光纤智能材料、器件与智能锚索结构系统的研究
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摘要
智能材料与结构是近年来在世界上兴起并迅速发展的材料科学的一个新领域，是高技术新材料领域中正在形成的一门新的分支学科，也是当前工程学科发展的国际前沿。智能材料与结构是一门交叉学科，它的发展不仅是材料学科本身的需要，而且可以带动许多相关学科的发展，也是国民经济建设发展的需要。
本研究首先通过对当今光纤智能材料与器件的发展和光纤传感器研究应用现状的论述，从实际工程应用的角度出发，提出了智能锚索结构的概念。然后从这一概念出发，对强度调制光纤传感器和光纤布喇格光栅传感器的基本理论进行了回顾与论述。提出了基于微弯原理和基于光纤布喇格光栅的两种旨在实现分布应变传感的实用传感器结构型式。
针对所提出的缠绕式分布应变光纤传感器结构，进行了拉伸试验和三点弯曲混凝土梁试验，对传感器的制作工艺、应变反应特性和应用技术进行了系统论证。试验说明，所开发的强度调制分布应变传感器具有良好的应变反应特性和较高灵敏度，可以有效识别结构拉伸应变超过极限后所产生的裂缝，对结构应变可实现定性分布测量。
论文对掺锗光纤和光纤渗氢后的光敏性进行了分析。在此基础上，通过光纤渗氢，并利用准分子激光器和相位掩膜板技术制作了1300nm的光纤布喇格光栅，用于光栅温度和应变特性的试验研究。
从光纤光栅理论的模型出发，采用耦合波理论和弹性力学定理对光纤光栅的应变和温度传感特性进行了分析，简述了光栅的温度和应变传感模型。在此基础上，进行了光栅温度和分布应变的传感特性试验研究。通过钢筋拉伸和钢板挠曲试验，说明所制作的光栅具有良好应变反应特性，利用光纤光栅所制作的应变传感器具有非常好的线性、一致性及非常高的灵敏度。
最后，在以上理论分析和试验研究的基础上，结合岩土工程中典型的锚索结构型式，综合考虑设计、施工因素和锚索监测要求，提出了两种分别基于微弯强度调制光纤传感器和光纤布喇格光栅分布应变传感器的智能锚索结构设计方案。
Smart materials and structures is a new field of material technology that develops rapidly in recent years. It is also a new discipline in high-tech material field. It is the advanced material in 21st century and the international development front of Engineering Science. Smart materials and structures is a cross-discipline. Its development is not only the demands of material science, but also the development requirements of other related disciplines and national economy.
Based on the discussions about the recent development of fiber optical based smart materials and components, as well as the status of fiber optical sensor studies and applications, the concept of smart rock bolt is put forward according to engineering requirements. Following this concept, two kinds of practical structures of distributed strain sensors are brought forward upon the modulation principles of optical fiber micro-bend and fiber Bragg grating. In the mean time, the fundamental principles of these two types of fiber optical strain sensors are reviewed.
In order to systematically evaluate the process technics, sensing ability to strain and application techniques of the suggested distributed micro-bend strain sensor adopting the winded structure of optical fiber around a small-diameter steel wire rope, some tensile tests of sensor and 3-point bend tests of concrete beams were conducted. The experiment results show that this kind of distributed strain sensor has good sensing property and high sensitivity. It can effectively identify the internal cracks of structure that occurs when the tensile stress exceed the tensile strength. Therefore it can be practically used for the real-time monitoring of rock bolt. This will make the rock bolt intelligent.
Photosensitivity in Ge-doped optical fibers and high pressure HI loading as a technique for achieving ultrahigh UV photosensitivity is briefly discussed. 1300 nm FBGs were produced by using phase mask and KrF excimer laser on the Hi-loaded single-mode optical fibers. The strain and temperature sensing properties of FBG were discussed based on coupled-wave theory and elastic mechanics theory. Experiments were conducted to perform the study on their strain and temperature sensing characteristics. The tensile tests of rebar and bend tests of armor plates show that the produced FBGs have very good strain sensing attributes. The developed strain sensors using FBGs have good linearity, coincidence and high sensitivity.
On the basis of above theoretical analyses and experiments, two kinds of smart rock bolt structures that based on distributed micro-bend strain sensor and FBG are put forward. The smart structures that take design, construction and monitoring of rock bolts as priority is suitable for application in rock bolt engineering.
本研究首先通过对当今光纤智能材料与器件的发展和光纤传感器研究应用现状的论述，从实际工程应用的角度出发，提出了智能锚索结构的概念。然后从这一概念出发，对强度调制光纤传感器和光纤布喇格光栅传感器的基本理论进行了回顾与论述。提出了基于微弯原理和基于光纤布喇格光栅的两种旨在实现分布应变传感的实用传感器结构型式。
针对所提出的缠绕式分布应变光纤传感器结构，进行了拉伸试验和三点弯曲混凝土梁试验，对传感器的制作工艺、应变反应特性和应用技术进行了系统论证。试验说明，所开发的强度调制分布应变传感器具有良好的应变反应特性和较高灵敏度，可以有效识别结构拉伸应变超过极限后所产生的裂缝，对结构应变可实现定性分布测量。
论文对掺锗光纤和光纤渗氢后的光敏性进行了分析。在此基础上，通过光纤渗氢，并利用准分子激光器和相位掩膜板技术制作了1300nm的光纤布喇格光栅，用于光栅温度和应变特性的试验研究。
从光纤光栅理论的模型出发，采用耦合波理论和弹性力学定理对光纤光栅的应变和温度传感特性进行了分析，简述了光栅的温度和应变传感模型。在此基础上，进行了光栅温度和分布应变的传感特性试验研究。通过钢筋拉伸和钢板挠曲试验，说明所制作的光栅具有良好应变反应特性，利用光纤光栅所制作的应变传感器具有非常好的线性、一致性及非常高的灵敏度。
最后，在以上理论分析和试验研究的基础上，结合岩土工程中典型的锚索结构型式，综合考虑设计、施工因素和锚索监测要求，提出了两种分别基于微弯强度调制光纤传感器和光纤布喇格光栅分布应变传感器的智能锚索结构设计方案。
Smart materials and structures is a new field of material technology that develops rapidly in recent years. It is also a new discipline in high-tech material field. It is the advanced material in 21st century and the international development front of Engineering Science. Smart materials and structures is a cross-discipline. Its development is not only the demands of material science, but also the development requirements of other related disciplines and national economy.
Based on the discussions about the recent development of fiber optical based smart materials and components, as well as the status of fiber optical sensor studies and applications, the concept of smart rock bolt is put forward according to engineering requirements. Following this concept, two kinds of practical structures of distributed strain sensors are brought forward upon the modulation principles of optical fiber micro-bend and fiber Bragg grating. In the mean time, the fundamental principles of these two types of fiber optical strain sensors are reviewed.
In order to systematically evaluate the process technics, sensing ability to strain and application techniques of the suggested distributed micro-bend strain sensor adopting the winded structure of optical fiber around a small-diameter steel wire rope, some tensile tests of sensor and 3-point bend tests of concrete beams were conducted. The experiment results show that this kind of distributed strain sensor has good sensing property and high sensitivity. It can effectively identify the internal cracks of structure that occurs when the tensile stress exceed the tensile strength. Therefore it can be practically used for the real-time monitoring of rock bolt. This will make the rock bolt intelligent.
Photosensitivity in Ge-doped optical fibers and high pressure HI loading as a technique for achieving ultrahigh UV photosensitivity is briefly discussed. 1300 nm FBGs were produced by using phase mask and KrF excimer laser on the Hi-loaded single-mode optical fibers. The strain and temperature sensing properties of FBG were discussed based on coupled-wave theory and elastic mechanics theory. Experiments were conducted to perform the study on their strain and temperature sensing characteristics. The tensile tests of rebar and bend tests of armor plates show that the produced FBGs have very good strain sensing attributes. The developed strain sensors using FBGs have good linearity, coincidence and high sensitivity.
On the basis of above theoretical analyses and experiments, two kinds of smart rock bolt structures that based on distributed micro-bend strain sensor and FBG are put forward. The smart structures that take design, construction and monitoring of rock bolts as priority is suitable for application in rock bolt engineering.
引文
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