的扩散分析及混凝土结构可靠度研究[硕士][D].广西大学,2007.
[18]陶博.混凝土孔隙结构对氯离子扩散的影响[硕士][D].武汉理工大学,2009.
[19] Bolzoni F., Bertolini L., Pastore T., et al. Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction[M].Cambridge: SCI,1996.
[20] Zhang J. Z., McLoughlin I. M., Buenfeld N. R.. Modelling of chloride diffusion into surface-treatedconcrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,1998,20(4):253-261.
[21] Alexander, Magee. Durability Performance of Concrete Containing Condensed Silica Fume[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(6):917-922.
[22] Jensen O. M., Hansen P. F., Coats A.M., et al. Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(9):1497-1504.
[23]张振信,夏立芳.金属中的扩散[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1989.
[24] Daniel W.S., Varadhan S.R.S.. Multidimensional Diffusion Prosesses[M]. Springer,2009.
[25] Zhang T., Odd E.G. Diffusion behavior of chloride ions in concrete[J]. Cement and ConcreteResearch,1996,26(6):907-917.
[26] Zhang T., Odd E.G.. Effect of chloride source concentration on chloride diffusivity in concrete[J].ACI Materials Journal,2005,102(5):295-298.
[27] Mehta P.K., Manmhan C. Pore size distribution and permeability of hardened cement paste.[C].7thInternational Congress Chemistry of Cement, Paris,1980
[28] Katz A.J., Thompson A.H. Prediction of rock electrical conductivity from mercury injectionmeasurements[J]. Journal of Geographical Research,1987,92(B1):599-607.
[29] Cady P.D., Weyers R. E. Chloride penetration and deterioration of concrete bridge decks[J]. Cement,Concrete and Aggregates,1983,5(2):81-87.
[30] Garboczi E.J. Permeability, diffusivity and microstructure parameters: a critical review[J]. Cementand Concrete Research,1990,20:591-601.
[31] Paulsson-Tralla J., Silfwerbrand J. estimation of chloride ingress in uncracked and cracked concreteusing measured surface concentrations[J]. ACI Materials Journal,2002,99(1):27-36.
[32] Nilsson L. O., Andersen A., Luping T., et al. Chloride ingress data from field exposure in a Swedishroad environment[C].2nd International Workshop on Testing and Modeling the Chloride Ingress intoConcrete, Paris,2000
[33] Li C.Q. Initiation of chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in concrete structural membersprediction[J]. ACI Strctural Journal,2002,99(2):133-141.
[34] Mangat P. S., Gurusamy K.. Chloride diffusion in steel fibre reinforced concrete containing PFA[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1987,17(4):640-650.
[35] Mangat P. S., Gurusamy K.. Chloride diffusion in steel fibre reinforced marine concrete[J]. Cementand Concrete Research,1987,17(3):385-396.
[36] Francois R., Arliguie G. Effect of microcracking and cracking on the development of corrosion inreinfoced concrete members[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1999,51(2):143-150.
[37] Boulfiza M., Sakai K., Banthia N., et al. Prediction of chloride ions ingress in uncracked and crackedconcrete[J]. ACI Materials Journal,2003,100(1):38-48.
[38] Moore W.. Physical Chemistry[M]. London: Longman,1972.
[39] Tang L., Nilsson L.O.. Rapid determination of chloride diffusivity of concrete by applying anelectric field[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1992,49(1):49-53.
[40] Tang L.. Electrically accelerated methods for determining chloride diffusivity in concrete[J].Magazine of Concrete Research,1996,48(173-179).
[41] Andrade C. Calculation of chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete from ionic migrationmeasurements[J]. cement and Concrete Research,1993,23:724-742.
[42]丁华涛.地铁用高阻抗高抗渗混凝土的研究[硕士][D].武汉理工大学,2008.
[43]丁巍巍.新老混凝土中介质迁移性能的研究[硕士][D].中南大学,2009.
[44] G.Sergi S.W.Yu, C.L.Page. Ionic diffusion across an interface between chloride-free andchloride-containing cementitious materials[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1995.
[45]熊大国.积分变换[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1990.
[46]路新瀛,冯乃谦.电学与电化学技术与混凝土耐久性[J].混凝土,2002(12):38-41.
[47] Lu X. Application of the nernst-einstein equation to concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1997,27(2):293-302.
[48]赵铁军.高性能混凝土的渗透性研究[博士][D].北京:清华大学土木工程系,1997.
[49] ASTM. C1202-97,Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete's ability to resistchloride ion penetration[S].
[50] Andrade C. Calculation of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete from ionic migrationmeasurements[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1993,23(3):724-742.
[51] NTBUILD.355,Chloride diffusion coefficient from migration cell experiments[S].
[52] Japan Society of Civil Engineers. Test Method for Effective Diffusion Coefficient of Chloride Ion inConcrete by Migration[S]. Japan Society of Civil Engineers,
[53] Tang L. Electrically accelerated methods for determining chloride diffusivity in concrete-currentdevelopment[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1996,48(176):173-179.
[54]廉慧珍,陈肇元,李克非.混凝土耐久性没计施工指南(2005修订版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[55]阎培渝,杨进波,吴志刚.混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性的现场测试方法研究[J].混凝土,2008(8).
[56]吴丽君等. RCM法测试混凝土氯离子渗透扩散性[J].混凝土,2006(1).
[57]Halamickova P., Detwiler R.J., Bentz D.P., et al. Water Permeability and Chloride Ion Diffusion in portland Cement Mortars:Relationship to Sand Content and Critical Pore Diameter[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(4):790-802.
[58]赵川.混凝土中临界氯离子浓度压力渗透法研究[硕士][D].上海交通大学,2012.
[59]Whiting D.. Rapid measurement of the chloride pemreability of concrete[J]. Public Roads,1981,45(3):101-112.
[60]ASTM. Cl202-94,Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete ability to resist chloride ion penetration[S].1994.
[61]Yang C.C., Cho S.W.,Chi J. M, et al. An electrochemical method for accelerated chloride migration test in cement-based materials[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2002,77:461-469.
[62]Tang L., Nilsson L.O., Rapid determination of the chloride diuffsivity in concrete by applying an electrical field[J].ACI Materials Journal,1991,89(1):49-53.
[63]中国土木工程学会.CCES01-2004,混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[64]Streiche P.E., Alexander M.G., A chloride conduction test for concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(6):1284-1294.
[65]路新赢,李翠玲等.混凝土渗透性的电学评价[J].混凝土与水泥品,1999,109(5)：12-14.
[66]张武满.混凝土结构中氯离子加速渗透试验与寿命预测[博士][D].哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
[67]Julio-Betancourt G.A., Hooton R.D.. Study of the Joule effect on rapid chloride permebaility values and evaluation of related electrical properties of concretes [J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34:1007-1015.
[68]Yang C.C., Cho S.W.. The Relationship Bewteen Chloride Migration Rate for Concrete and Electrical Current in Steady State Using Accelerated Chloride Migration Test[J]. Materials and Surtcutre,2004(37):456-463.
[69]Shi C.J.. Effect of mixing proportions of concrete on its electrical conductiviyt and the rapid chloride permebaility test(ASTM C12O2or ASSHTO T277)results[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004(34):537-545.
[70]路新赢：王晓睿：张华新ASTMC1202试验方法评述[J].工业建筑：2004：34(4)：89-91
[71]易成：谢和平：孙华飞等混凝土抗渗性能研究的现状与进展[J]混凝土：2003：160(2)：7-11
[72]Andrade C.. Calculation of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete from ionic migration measurements [J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1993,23:724-74.
[73]李娟,蒋林华.混凝土抗氯离子渗透性试验方法比较研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2004(1):55-58.
[74]路新瀛.几种混凝土渗透性快速检测方法的适用条件[C].混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工--土建结构工程安全性与耐久性科技论坛,2001
[75] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. T26O-94,Standard Method forSampling and Testing for Chloride Ion in Concrete and Concrete Rwa Materials[S]. Washington D.C:1994.
[76]清华大学土木工程系建筑材料研究所.重点项目用混凝土配合比试配报告（初稿）[R].2006.
[77] ASTM. C672/C672M-98[e1],Standard Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete SurfacesExposed to Deicing Chemicals[S]. ASTM International,2002.
[78]韩宝琦,李树林.制冷空调原理及应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[79] ASTM. ASTM C666/C666M-2003(2008),Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to RapidFreezing and Thawing[S]. ASTM International,2003.
[80]中华人民共和国交通部. JTGE30-2005,公路工程水泥及水泥混凝土试验规程[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[81] American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee222,Corrosion of metals in concrete, Manual ofConcrete Practice, Part3[S]. Detroit,USA:1994.
[82] Nillson L. A numerical model for combined diffusion and convection of chloride in non-saturatedconcrete[C]. RILEM,2000:261-275.
[83]高仁辉等.煤灰对硬化浆体表面氯离子浓度的影响[J].建筑材料学报,2008,11(4).
[84] Ngala V. T., Page C. L.. Diffusion In Cementitious Materials:Further Investigations Of ChlorideAnd Oxygen Diffusion In Well-Cured Opc And OPC/30%PFA Pastes[J]. Cement and ConcreteResearch,1995,25(4).
[85] Larbi J.A., Polder R.B.. Investigation of concrete exposed to North Seawater submersion for16years.Heron(Delft)[J].1995,40(1):31-56.
[86]洪雷,唐晓东.冻融循环及龄期对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响[J].建筑材料学报,2011,14(2):254-256.
[87] Goltermann. Chloride ingress in concrete structures: Extrapolation of observation[J]. ACI MaterialsJournal,2003,100(2):114-119.
[88] Bamforth P. B. The derivation of input data for modeling chloride ingress from eight year UKcoastal exposure trials[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1999,51(2):87-96.
[89] Michael D., Thomas A., Bamforth P. B. Modelling chloride diffusion in concrete: Effect of fly ashand slag[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(4):487-495.
[90] Paul S., Tang L., Andersen. Recurrent studies of chloride ingress in uncracked marine concrete atvarious exposure times and elevations[J]. cement and Concrete Research,1998,28(10):1489-1503.
[91] Takewaka K., Matsumoto S. Quality and cover thickness of concrete based on the estimation ofchloride penetration in marine environments[J]. Concrete in Marine Environment,1988:381-400.
[92] Mangat P. S., Molloy B. T.. Prediction of long term chloride concentration in concrete[J]. Materialsand Structures,1994,27(168):338-346.
[93] Frederiksen J.M.(Ed.). Chloride penetration into concrete state of the art: transport process,corrosion initiation, test methods and prediction models[R]. The Road Directorate,1996.
[94] Chapman-Andrews J., Bamforth P.B.. Long term performance of RC elements under UK coastalexposure condition[C]. Proc. Int. Conf. on Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete,1994:139-156.
[95]彭超.单向荷载、冻融循环及龄期对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响研究[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2010.
[96]汪明刚.单轴持续压荷载及矿物掺合料对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响研究[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2011.
[97]唐晓东.北方寒冷海洋环境混凝土氯离子扩散系数的研究[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2010.
[98]王淑梅.双向荷载对高性能混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2011.
[99]高旭.某海港码头海洋大气区钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性评估与修复[硕士][D].青岛:青岛理工大学,2011.
[100]林宝玉,蔡跃波,单国良.保证和提高我国港工混凝土耐久性措施的研究与实践[C].水泥基复合材料科学与技术,北京,1999:16-23.
[101]李金玉,彭小平,邓正刚等.混凝土抗冻性的定量化设计[C].第五届全国混凝土耐久性学术交流会,2000
[1]金伟良,赵羽习.混凝土结构耐久性[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[2]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理(第二版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[3]翁永基.材料腐蚀通论-腐蚀科学与工程基础[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003.
[4] Ahmad S.. Reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, its monitoring and service lifeprediction--a review[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,2003,25:459-471.
[5]洪定海.混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀与保护[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1998.
[6] Delorme L., Refait P., Genin J.M., et al. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete[M].Shefield:1994.
[7] Pourbaix M. Lectures on Electrochemical Corrosion[M]. New York: Plenum press,1973.
[8]洪乃丰.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀与防护技术-钢筋腐蚀危害与对混凝土的破坏作用[J].工业建筑,1999,29(8):66-68.
[9] Buenfeld N.R., Glass G.K.. The presentation of the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel inconcrete[J]. Corrosion Science,1997,39(5):1001-1013.
[10] Alonsoa C., Andrade C., Castellote M., et al. Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcingbars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar[J]. cement and Concrete Research,2000,30:1047-1055.
[11] E.C.F. Standarization. EN206-1,Concrete-Part1.Specification, performance, production andconformity[S].2001.
[12] American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee201,Guide to durable concrete, annual of concretepractice Part1[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[13] British Standards Institute. British Standard8110,Structural use of concrete-Code of practice fordesign and construction[S]. London UK: British Standards Institute,1985.
[14] American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee357,Guide for Design and Construction of FixedOff-Shore Concrete Structures, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part4[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[15] American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee222,Corrosion of metals in concrete, Manual ofConcrete Practice, Part3[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[16] Pedeferri P., Bertolini L. Durability of Reinforced concrete[M]. Milan, Italia: McGrawHill,2000.
[17] Elsener B., Bertolini L., Pedeferri P., et al. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete[M]. WILEY-VCH,2004.
[18] Bolzoni F., Bertolini L., Pastore T., et al. Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction[M]. Cambridge: SCI,1996.
[19]陈卿.钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.
[20]翟之阳.混凝土中临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.
[21]Guilbaud J.P., Chahbazian G., Derrien F., et al. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete[M].1994.
[22]Breit W., Schiesl P. International RILZM Workshop on Chloride Penetration into Concrete[M]. France:1995.
[23]CUR. Kritisch chlori deegehalte in getvapend beto([in Dutch)[R]. Gouda,1992.
[24]CUR. DuraCrete-Final Technical Report(R17)[R]. Civieltechnisch Centrum Uitvoering Research en Regelgeving, Gouda,2000.
[25]Arya C., Newman J. B.. An assessment of four methods of determining the free chloride content of concrete[J]. Materials and Structures,1990,23:319-330.
[26]Page J. A., Hope B. B., Poland J. S.. The Determination of Chloride Content of Concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1985,15:863-870.
[27]Reddy B., Glass G. K., Buenfeld N. R. The participation of bound chloride in passive film breakdown on steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion Science,2000,42:2013-2021.
[28]Reddy B., Glass G. K., Buenfeld N. R.. Corrosion inhibition in concrete in concrete arising from its acid neutralization capacity[J]. Corrosion Science,2000,42(99):1587-1598.
[29]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB50010-2002,混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2002.
[30]Hausmann D.A.. Steel corrosion in concrete,how does it occur[J]. Materials Protection,1967,11:19-23.
[31]Ashworth V., Yoneaswa T., Procter R. P. M.. Pore solution composition and chloride effects on the corrosion of steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion,1988,44:489-499.
[32]Alonso C.. Chloride threshold dependence of pitting potential of reinforcements[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2002,47:3469-3481.
[33]白永智,崔金华.混凝土材料中氯离子的检测方法研究[J].测试技术,2004,6：21-22.
[34]Gouda V.K., Halak W.Y. Briti sh Corrosi on J ournal.1970,5:203-207.
[35]Andrade C., Gonzalez J.A. Silicates Industry;1982,12:289-294.
[36]Bolzoni F., Bertolini L., T. Pastore, et al Coirosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction[M]. Cambridge:1996.
[37]Breit W., Schiesl P. International RILZM Workshop on Chloride Penetration into Concrete[M].
[38]宋晓冰,刘西拉.分体可调式钢筋腐蚀长期监测传感器[P].中国上海,CN200810036154.0.2008.
[39]Hansson C.M., Poursaee A.. Reinforcing steei passivation in mortar and pore soiution[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2007.37:1127-1133.
[40]清华大学土木工程系建筑材料研究所.重点项目用混凝土配合比试配报告(初稿)[R].2006.
[41]Hussain, Rasheeduzzafar. Effect of temperature on pore solution composition in plain cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1993,23(6):1357-1368.
[42]Oranoyvska H., Szklarska-Smialowslca Z. Corrosion Science,1961,21(11):735-741.
[43]Pourbaix M. Lectures on Electrochemical Corrosion[M]. New York:Plenum press,1973.
[44]Refait P., Delorme L., Genin J.M. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete[M]. Shefield:1994.
[45]聂丽华等.轻质绿化混凝土pH值优化的正交试验研究[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,12(6).
[46]Buenfeld N.R., Glass G.K. The inhibitive effects of electrochemical treatment applied to steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion Science,2000,42:923-927.
[47]Page C.L. Advances in understanding and techniques for controlling reinforcement corrosion[C].15th International Corrosion Congress, Granada, September2002:22-27.
[48]周剑婷.高温条件下混凝土模拟孔隙液中钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2010.
[49]中国气象局.历史气象数据查询[OL]. http://www.cma.gov.cn/2011qxfw/2011qsjcx/.
[50]Cai H., Liu X. Freeze-thaw durability of concrete:ice formation process in pores[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1998,28(9):1281-1287.
[51]蔡昊.混凝土抗冻耐久性预测模型[博士][D].北京：清华大学,1998.
[52]洪雷,唐晓东.冻融循环及龄期对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响[J].建筑材料学报,2011,14(2)：254-256.
[53]Gouda V. K.,Halaka W.British Corrosion Journal,1970,5:205.
[54]Andrade C.:Gonzalez J.A.. Si:icates Industry1982,12:289.
[55]Sorensen B., Hansson C.. Corrosion rates of steel in concrete[J]. ASTM STP1990,1065:3.
[56]Lambert P.,Page C.L.,Vassie PR W., Materials and Structures,1991:24:351.
[57]Breit W.,Schies P., International RILEM Workshop on Chioride Penetration into Concrete[C]. Prance,1995:441.
[58]Arup H. Durability of Concrete in Saline Environment[J]. Edt. Cementa,1996:107.
[2] Gaal G.. Prediction of Deterioration of Concrete Bridges[M]. Netherlands: Delft University Press,2004.
[3]刘西拉.结构工程学科的现状与展望[M].人民交通出版社,1997.
[4]刘西拉.结构工程学科的进展与前景[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[5]赵国藩,金伟良,贡金鑫.结构可靠度理论[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[6]洪乃丰.钢筋混凝土基础设施腐蚀与耐久性[C].混凝土结构耐久性及耐久性设计会议,北京,清华大学,2002
[7] ACI Committee201. Proposed Revision of Guide to Durable Concrete[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1991, Sep.-Oct.:544-582.
[8]汪鹰.缓蚀剂对钢筋锈蚀的抑制及其机理的研究[硕士][D].南京:南京化工大学,1997.
[9]周剑婷.高温条件下混凝土模拟孔隙液中钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海:上海交通大学,2010.
[10]蒋清野,王洪深,路新瀛.混凝土碳化数据库与混凝土碳化分析.国家攀登B计划年度研究报告[R].1997.
[11]蒋清野,王洪深,路新瀛.混凝土氯离子扩散数据库.国家攀登B计划年度研究报告[R].1996.
[12]汤灿.考虑模糊性与随机性的混凝土结构耐久性评估与寿命预测研究[硕士][D].江苏大学,2010.
[13]郑辉.自然环境下混凝土氯离子侵蚀的随机性及寿命预测[硕士][D].浙江工业大学,2009.
[14]范宏.混凝土结构中的氯离子侵入与寿命预测[博士][D].西安建筑科技大学,2009.
[15]付燕弟.混凝土结构氯离子侵蚀寿命预测及敏感性分析[硕士][D].青岛理工大学,2010.
[16] DuraCrete. General Guildelines for Durability Design and Redesign[R]. Tack7Report, COR, Gouda,1999.
[17]中国工程院土木水利建筑学部.土建结构工程的安全性与耐久性之现状、问题与对策（初稿）[R].2003.
[18]中国工程建设标准化协会. CECS220：2007,混凝土结构耐久性评定标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[19]中国土木工程学会. CCES01-2004,混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[20]中国土木工程学会. CCES01-2004,混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南（2005年修订版）[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[21]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. GB/T50476-2008,混凝土结构耐久性设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[22]蔡昊.混凝土抗冻耐久性预测模型[博士][D].北京:清华大学,1998.
[23] Elsener B., Bertolini L., Pedeferri P., et al. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete[M]. WILEY-VCH,2004.
[24] Bolzoni F., Bertolini L., Pastore T., et al. Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction[M].Cambridge: SCI,1996.
[25]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理(第二版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[26]洪定海.混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀与保护[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1998.
[27]黄智德.北方冰冻海域C35混凝土的配制与抗渗试验方法对比研究[硕士][D].重庆:重庆大学,2009.
[28]张奕.氯离子在混凝土中的输运机理研究[博士][D].浙江大学,2008.
[29]宋晓冰.钢筋混凝土结构中的钢筋腐蚀[博士][D].北京:清华大学,1999.
[30]唐光普.混凝土结构冻融耐久性评估研究[博士][D].北京:清华大学,2006.
[31]闻宝联,张红卫,王春阳.天津滨海地区钢筋混凝土桥梁病害调查与耐久性设计[J].城市道桥与防洪,2008,1:38-40.
[32]唐明述.关于碱-集料反应的几个理论问题[J].硅酸盐学报,1990,18(4):365-373.
[33] West. Alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete roads and bridges[M]. London: Thomas Telford,1996.
[34]唐明述,邓敏.碱集料反应研究的新进展[J].建筑材料学报,2003,6(1):8.
[35] MehtaP.K. Sulfate Attack on Concrete-A Critical Review in: Materials Science of Concrete III[M].The American Ceramic Society,1992.
[36]黄波.铁路隧道衬砌混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的技术措施研究[硕士][D].中南大学,2010.
[37]吕平.海洋混凝土防护用新型聚天冬氨酸酯聚脲涂层的研究[博士][D].中国海洋大学,2007.
[38]任七华.海洋环境下抗腐蚀材料开发与性能研究[硕士][D].浙江大学,2006.
[39] Mehta P. K. Concretedurability-fifty year's progress[C]. Proceedings of2nd International Conferenceon Concrete Durability,1991:1-31.
[40]黄士元,杨全兵.我国寒冷地区混凝土路桥结构的耐久性问题[C].混凝土结构耐久性及耐久性设计会议,北京,2003
[41] The Institution of Civil Engineers. How to Make Today's Concrete Durable for Tomorrow[R].1985.
[42] Bohn H.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的几种检测方法[J].腐蚀与保护,1992,2.
[43]陈肇元.混凝土结构耐久性设计[C].混凝土结构耐久性及耐久性设计会议,北京,清华大学, 002
[44]水电部混凝土耐久性调查组.全国水工混凝土建筑耐久性及病害处理调查报告[R].中华人民共和国水电部.1987.
[45]李书民.河北省渠道衬砌冻害调查及分析[J].防渗技术,2000(04]：28-31.
[46]宋恩来.东北水电站大坝混凝土冻融与冻胀破坏[J].大坝与安全,1999(01]：22-27-13.
[47]翁永基.材料腐蚀通论-腐蚀科学与工程基础[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2003.
[48]葛燕,朱锡昶,日雅仙等.混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀与阴极保护[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007.
[49]樊云昌,曹兴国,陈怀荣.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的防护与修复[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2001.
[50]姬永生.钢筋混凝土的全寿命过程与预计[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2011.
[51]金伟良.腐蚀混凝土结构学[Ⅻ.北京：科学出版社,2011.
[52]耿欧.混凝土构件的钢筋锈蚀和退化速率[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2010.
[53]Troconis O., de Rincon. Durability of concrete structures: DURACON, an iberoamerican project. Preliminary results[J]. Building and Environment,2006,41(7):952-962.
[54]Tuutti K. Corrosion of steel in concrete[R]. CBI Research Report1982.
[55]洪定海,潘德强等.华南海港钢筋混凝土码头锈蚀调查报告[J].水运工程,1982,2.
[56]范卫国,潘今岱,罗德宽等.北仑港码头钢筋混凝土上部结构腐蚀破坏调查报告[C].海岸工程两岸研讨会,西安,1997
[57]中国水利水电科学研究院.大体积混凝土[M].北京：水利水电出版社,1990.
[58]Powers, Helmuth. Theory of Volume Change in Hardened Porland Cement Paste During Freezing[C]. Highway Rjesearch Board, Washington D.C.,1953:285-297.
[59]Powers T.C. A working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance of concrete[J]. ACL1945.
[60]Powers T.C. Freezing effect in concrete, in Durability of concrete.1975, ACL1-11.
[61]AS Til ASTM C666C666M-2003[2008],Standard Test Method for Rjesi stance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawjng[S]. ASTM International,2003.
[62]ASTM. C672C672M-98[el],Standard Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals[S]. ASTM International.2002.
[63]ASTM. ASTM C671-94,Standard Test Method for Critical Dilation of Concrete Specimens Subjected to Freezing[S]. ASTM International,1994.
[64]Zhou Y., Menashi C., William D.. Effect of External Loads on the Frost-Rjesistant Properties of Mortar with and without Silica Fume[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1994,91(6):591-601.
[65]Benjamin G. Jussara T.. Durability of anUltrahigh-Performance Concrete[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2007, l9(10):848-854.
[66]朱江.预应力混凝土梁在冻融循环后的受力性能研究[硕士][D].扬州大学,2006.
[67]冀晓东.冻融后混凝土力学性能及钢筋混凝土粘结性能的研究[博士][D].大连理工大学,2007.
[68]于长江.冻融环境下普通混凝土的多轴破坏准则[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2004.
[69]慕儒.冻融循环与外部弯曲应力、盐溶液复合作用下混凝土的耐久性与寿命预测[博士][D].东南大学,2000.
[70]Mu R., Miao C., Luo X., et al. Interaction between Loading, Freeze-Thaw Cycles, and Chloride Salt Attack of Concrete with and without Steel Fiber Reinforcement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(7):1061-1066.
[71]Sun W, Zhang Y.M., Yan HD., et al. Damage and Damage Resistance of High Strength Concrete under the Action of Load and Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,20(9):1519-1523.
[72]蔡昊.冻融循环作用下混凝土力学性能的损失.第五届全国结构工程学术会议论文集.1996.
[73]Collepardi M., Marcialis, et al. Penetration of chloride ions into cement pastes and concrete[J]. Journal of American Ceramic Society,1972,55)(0):534-535.
[74]Daniel W., Stroock S.R, Varadhan S.. Multidimensional Diffusion Proses5es[M]. Springer,2009.
[75]American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO T259-80,Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration[S]. Washington D.C., U.S.A.:1904.
[7(5]Nordtest. NT Build443-94,Nordtest Method: Accelerated Chloride Penetration into hardened Concrete[S]-Espoo, F inland:1995.
[77]Stanish K.D., Hooton RD., Thomas M.D.A.. Testing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: A Literature Review[M]. Prediction of Chloride Penertation in Concrete.,
[78]ASTM. C1202-94,Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete ability7to resist chloride ion penetration[S].1994.
[79]Whiting D., Mitchell T.M.. History of the rapid chloride permeability test[J]. TransP.Res.Rec,1992,1335(55-62).
[80]Yang C.C., Cho S.W., Huang R The relationship bewteen charge passed and the chloride ion concentration in concrete using steady state chloride migration test[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32:217-222.
[81]Tang L., Nilsson L.O. Rapid determination of the chloride diuffsivity in concrete by applying an electrical field[J].ACI Materials Jounral,1991, SP(1):49-53.
[82]路新赢,李翠玲等.混凝土渗透性的电学评价[J].混凝土与水泥品,1999,109(5)：12-14.
[83]Halamickova P., Dettviler RJ., Bentz D.P., et al. Water Permeability and Chloride Ion Diffusion in Portland Cement Mortars:Relationship to Sand Content and Critical Pore Diameter[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(4):790-802.
[84]赵川.混凝土中临界氯离子浓度压力渗透法研究[硕士][D].上海交通大学,?2012.
[85]Polder R.B., Larbi J.A.. Investigation of concrete exposed to North Sea water submersion for16years[J].Heron[Delft),1995,40(1):31-56.
[86]Buenfeld N.R., Newman J.B. Examination of three methods for studying ion diffusion in cement pastes mortars and concrete[J]. Materials and Structures,1987,20(115):3-10.
[87]Mange P.S., MolloyB.T. Prediction of Long Term Chloride Concentration in Coneret[J]. Materials and Structures,1994,27(170):338-346.
[88]Zhang T.W., Odd E.G Diffusion Behavior of Chloride Ions in Conere[J]. cement and Concrete Research,1996,26(6):907-916.
[89]Boddy A., Bentz E., Thomas M.D.A, et al. An overview and sensitivity study of multi-mechanistic chloride transport model[J]. Cement and Concrete Ejesearch,1999,29(6):827-837.
[90]金祖权,孙伟,张云升等.双因素作用下混凝土对氯离子结合能力研究[J].混凝土与水泥制品,2004.6：1-3.
[91]马昆林,谢友均,唐湘辉等.粉煤灰对混凝土中氯离子的作用机理研究[J].粉煤灰综合利用,2007：1(13-15).
[92]余红发,翁智财,孙伟等..矿渣掺量对混凝土氯离子结合能力的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2007,35(6)：801-806.
[93]Nilsson L.O. Penetration of Chloride into Conerete struetures-an lntroduetion and some Definitions[C]. Nordic Mini-seminar on Chloride Penetration into concrete structures, Sweden,1993
[94]Riehards L.A. CaPillary Conduction of Liquid through Porous Mediums[J]. Physics,1931,1:318-333.
[95]Hall C. Water sorptivity of mortars and concretesia review[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1989,41(51-61).
[96]Hall C., Kam M. Water Movement in Porous Building Materials-Ⅶ: the Sorptivity of Mortars[J]. Building Environment1986,21(2):113-118.
[97]姬永生,袁迎曙.干湿循环作用下氯离子在混凝土中的侵蚀过程分析[J].工业建筑,2006,36(12)：16-19.
[98]Pel L. Moisture transport in porous building materials[The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology,1995.
[99]樊友煌,余红发,张云清.干湿循环对混凝土在高浓度卤水中氯离子扩散行为的影响[J].盐湖研究,2007,15(1)：49-54.
[100]Chaube R.P., Shimomura T., Maekawa K. Multiphase water movement in concrete as a multi-comPonent system[C]. The5th RILEM International Symposium on Creep and Shrinkage in Conerete, Barcelona,1993:139-144.
[101]SamsonE., Marchand J., Snyder KA., et al. Modeling ion and fluidt ransport in unsaturated cement systems in isothermal conditions[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2005,35(1):141-153.
[102]Ababneh A.. Benboudjema F., Xi Y. Chloride Penetration in non-saturated concrete]J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE,2003,15(2):183-191.
[103]林刚,刘应华.干湿交替下混凝土氯离子运输模拟[J].武汉工业学院学报,2009,28(3]：68-71.
[104]延永东.氯离子在损伤及开裂混凝土内的输运机理及作用效应[博士][D].浙江大学,2011.
[105]Gerard B., Marchand J. Influence of cracking on the diffusion properties of cement-based materials.Part1: influence of continuous cracks on the steady-state regime[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30(1):37-43.
[106]Masatoshiya Yamakawa. Chloride permeability of distressed concrete[D]. America: University of Colorado,1996.
[107]Ismail M. Effect of crack opening on the local diffusion of chloride in inert materials[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(4):711-716.
[108]Wang K., Jansen D.C., Shah S.P., et al. Permeability study of cracked concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1997,27(3):81-93.
[109]Rodriguez O.G, Hooton R.D. Influence of cracks on chloride ingress into concrete[J]. ACI Materials Journals,2003,100(2):120-126J
[110]WinP.P., Watanabe M. Machida A.Penetration Profile of chloride ion in cracked reinforced conerete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(2004):1073-1079.
[111]Arya C., Ofori-Darko F.K. Influence of crack frequency7on reinforcement corrosion in concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1996,26(3):345-354.
[112]Guneyisi E., Ozturan T., Gesoglu M. Effect of initial curing on chloride ingress and corrosion resistance charaeteristies of concretes made with plain and blended cements[J]. Building and Environment.2007.42:2676-2685.
[113]洪锦祥,廖吕文,黄卫.冻融损伤对混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响[J].混凝土,2006,195(1)：36-38.
[114]何世钦,龚金鑫,赵国藩.冻融循环卜混凝土中的氯离子扩散性[J].水利水运工程学报,2004, 4：32-36.
[115]Delorme L., Refait P., Genin J.M., et al. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete[M]. Shefield:1994.
[116]Pourbaix M. Lectures on Electrochemical Corrosion[M]. New York:Plenum press,1973.
[117]洪乃丰.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀与防护技术-钢筋腐蚀危害与对混凝土的破坏作用[J].工业建筑,1999,29(8)：66-68.
[118]Morris W.. Vazquez. Corrosion of reinforced concrete exposed to marine environment[J]. Corrosion Reviews,2002,20(6):469-508.
[119]Martin F.J., Olek J. Experimental procedure for fundamental studies of reinforcing steel corrosion processes[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments2003.74(4):2512-2516.
[120]Saremi M., Mahallati E. A study on chloride-induced depassivation of mild steel in simulated concrete pore solution[J]. Cement and Concrete Rjesearch,2002,32:1915-1921.
[121]金伟良,袁迎署,卫军等.氯盐环境下混凝土结构耐久性理论与设计方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2011.
[122]陈卿.钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.
[123]CUR. Kritisch chlorideegehalte in gewapend beton(in Dutch)[R]. Gouda,1992.
[124]CUR. DuraCrete-Final Technical Report(R17)[R]. Civieltechnisch Centrum Uitvoering Research en Regelgeving, Gouda,2000.
[125]Arya C. Newman J.B.. An assessment of four methods of determining the free chloride content of concrete[J]. Materials and Structures,1990,23:319-330.
[126]Page J.A, Hope B.B., Poland J.S., The Determination of Chloride Content of Concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1985,15:863-870.
[127]Rjeddy B., Glass G.K., Buenfeld N.R., The participation of bound chloride in passive film breakdown on steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion Science,2000,42:2013-2021.
[128]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB50010-2002.混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[129]British Standards Institute. British Standard8110,Structural use of concrete-Code of practice for design and construction[S]. London UK:British Standards Institute,1985.
[130]American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee201,Guide to durable concrete, annual of concrete practice Part1[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[131]D.A.Hausmann, Steel corrosion in concrete,how does it occur[J]. Materials Protection,1967,11:19-23.
[132]Ashworth V., Yoneaswa T., Procter RPM. Pore solution composition and chloride effects on the corrosion of steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion,1988,44:489-499.
[133]Buenfeld N.R., Glass G.K. The presentation of the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion Science,1997,30(5):1001-1013.
[134]Alonsoa C., Andrade C., Castellote M., et al. Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2000,30:1047-1055.
[135]翟之阳.混凝土中临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.
[136]American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee357,Guide for Design and Construction of Fixed Off-Shore Concrete Structures, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part4[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[137]American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee222,Corrosion of metals in concrete, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part3[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[138]E.C.F. Standarization. EN206-1,Concrete-Part1.Specification, performance, production and conformity[S].2001.
[1]Mehta K., Richard B.. Building Durable Structures in the21st Century[J]. Indian Concrete Journal,2001,75(7):437-443.
[2]Mehta K. High-performance Concrete Durability Affected by Many Factors [J]. Aberdeen's Concrete Construction,1992,37(5):367-370.
[3]Mehta K. Durability of Concrete-The Zigzag Course of Progress[J]. Indian Concrete Journal,2006,80(8):9-16.
[4]Bryant M.. Concrete Durability[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,2004,26(1):3-4.
[5]中国水利水电科学研究院.大体积混凝土[M].北京：水利水电出版社,1990.
[6]Powers T.C. A working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance of concrete[J]. ACI,1945.
[7]Fagerlund G. The significance of critical degrees of saturation at freezing of porous and brittle materials [J]. ACI,1975:13-65.
[8]Pagerlund G Critical moisture contents at freezing of porous materials[C]. Second ClBrRILEM Symposium on Moisture Problems in Buildings, Bouuxentrum,Rjotterdam,The Netherlands,1974:1-17.
[9]Helmuth R.A, Powers T.C. Theory of volume change in hardened porland cement paste during freezing[C]. Highway research board,1953:285-297.
[10]Schiessl P., Mihta P.K., Raupach M Performance and durability of concrete systems[C].9th International Congress on The Chemistry Cement,1992:571-659.
[11]Litvan G.G.. Phase transitions of adsorbates-Part Ⅳ; Mechanism of frost action in hardened cement paste[J]. Amer, Ceram, Soc.,1972,55(1):38-42.
[12]Setzer M.J.. A new approach to describe frost action in hardened cement paste and concrete[C]. Proc.Conference on Hydraulic Cement Paste-Their Structure and Properties, Sheffield, UK,1976:313-325.
[13]Rachel D., Brian D., Brady V.R. Assessing the Durability of Concrete in Freezing and Thawing[J]. ACI Materials Journal [American Concrete Institute),1989,86(1):29-35.
[14]Alexander, Magee. Durability Performance of Concrete Containing Condensed Silica Fume[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(6):917-922.
[15]Moukwa. Deterioration of Concrete in Cold Sea Waters[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1990,20[3):439-446.
[16]Senbu, Kamada. Mechanism and Evaluation Method of Frost Deterioration of Cellular Concrete[C]. Durability of Building Materials and Components, Brighton, UK1990:241-241.
[17]Taejun C. Prediction of Cyclic Freeze-Thaw Damage in Concrete Structures Based on Response Surface Method[J]. Construction and Building Materials,2007,21(12):2031-2040.
[18]蔡昊.混凝土抗冻耐久性预测模型[博士][D].北京：清华大学,1998.
[19]唐光普.混凝土结构冻融耐久性评估研究[博士][D].北京：清华大学,2006.
[20]Richardson A., Coventry K., Bacon J. Freeze/thaw durability of concrete with recycled demolition aggregate compared to virgin aggregate concrete [J].2010(Compendex).
[21]Pospichal, Kucharczykova, Misak, et al. Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete with Porous Aggregate[J].10th International Fatigue Congress, FATIGUE2010, June6,2010-June11,2010, Prague, Czech republic,2010:521-529.
[22]Benjamin G, Jussara T.. Durability of an Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2007,19(10):848-854.
[23]Shang H.S., Song Y.P., Qin L.K Experimental Study on Strength and Deformation of Plain Concrete under Triaxial Compression after Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Building and Environment,2008,43(7):1197-1204.
[24]Mu R., Miao C., Luo X., et al Interaction between Loading, Freeze-Thaw Cycles, and Chloride Salt Attack of Concrete with and without Steel Fiber Reinforcement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(7):1061-1066.
[25]Sun W., Zhang Y., Yan H, et al Damage and Damage Resistance of High Strength Concrete under the Action of Load and Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,20(9):1519-1523.
[26]Zhou Y, Menashi C., William D.. Effect of External Loads on the Frost-Resistant Properties of Mortar with and without Silica Fume[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1994,91(6):591-601.
[27]曹建国李金玉：徐文雨等.混凝土冻融破坏机理的研究[J].水利学报,1999(1)：41-49.
[28]王兆利.混凝土抗冻性及其渗透性关系[硕士][D].青岛：青岛建筑工程学院,2003.
[29]巩妮娜.混凝土冻融破坏的有限元模拟研究[硕士][D].北京：清华大学,2005.
[30]宋玉普,覃丽坤,陈浩然等.双轴拉压混凝土在冻融循环后的力学性能及破坏准则[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005：24(10]：1740-1745.
[31]Neshawy F., Penttala V Stress and strain state of concrete during freezing and thawing cycles[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(9):1407-1420.
[32]Pheeraphan T., Leung C.K.Y. Freeze-thaw durability of microwave cured air-entrained concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1997,27(3):427-435.
[33]蔡昊.冻融循环作用下混凝土力学性能的损失[C].第五届全国结构工程学术会议论文集.1996.
[34]ASIM. ASIM C666C666M-2003(2008):Standard Test Method for Resi stance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thavwing[S]. ASIM International,2003.
[35]刘西拉：唐光普.基于唯象损伤观点的混凝土冻害模型研究[J]四川建筑科学研究：2007：33(3)
[36]ASIM.C666C666M-03,Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Xhawing[S].
[37]中国建筑科学研究院GBJ82-85：普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性试验方法[S]北京：中国标准出版社200012
[38]中国水利水电科学研究院北京水利科学研究院DL T5150-2001：水工混凝土试验规程[S]北京：中国电力出版社2002
[39]姬立德：姜双伦：吴会强.混凝土的冻融破坏与外加剂[J]混凝土：2001：2：54-55
[40]慕懦.冻融循环与外部弯曲应力、盐溶液作用下混凝土耐久性与寿命预测[南京：东南大学：2000
[41]清华大学土木工程系建筑材料研究所.重点项目用混凝土配合比试配报告(初稿)[R].2006.
[42]中华人民共和国交通部.JTGE30-2005,公路工程水泥及水泥混凝土试验规程[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[43]AVICI. A Kind of Corrosion-Proof Strain Gage(in Chinese)[P]. China, CN200620012079.0.2007.
[44]铁道部科学研究院铁道建筑研究所.电阻应变片[M].北京：人民铁道出版社,1977.
[45]吴慧敏.结构混凝土现场检测技术[M].长沙：湖南大学出版社,1988.
[46]吴慧敏.结构混凝土现场检测新技术[M].长沙：湖南大学出版社,1998.
[47]商涛平等.混凝土裂缝深度的超声检测方法研究[J].无损检测,2002,24(1).
[48]李光耀,卢明良.用声速评价混凝土相对强度的改进方法[J].电力建设,1990(3).
[49]蓝宗建.混凝土结构设计原理[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2002.
[50]Gregor T., Franci K., Goran T. Prediction of Concrete Strength Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Artificial Neural Networks[J]. Ultrasonics,2009,49(1):53-60.
[51]Prassianakis. Ultrasonic Testing of Non-metallic Materials:Concrete and Marble[J]. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics,2004,42(2):191-198.
[52]Popovics S.. Analysis of the Concrete Strength Versus Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Relationship[OL]. http://www.asnt.org/publications/materialseval/basics/feb01basics/feb01basics.htm.
[53]陈惠发,A.E萨里普.混凝土和土的本构方程[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[54]李宏,刘西拉.混凝土拉、剪临界破坏及纯剪强度[J].工程力学,1992(04)：1-9.
[55]刘西拉,籍孝广,杨雪松.混凝土的裂缝及破坏形态[C].约束混凝土与普通混凝土强度及应用学术讨论会,烟台,1987
[56]Power; T. C. The Air Requirement of Frost-Resistance Concrete[C]. Proceedings of Highway Research Board1949:184-202.
[57]Helmuth RA Powers.I.C. Theory of volume change in hardened porland cement paste during freezing[C]. Proceedings of Highway Research Board:1953:285-297.
[5S]Wei J., Wu X.. Zhao X. Damage Model of Concrete under Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition,2003,18(3):40-42.
[59]Laland. Continuous Damage Model for Load-Response Estimation of Concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,19S0,10(3):395-402.
[60]Lemaitre J. A Course on Damage Mechanics[M]. Berlin,Germany:Springer,1992.
[61]Hajek J.. Influence of strain gradient on concrete tensile strength[J].1978,26(1):20-21.
[62]Francis A. Oluokun. Prediction of concrete tensile strength from its compressive strength. Evaluation of existing relations for normal weight concrete[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1991,88(3):302-309.
[63]Cody K.P., Jennifer E.T., Jorge L, et al. Evaluation of ASTM methods to determine splitting tensile strength in concrete, masonry, and autoclaved aerated concrete [C].11th Symposium on Masonry, June13,2006-June13,2006, Toronto, ON, Canada,2008:62-73.
[64]Weerheijm J. Axial dynamic tensile strength of concrete under static lateral compression[C].2006:991-994.
[65]Zain M.F.M., Mahmud H.B., Ade Ilham, et al. Prediction of splitting tensile strength of high-performance concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(8):1251-1258.
[66]陆明万,张远高.混凝土的三参数破坏准则[J].上海交通大学学报,1990,24(5,6).
[67]过镇海.混凝土的强度和变形：试验基础和本构关系[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1997.
[68]唐光普,刘西拉,施士升.冻融条件下混凝土破坏面演化模型研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(12).
[69]Hilsdorf H.K., Kupfer H., Rusch H. Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses[J]. ACI,1969,66(8):656-666.
[70]杨忠伟.冻融循环作用下混凝土单轴受压性能试验研究[硕士][D].扬州大学,2010.
[71]商怀帅,宋玉普,覃丽坤.普通混凝土冻融循环后性能的试验研究[J].混凝土与水泥制品,2005(02)：9-11.
[72]李金玉.冻融环境下混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工[C].2004水力发电国际研讨会,中国湖北宜昌,2004:9.
[73]高旭.某海港码头海洋大气区钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性评估与修复[硕士][D].青岛:青岛理工大学,2011.
[74]林宝玉,蔡跃波,单国良.保证和提高我国港工混凝土耐久性措施的研究与实践[C].水泥基复合材料科学与技术,北京,1999:16-23.
[75]李金玉,彭小平,邓正刚等.混凝土抗冻性的定量化设计[C].第五届全国混凝土耐久性学术交流会,2000
[1] Elsener B., Bertolini L., Pedeferri P.,, et al. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete[M]. WILEY-VCH,2004.
[2] Sun C., Chen J., Zhu J., et al. A new diffusion model of sulfate ions in concrete[J]. Construction andBuilding Materials,2013,39(0):39-45.
[3] Charis A. Apostolopoulos, Sotiris Demis, Vagelis G. Papadakis. Chloride-induced corrosion of steelreinforcement–Mechanical performance and pit depth analysis[J]. Construction and BuildingMaterials,2013,38(0):139-146.
[4] Andrade C., Prieto M., Tanner P., et al. Testing and modelling chloride penetration into concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2013,39(0):9-18.
[5] Nokken M., Boddy A., Hooton R.D., et al. Time dependent diffusion in concrete—three laboratorystudies[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2006,36(1):200-207.
[6] Luo R., Cai Y., Wang C., et al. Study of chloride binding and diffusion in GGBS concrete[J]. Cementand Concrete Research,2003,33(1):1-7.
[7]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理(第二版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[8]金伟良.腐蚀混凝土结构学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[9]赵国藩,金伟良,贡金鑫.结构可靠度理论[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[10]姬永生.钢筋混凝土的全寿命过程与预计[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2011.
[11]王涛,朴香兰,朱慎林.高等传递过程原理[M].化学出版社,2005.
[12]向发海.氯离子在混凝土中的传输机理研究[硕士][D].中南大学,2011.
[13]张奕.氯离子在混凝土中的输运机理研究[博士][D].浙江大学,2008.
[14]延永东.氯离子在损伤及开裂混凝土内的输运机理及作用效应[博士][D].浙江大学,2011.
[15] Gaal G.. Prediction of Deterioration of Concrete Bridges[M]. Netherlands: Delft University Press,2004.
[16]陈春雷.氯离子在混凝土中的扩散实验及影响因素分析[硕士][D].浙江工业大学,2009.
[17]程飞.海洋混凝土结构中氯离子的扩散分析及混凝土结构可靠度研究[硕士][D].广西大学,2007.
[18]陶博.混凝土孔隙结构对氯离子扩散的影响[硕士][D].武汉理工大学,2009.
[19] Bolzoni F., Bertolini L., Pastore T., et al. Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction[M].Cambridge: SCI,1996.
[20] Zhang J. Z., McLoughlin I. M., Buenfeld N. R.. Modelling of chloride diffusion into surface-treatedconcrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,1998,20(4):253-261.
[21] Alexander, Magee. Durability Performance of Concrete Containing Condensed Silica Fume[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(6):917-922.
[22] Jensen O. M., Hansen P. F., Coats A.M., et al. Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(9):1497-1504.
[23]张振信,夏立芳.金属中的扩散[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1989.
[24] Daniel W.S., Varadhan S.R.S.. Multidimensional Diffusion Prosesses[M]. Springer,2009.
[25] Zhang T., Odd E.G. Diffusion behavior of chloride ions in concrete[J]. Cement and ConcreteResearch,1996,26(6):907-917.
[26] Zhang T., Odd E.G.. Effect of chloride source concentration on chloride diffusivity in concrete[J].ACI Materials Journal,2005,102(5):295-298.
[27] Mehta P.K., Manmhan C. Pore size distribution and permeability of hardened cement paste.[C].7thInternational Congress Chemistry of Cement, Paris,1980
[28] Katz A.J., Thompson A.H. Prediction of rock electrical conductivity from mercury injectionmeasurements[J]. Journal of Geographical Research,1987,92(B1):599-607.
[29] Cady P.D., Weyers R. E. Chloride penetration and deterioration of concrete bridge decks[J]. Cement,Concrete and Aggregates,1983,5(2):81-87.
[30] Garboczi E.J. Permeability, diffusivity and microstructure parameters: a critical review[J]. Cementand Concrete Research,1990,20:591-601.
[31] Paulsson-Tralla J., Silfwerbrand J. estimation of chloride ingress in uncracked and cracked concreteusing measured surface concentrations[J]. ACI Materials Journal,2002,99(1):27-36.
[32] Nilsson L. O., Andersen A., Luping T., et al. Chloride ingress data from field exposure in a Swedishroad environment[C].2nd International Workshop on Testing and Modeling the Chloride Ingress intoConcrete, Paris,2000
[33] Li C.Q. Initiation of chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in concrete structural membersprediction[J]. ACI Strctural Journal,2002,99(2):133-141.
[34] Mangat P. S., Gurusamy K.. Chloride diffusion in steel fibre reinforced concrete containing PFA[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1987,17(4):640-650.
[35] Mangat P. S., Gurusamy K.. Chloride diffusion in steel fibre reinforced marine concrete[J]. Cementand Concrete Research,1987,17(3):385-396.
[36] Francois R., Arliguie G. Effect of microcracking and cracking on the development of corrosion inreinfoced concrete members[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1999,51(2):143-150.
[37] Boulfiza M., Sakai K., Banthia N., et al. Prediction of chloride ions ingress in uncracked and crackedconcrete[J]. ACI Materials Journal,2003,100(1):38-48.
[38] Moore W.. Physical Chemistry[M]. London: Longman,1972.
[39] Tang L., Nilsson L.O.. Rapid determination of chloride diffusivity of concrete by applying anelectric field[J]. ACI Materials Journal,1992,49(1):49-53.
[40] Tang L.. Electrically accelerated methods for determining chloride diffusivity in concrete[J].Magazine of Concrete Research,1996,48(173-179).
[41] Andrade C. Calculation of chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete from ionic migrationmeasurements[J]. cement and Concrete Research,1993,23:724-742.
[42]丁华涛.地铁用高阻抗高抗渗混凝土的研究[硕士][D].武汉理工大学,2008.
[43]丁巍巍.新老混凝土中介质迁移性能的研究[硕士][D].中南大学,2009.
[44] G.Sergi S.W.Yu, C.L.Page. Ionic diffusion across an interface between chloride-free andchloride-containing cementitious materials[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1995.
[45]熊大国.积分变换[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1990.
[46]路新瀛,冯乃谦.电学与电化学技术与混凝土耐久性[J].混凝土,2002(12):38-41.
[47] Lu X. Application of the nernst-einstein equation to concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1997,27(2):293-302.
[48]赵铁军.高性能混凝土的渗透性研究[博士][D].北京:清华大学土木工程系,1997.
[49] ASTM. C1202-97,Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete's ability to resistchloride ion penetration[S].
[50] Andrade C. Calculation of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete from ionic migrationmeasurements[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1993,23(3):724-742.
[51] NTBUILD.355,Chloride diffusion coefficient from migration cell experiments[S].
[52] Japan Society of Civil Engineers. Test Method for Effective Diffusion Coefficient of Chloride Ion inConcrete by Migration[S]. Japan Society of Civil Engineers,
[53] Tang L. Electrically accelerated methods for determining chloride diffusivity in concrete-currentdevelopment[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1996,48(176):173-179.
[54]廉慧珍,陈肇元,李克非.混凝土耐久性没计施工指南(2005修订版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[55]阎培渝,杨进波,吴志刚.混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性的现场测试方法研究[J].混凝土,2008(8).
[56]吴丽君等. RCM法测试混凝土氯离子渗透扩散性[J].混凝土,2006(1).
[57]Halamickova P., Detwiler R.J., Bentz D.P., et al. Water Permeability and Chloride Ion Diffusion in portland Cement Mortars:Relationship to Sand Content and Critical Pore Diameter[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(4):790-802.
[58]赵川.混凝土中临界氯离子浓度压力渗透法研究[硕士][D].上海交通大学,2012.
[59]Whiting D.. Rapid measurement of the chloride pemreability of concrete[J]. Public Roads,1981,45(3):101-112.
[60]ASTM. Cl202-94,Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete ability to resist chloride ion penetration[S].1994.
[61]Yang C.C., Cho S.W.,Chi J. M, et al. An electrochemical method for accelerated chloride migration test in cement-based materials[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2002,77:461-469.
[62]Tang L., Nilsson L.O., Rapid determination of the chloride diuffsivity in concrete by applying an electrical field[J].ACI Materials Journal,1991,89(1):49-53.
[63]中国土木工程学会.CCES01-2004,混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[64]Streiche P.E., Alexander M.G., A chloride conduction test for concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(6):1284-1294.
[65]路新赢,李翠玲等.混凝土渗透性的电学评价[J].混凝土与水泥品,1999,109(5)：12-14.
[66]张武满.混凝土结构中氯离子加速渗透试验与寿命预测[博士][D].哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
[67]Julio-Betancourt G.A., Hooton R.D.. Study of the Joule effect on rapid chloride permebaility values and evaluation of related electrical properties of concretes [J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34:1007-1015.
[68]Yang C.C., Cho S.W.. The Relationship Bewteen Chloride Migration Rate for Concrete and Electrical Current in Steady State Using Accelerated Chloride Migration Test[J]. Materials and Surtcutre,2004(37):456-463.
[69]Shi C.J.. Effect of mixing proportions of concrete on its electrical conductiviyt and the rapid chloride permebaility test(ASTM C12O2or ASSHTO T277)results[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2004(34):537-545.
[70]路新赢：王晓睿：张华新ASTMC1202试验方法评述[J].工业建筑：2004：34(4)：89-91
[71]易成：谢和平：孙华飞等混凝土抗渗性能研究的现状与进展[J]混凝土：2003：160(2)：7-11
[72]Andrade C.. Calculation of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete from ionic migration measurements [J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1993,23:724-74.
[73]李娟,蒋林华.混凝土抗氯离子渗透性试验方法比较研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2004(1):55-58.
[74]路新瀛.几种混凝土渗透性快速检测方法的适用条件[C].混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工--土建结构工程安全性与耐久性科技论坛,2001
[75] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. T26O-94,Standard Method forSampling and Testing for Chloride Ion in Concrete and Concrete Rwa Materials[S]. Washington D.C:1994.
[76]清华大学土木工程系建筑材料研究所.重点项目用混凝土配合比试配报告（初稿）[R].2006.
[77] ASTM. C672/C672M-98[e1],Standard Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete SurfacesExposed to Deicing Chemicals[S]. ASTM International,2002.
[78]韩宝琦,李树林.制冷空调原理及应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[79] ASTM. ASTM C666/C666M-2003(2008),Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to RapidFreezing and Thawing[S]. ASTM International,2003.
[80]中华人民共和国交通部. JTGE30-2005,公路工程水泥及水泥混凝土试验规程[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[81] American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee222,Corrosion of metals in concrete, Manual ofConcrete Practice, Part3[S]. Detroit,USA:1994.
[82] Nillson L. A numerical model for combined diffusion and convection of chloride in non-saturatedconcrete[C]. RILEM,2000:261-275.
[83]高仁辉等.煤灰对硬化浆体表面氯离子浓度的影响[J].建筑材料学报,2008,11(4).
[84] Ngala V. T., Page C. L.. Diffusion In Cementitious Materials:Further Investigations Of ChlorideAnd Oxygen Diffusion In Well-Cured Opc And OPC/30%PFA Pastes[J]. Cement and ConcreteResearch,1995,25(4).
[85] Larbi J.A., Polder R.B.. Investigation of concrete exposed to North Seawater submersion for16years.Heron(Delft)[J].1995,40(1):31-56.
[86]洪雷,唐晓东.冻融循环及龄期对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响[J].建筑材料学报,2011,14(2):254-256.
[87] Goltermann. Chloride ingress in concrete structures: Extrapolation of observation[J]. ACI MaterialsJournal,2003,100(2):114-119.
[88] Bamforth P. B. The derivation of input data for modeling chloride ingress from eight year UKcoastal exposure trials[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,1999,51(2):87-96.
[89] Michael D., Thomas A., Bamforth P. B. Modelling chloride diffusion in concrete: Effect of fly ashand slag[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(4):487-495.
[90] Paul S., Tang L., Andersen. Recurrent studies of chloride ingress in uncracked marine concrete atvarious exposure times and elevations[J]. cement and Concrete Research,1998,28(10):1489-1503.
[91] Takewaka K., Matsumoto S. Quality and cover thickness of concrete based on the estimation ofchloride penetration in marine environments[J]. Concrete in Marine Environment,1988:381-400.
[92] Mangat P. S., Molloy B. T.. Prediction of long term chloride concentration in concrete[J]. Materialsand Structures,1994,27(168):338-346.
[93] Frederiksen J.M.(Ed.). Chloride penetration into concrete state of the art: transport process,corrosion initiation, test methods and prediction models[R]. The Road Directorate,1996.
[94] Chapman-Andrews J., Bamforth P.B.. Long term performance of RC elements under UK coastalexposure condition[C]. Proc. Int. Conf. on Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete,1994:139-156.
[95]彭超.单向荷载、冻融循环及龄期对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响研究[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2010.
[96]汪明刚.单轴持续压荷载及矿物掺合料对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响研究[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2011.
[97]唐晓东.北方寒冷海洋环境混凝土氯离子扩散系数的研究[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2010.
[98]王淑梅.双向荷载对高性能混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响[硕士][D].大连理工大学,2011.
[99]高旭.某海港码头海洋大气区钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性评估与修复[硕士][D].青岛:青岛理工大学,2011.
[100]林宝玉,蔡跃波,单国良.保证和提高我国港工混凝土耐久性措施的研究与实践[C].水泥基复合材料科学与技术,北京,1999:16-23.
[101]李金玉,彭小平,邓正刚等.混凝土抗冻性的定量化设计[C].第五届全国混凝土耐久性学术交流会,2000
[1]金伟良,赵羽习.混凝土结构耐久性[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[2]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理(第二版)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[3]翁永基.材料腐蚀通论-腐蚀科学与工程基础[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003.
[4] Ahmad S.. Reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, its monitoring and service lifeprediction--a review[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,2003,25:459-471.
[5]洪定海.混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀与保护[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1998.
[6] Delorme L., Refait P., Genin J.M., et al. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete[M].Shefield:1994.
[7] Pourbaix M. Lectures on Electrochemical Corrosion[M]. New York: Plenum press,1973.
[8]洪乃丰.混凝土中钢筋腐蚀与防护技术-钢筋腐蚀危害与对混凝土的破坏作用[J].工业建筑,1999,29(8):66-68.
[9] Buenfeld N.R., Glass G.K.. The presentation of the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel inconcrete[J]. Corrosion Science,1997,39(5):1001-1013.
[10] Alonsoa C., Andrade C., Castellote M., et al. Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcingbars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar[J]. cement and Concrete Research,2000,30:1047-1055.
[11] E.C.F. Standarization. EN206-1,Concrete-Part1.Specification, performance, production andconformity[S].2001.
[12] American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee201,Guide to durable concrete, annual of concretepractice Part1[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[13] British Standards Institute. British Standard8110,Structural use of concrete-Code of practice fordesign and construction[S]. London UK: British Standards Institute,1985.
[14] American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee357,Guide for Design and Construction of FixedOff-Shore Concrete Structures, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part4[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[15] American Concrete Institute. ACI Committee222,Corrosion of metals in concrete, Manual ofConcrete Practice, Part3[S]. Detroit USA:1994.
[16] Pedeferri P., Bertolini L. Durability of Reinforced concrete[M]. Milan, Italia: McGrawHill,2000.
[17] Elsener B., Bertolini L., Pedeferri P., et al. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete[M]. WILEY-VCH,2004.
[18] Bolzoni F., Bertolini L., Pastore T., et al. Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction[M]. Cambridge: SCI,1996.
[19]陈卿.钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.
[20]翟之阳.混凝土中临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2008.
[21]Guilbaud J.P., Chahbazian G., Derrien F., et al. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete[M].1994.
[22]Breit W., Schiesl P. International RILZM Workshop on Chloride Penetration into Concrete[M]. France:1995.
[23]CUR. Kritisch chlori deegehalte in getvapend beto([in Dutch)[R]. Gouda,1992.
[24]CUR. DuraCrete-Final Technical Report(R17)[R]. Civieltechnisch Centrum Uitvoering Research en Regelgeving, Gouda,2000.
[25]Arya C., Newman J. B.. An assessment of four methods of determining the free chloride content of concrete[J]. Materials and Structures,1990,23:319-330.
[26]Page J. A., Hope B. B., Poland J. S.. The Determination of Chloride Content of Concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1985,15:863-870.
[27]Reddy B., Glass G. K., Buenfeld N. R. The participation of bound chloride in passive film breakdown on steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion Science,2000,42:2013-2021.
[28]Reddy B., Glass G. K., Buenfeld N. R.. Corrosion inhibition in concrete in concrete arising from its acid neutralization capacity[J]. Corrosion Science,2000,42(99):1587-1598.
[29]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB50010-2002,混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社.2002.
[30]Hausmann D.A.. Steel corrosion in concrete,how does it occur[J]. Materials Protection,1967,11:19-23.
[31]Ashworth V., Yoneaswa T., Procter R. P. M.. Pore solution composition and chloride effects on the corrosion of steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion,1988,44:489-499.
[32]Alonso C.. Chloride threshold dependence of pitting potential of reinforcements[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2002,47:3469-3481.
[33]白永智,崔金华.混凝土材料中氯离子的检测方法研究[J].测试技术,2004,6：21-22.
[34]Gouda V.K., Halak W.Y. Briti sh Corrosi on J ournal.1970,5:203-207.
[35]Andrade C., Gonzalez J.A. Silicates Industry;1982,12:289-294.
[36]Bolzoni F., Bertolini L., T. Pastore, et al Coirosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction[M]. Cambridge:1996.
[37]Breit W., Schiesl P. International RILZM Workshop on Chloride Penetration into Concrete[M].
[38]宋晓冰,刘西拉.分体可调式钢筋腐蚀长期监测传感器[P].中国上海,CN200810036154.0.2008.
[39]Hansson C.M., Poursaee A.. Reinforcing steei passivation in mortar and pore soiution[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,2007.37:1127-1133.
[40]清华大学土木工程系建筑材料研究所.重点项目用混凝土配合比试配报告(初稿)[R].2006.
[41]Hussain, Rasheeduzzafar. Effect of temperature on pore solution composition in plain cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1993,23(6):1357-1368.
[42]Oranoyvska H., Szklarska-Smialowslca Z. Corrosion Science,1961,21(11):735-741.
[43]Pourbaix M. Lectures on Electrochemical Corrosion[M]. New York:Plenum press,1973.
[44]Refait P., Delorme L., Genin J.M. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete[M]. Shefield:1994.
[45]聂丽华等.轻质绿化混凝土pH值优化的正交试验研究[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,12(6).
[46]Buenfeld N.R., Glass G.K. The inhibitive effects of electrochemical treatment applied to steel in concrete[J]. Corrosion Science,2000,42:923-927.
[47]Page C.L. Advances in understanding and techniques for controlling reinforcement corrosion[C].15th International Corrosion Congress, Granada, September2002:22-27.
[48]周剑婷.高温条件下混凝土模拟孔隙液中钢筋腐蚀临界氯离子浓度的试验研究[硕士][D].上海：上海交通大学,2010.
[49]中国气象局.历史气象数据查询[OL]. http://www.cma.gov.cn/2011qxfw/2011qsjcx/.
[50]Cai H., Liu X. Freeze-thaw durability of concrete:ice formation process in pores[J]. Cement and Concrete Research,1998,28(9):1281-1287.
[51]蔡昊.混凝土抗冻耐久性预测模型[博士][D].北京：清华大学,1998.
[52]洪雷,唐晓东.冻融循环及龄期对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响[J].建筑材料学报,2011,14(2)：254-256.
[53]Gouda V. K.,Halaka W.British Corrosion Journal,1970,5:205.
[54]Andrade C.:Gonzalez J.A.. Si:icates Industry1982,12:289.
[55]Sorensen B., Hansson C.. Corrosion rates of steel in concrete[J]. ASTM STP1990,1065:3.
[56]Lambert P.,Page C.L.,Vassie PR W., Materials and Structures,1991:24:351.
[57]Breit W.,Schies P., International RILEM Workshop on Chioride Penetration into Concrete[C]. Prance,1995:441.
[58]Arup H. Durability of Concrete in Saline Environment[J]. Edt. Cementa,1996:107.