外语教学中的对比分析
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摘要
本文通过对传统对比分析理论的再认识，重新肯定它对外语教学的指导意
义，并提出一种新的对比分析模式--新对比分析（Neo-Contrastive Analysis）。文
章在简短回顾对比分析假设的三种模式、理论根源、发展史及其受到的批评
后，重新探讨了它的理论基础--转移理论和行为主义心理学。同时，文章建议
对传统对比分析的研究范围从仅仅语言形式的对比，扩充到语言功能和篇章
结构并重的对比；并在对比手段上进行革新，引入建立在计算机基础上的电
子语料库。这种新对比分析将会为外语教学中的课堂组织、教材设计、外语
测试及错误分析提供有力的帮助。
This paper, aiming at reappraising Contrastive Analysis's (CA) contribution to
foreign language teaching, suggests a new model of Contrastive Analysis -- Neo-
Contrastive Analysis. After giving a historical review of the three forms of
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, CA's theoretical backgrounds, historical
development and the criticisms it received, the paper reconsiders its theoretical
foundation--Transfer Theory and Behaviorist psychology from a more cognitive
aspect. It is argued that both language function and discourse structure should be
included in the scope of CA besides its traditional language form, and that the
computer-based electronic corpus be introduced as an innovation to its research
methodology. The revised Neo-Contrastive Analysis can offer great help to the
classroom organization, course material development, designing testing items and
Error Analysis in foreign language teaching.
义，并提出一种新的对比分析模式--新对比分析（Neo-Contrastive Analysis）。文
章在简短回顾对比分析假设的三种模式、理论根源、发展史及其受到的批评
后，重新探讨了它的理论基础--转移理论和行为主义心理学。同时，文章建议
对传统对比分析的研究范围从仅仅语言形式的对比，扩充到语言功能和篇章
结构并重的对比；并在对比手段上进行革新，引入建立在计算机基础上的电
子语料库。这种新对比分析将会为外语教学中的课堂组织、教材设计、外语
测试及错误分析提供有力的帮助。
This paper, aiming at reappraising Contrastive Analysis's (CA) contribution to
foreign language teaching, suggests a new model of Contrastive Analysis -- Neo-
Contrastive Analysis. After giving a historical review of the three forms of
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, CA's theoretical backgrounds, historical
development and the criticisms it received, the paper reconsiders its theoretical
foundation--Transfer Theory and Behaviorist psychology from a more cognitive
aspect. It is argued that both language function and discourse structure should be
included in the scope of CA besides its traditional language form, and that the
computer-based electronic corpus be introduced as an innovation to its research
methodology. The revised Neo-Contrastive Analysis can offer great help to the
classroom organization, course material development, designing testing items and
Error Analysis in foreign language teaching.
引文
Aijmer, K. 1986． Discourse variation and hedging, in Aarts & Meijs (1986) : 1-18．
Altenberg, B. 1990． Spoken English and the Dictionary, in Svartvik (1990b): 177-191．
Atkinson, R.L., et al. 1983． Introduction to psychology, 8th ed., New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Austin, J.L. 1962． How to Do Things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <222,242(n3) >
Bachman, L.F. 1990． Fundamental Consideration in Language Testing. Oxford University press.
Bertkau, J. 1974． "Comprehension and production of relative clauses in adult second language and child first language acquisition." Language Learning 24: 279-86．
Biber, D., et al. 1998． Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Bloomfield, L. 1933． language, Henry Holt and Company.
Bolinger, D. & Spears, D.A. 1981． Aspects of language. Third Edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Bright, J. & G. McGregor. 1970． Teaching English as a Second language: Theory and Techniques for the Secondary Stage. London: Longman.
Brown, H.D. 1994． Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Prentice hall Regents.
van Buren, P. 1974． Contrastive Analysis, in J.P.B. Allen & S.P. Corder eds., Techniques in Applied linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 279-312．
Carroll, J.B. 1963． Linguistic Relativity, Contrastive Linguistics and Language Learning. In IRAL, 1, pp. 1-20．
Carroll, J.B. 1968． 'Contrastive Linguistics and Interference Theory'. In J.E. Alatis (eds.) (1968) Contrastive Linguistics and Its Pedagogical Implications. Report of the Nineteenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press (Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics; 21) , pp. 113-122．
Carrol, J.B. 1971． Current issues in psycholinguistics and second language teaching, TESOL Quarterly, 5, 101-104．
Chomsky, N. 1966． Linguistic Theory, In Mead 1966．
Cook, G., 1989． Discourse. Oxford University Press.
Cook, G., Seidlhofer, B., 1995． Principles & Practice in Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Cook, V., 1991． Second Language Learning and Teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Corder, S.P. 1967． The Significance of Learners'Errors. In IRAL, 4, pp. 161-169．
Corder, S.P. 1973． Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin (1985, 6th ed.)
Corder, S.P. 1974． Error Analysis. In J.P.B. Allen and S. Pit Corder (eds.) Techniques in Applied Linguistics (The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistics:3) , London: Oxford University Press (Language and Language Learning), pp. 122-154．
Corder, S.P. 1983． A Role for the Mother Tongue, in S. Gass & L. Selinker ed., Language Transfer in Language Learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 85-97．
Coulthard, M. 1977． An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London: longman.
Crider, B.B., et al. 1986． Psychology, 2nd ed., Glenview, Ⅲ.: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Dulay, H. & Burt, M. 1973． Should we teach children syntax? Language Learning, 23, 245-258．
Dulay, H. & Burt, M. 1974a. You Can't learn Without Goofing in Richards (eds.) 1974．
Dulay, H. & Burt, M. 1974b Natural sequences in Child second language acquisition, language learning,24, 37-53．
Ellis, J. 1966． Towards a General Comparative Linguistics. The Hague: Mouton.
Ellis, R.1994． Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press.
Fillmore, C.J. 1984． Remarks on Contrastive Pragmatics, in Fisiak ed. 1984, 119-141．
Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1980． Theoretical issues in contrastive linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1981． Contrastive linguistics and the language teacher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1984． Contrastive linguistics. Prospects and problems. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1990． Further insights into contrastive linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fries, C.C. 1945． Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language, Ann Arbor: MI: University of Michigan press.
Fries, C.C. 1952． The Structure of English. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World. George, H. 1972． Common Errors in Language Learning: Insights from English. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1970． Language structure and language function, in J. Lyons eds., New Horizons in Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 140-165．
Halliday, M.A.K. 1973． Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1985． An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Jakobovits, L.A. 1970． Foreign Language Learning: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of The Issues, Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
James, C. 1980． Contrastive Analysis. Harlow Essex: Longman.
Kennedy, G. 1998． An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics Pearson Education Limited;
Krashen, S.D., 1987． Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International.
Lado, R. 1957． Linguistics across Cultures. Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers, Michigan: Ann Arbor.
Lado, R. 1964． Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach. New York: McGrow-Hill.
Lado, R. 1968． "Contrastive linguistics in a mentalistic theory of language learning", in J.E. Alatis (eds.) Contrastive Linguistics and Its Pedagogical Implications. Report of the Nineteenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press (Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics; 21) , pp. 123-135．
Lee, W.R. 1968． 'Thoughts of Contrastive linguistics in the context of foreign language teaching." In J.E. Alatis (1968) Contrastive Linguistics and Its Pedagogical Implications. Report of the Nineteenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press (Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics; 21) , pp. 180-189．
Leech, G. 1991． 'The state of the art in corpus linguistics', in Aijmer & Altenberg (1991) : 8-29．
Oiler, J.W. & Ziahosseiny, S.M. 1970． The Contrastive analysis hypothesis and spelling errors. Language learning 20:183-189
Osgood, C.E. 1949． The similarity paradox in Human learning: A resolution, Psychological Review. 56, 132-143．
Peccei, J. S., 1999． Pragmatics. Taylor & Francis Limited.
Prator, Clifford H. 1967． Hierarchy of Difficulty. Unpublished classroom lecture, University of California, Los Angeles.
Richards, J. C., et al, 1998． Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. Pearson Education Limited.
Rivers, W.M. 1981． Teaching Foreign-Language Skills. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Robins, R. H. 1980． General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey, 3rd ed., London: Longman
Sajavaara, K. & Lehtonen, J. (eds.) 1975． Contrastive papers. Jyvaskyla Contrastive Papers 4． Department of English, University of Jyvaskyla.
Sajavaara, K. & Lehtonen J. (eds.) 1980． Papers in discourse and Contrastive discourse analysis. Jyvaskyla Contrastive Studies 5． Department of English, University of Jyvakylas.
Sajavaara, K. 1981． 'Contrastive linguistics past and present and a communicative approach in Fisiak (ed.) 1981．
Schachter, J. 1974. 'An Error in Error Analysis.' Language Learning 24: 205-14.
Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (223-6)
Sinclair, J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation Oxford University Press.
Skinner, C.F. 1957. Verbal Behavior, New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
Steinberg, D.D. 1982. Psycholinguistics: Language, Mind and World, London: Longman.
Stenstrom, A.-B. 1990. 'Lexical items peculiar to spoken discourse', in Svartvik (1990): 137-176.
Stern, H.H., 1997. Fundamental Consideration of Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Stern, H.H., 1996. Issues and Options in Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Tickoo, M.L. 1988. In search of appropriateness in EF(S)L teaching materials, RELC Journal, 19:2, 39-50.
Wardhaugh, B. 1970. The contrastive analysis hypothesis. In TESOL Quarterly, 4, pp. 123-130.
Wardhaugh, R. 1974. Topics in Applied Linguistics. Rowlwy, MA: Newbury House Publisher.
Watson, H.B. 1913. Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 20: 158-177.
Widdowson, H.G. 1978. Notional-Functional Syllabuses. In C.H. Blatchford & J. Schachter (Eds.), On TESOL 78 (pp.32-35). Washington, DC: TESOL.
Whitman, R.L. 1970. Contrastive Analysis: Problems and Procedures. Language learning, 20:191-197
Wilkins, D.A. 1976. Notional Syllabuses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
葆青，1973．《英语语音简明教程》，商务印书馆。
戴炜栋，周雪林，束定芳，陈夏芳，1998．《现代语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社。
高一虹，2000．《语言文化差异的认识与超越》，外语教学与研究出版社。
何自然，1997．《语用学与英语学习》，上海外语教育出版社。
胡曙中，1993．《英汉修辞比较研究》，上海外语教育出版社。
胡壮麟，刘润清，李延福，1988．《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社。
刘润清，1995，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社。
刘润清，1991．《语言测试和它的方法》，外语教学与研究出版社。
田祥斌，1999．《英汉歧义与文学》，中国环境科学出版社。
许国璋，1990．《论语言》，外语教学与研究出版社。
许余农，1992．《对比语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社。
邹世诚，1982．《实用英语语音》，广西人民出版社。
Altenberg, B. 1990． Spoken English and the Dictionary, in Svartvik (1990b): 177-191．
Atkinson, R.L., et al. 1983． Introduction to psychology, 8th ed., New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Austin, J.L. 1962． How to Do Things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <222,242(n3) >
Bachman, L.F. 1990． Fundamental Consideration in Language Testing. Oxford University press.
Bertkau, J. 1974． "Comprehension and production of relative clauses in adult second language and child first language acquisition." Language Learning 24: 279-86．
Biber, D., et al. 1998． Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Bloomfield, L. 1933． language, Henry Holt and Company.
Bolinger, D. & Spears, D.A. 1981． Aspects of language. Third Edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Bright, J. & G. McGregor. 1970． Teaching English as a Second language: Theory and Techniques for the Secondary Stage. London: Longman.
Brown, H.D. 1994． Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Prentice hall Regents.
van Buren, P. 1974． Contrastive Analysis, in J.P.B. Allen & S.P. Corder eds., Techniques in Applied linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 279-312．
Carroll, J.B. 1963． Linguistic Relativity, Contrastive Linguistics and Language Learning. In IRAL, 1, pp. 1-20．
Carroll, J.B. 1968． 'Contrastive Linguistics and Interference Theory'. In J.E. Alatis (eds.) (1968) Contrastive Linguistics and Its Pedagogical Implications. Report of the Nineteenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press (Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics; 21) , pp. 113-122．
Carrol, J.B. 1971． Current issues in psycholinguistics and second language teaching, TESOL Quarterly, 5, 101-104．
Chomsky, N. 1966． Linguistic Theory, In Mead 1966．
Cook, G., 1989． Discourse. Oxford University Press.
Cook, G., Seidlhofer, B., 1995． Principles & Practice in Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Cook, V., 1991． Second Language Learning and Teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Corder, S.P. 1967． The Significance of Learners'Errors. In IRAL, 4, pp. 161-169．
Corder, S.P. 1973． Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin (1985, 6th ed.)
Corder, S.P. 1974． Error Analysis. In J.P.B. Allen and S. Pit Corder (eds.) Techniques in Applied Linguistics (The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistics:3) , London: Oxford University Press (Language and Language Learning), pp. 122-154．
Corder, S.P. 1983． A Role for the Mother Tongue, in S. Gass & L. Selinker ed., Language Transfer in Language Learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 85-97．
Coulthard, M. 1977． An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London: longman.
Crider, B.B., et al. 1986． Psychology, 2nd ed., Glenview, Ⅲ.: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Dulay, H. & Burt, M. 1973． Should we teach children syntax? Language Learning, 23, 245-258．
Dulay, H. & Burt, M. 1974a. You Can't learn Without Goofing in Richards (eds.) 1974．
Dulay, H. & Burt, M. 1974b Natural sequences in Child second language acquisition, language learning,24, 37-53．
Ellis, J. 1966． Towards a General Comparative Linguistics. The Hague: Mouton.
Ellis, R.1994． Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press.
Fillmore, C.J. 1984． Remarks on Contrastive Pragmatics, in Fisiak ed. 1984, 119-141．
Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1980． Theoretical issues in contrastive linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1981． Contrastive linguistics and the language teacher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1984． Contrastive linguistics. Prospects and problems. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1990． Further insights into contrastive linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fries, C.C. 1945． Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language, Ann Arbor: MI: University of Michigan press.
Fries, C.C. 1952． The Structure of English. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World. George, H. 1972． Common Errors in Language Learning: Insights from English. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1970． Language structure and language function, in J. Lyons eds., New Horizons in Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 140-165．
Halliday, M.A.K. 1973． Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1985． An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Jakobovits, L.A. 1970． Foreign Language Learning: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of The Issues, Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
James, C. 1980． Contrastive Analysis. Harlow Essex: Longman.
Kennedy, G. 1998． An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics Pearson Education Limited;
Krashen, S.D., 1987． Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International.
Lado, R. 1957． Linguistics across Cultures. Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers, Michigan: Ann Arbor.
Lado, R. 1964． Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach. New York: McGrow-Hill.
Lado, R. 1968． "Contrastive linguistics in a mentalistic theory of language learning", in J.E. Alatis (eds.) Contrastive Linguistics and Its Pedagogical Implications. Report of the Nineteenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press (Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics; 21) , pp. 123-135．
Lee, W.R. 1968． 'Thoughts of Contrastive linguistics in the context of foreign language teaching." In J.E. Alatis (1968) Contrastive Linguistics and Its Pedagogical Implications. Report of the Nineteenth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press (Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics; 21) , pp. 180-189．
Leech, G. 1991． 'The state of the art in corpus linguistics', in Aijmer & Altenberg (1991) : 8-29．
Oiler, J.W. & Ziahosseiny, S.M. 1970． The Contrastive analysis hypothesis and spelling errors. Language learning 20:183-189
Osgood, C.E. 1949． The similarity paradox in Human learning: A resolution, Psychological Review. 56, 132-143．
Peccei, J. S., 1999． Pragmatics. Taylor & Francis Limited.
Prator, Clifford H. 1967． Hierarchy of Difficulty. Unpublished classroom lecture, University of California, Los Angeles.
Richards, J. C., et al, 1998． Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. Pearson Education Limited.
Rivers, W.M. 1981． Teaching Foreign-Language Skills. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Robins, R. H. 1980． General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey, 3rd ed., London: Longman
Sajavaara, K. & Lehtonen, J. (eds.) 1975． Contrastive papers. Jyvaskyla Contrastive Papers 4． Department of English, University of Jyvaskyla.
Sajavaara, K. & Lehtonen J. (eds.) 1980． Papers in discourse and Contrastive discourse analysis. Jyvaskyla Contrastive Studies 5． Department of English, University of Jyvakylas.
Sajavaara, K. 1981． 'Contrastive linguistics past and present and a communicative approach in Fisiak (ed.) 1981．
Schachter, J. 1974. 'An Error in Error Analysis.' Language Learning 24: 205-14.
Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (223-6)
Sinclair, J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation Oxford University Press.
Skinner, C.F. 1957. Verbal Behavior, New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
Steinberg, D.D. 1982. Psycholinguistics: Language, Mind and World, London: Longman.
Stenstrom, A.-B. 1990. 'Lexical items peculiar to spoken discourse', in Svartvik (1990): 137-176.
Stern, H.H., 1997. Fundamental Consideration of Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Stern, H.H., 1996. Issues and Options in Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Tickoo, M.L. 1988. In search of appropriateness in EF(S)L teaching materials, RELC Journal, 19:2, 39-50.
Wardhaugh, B. 1970. The contrastive analysis hypothesis. In TESOL Quarterly, 4, pp. 123-130.
Wardhaugh, R. 1974. Topics in Applied Linguistics. Rowlwy, MA: Newbury House Publisher.
Watson, H.B. 1913. Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 20: 158-177.
Widdowson, H.G. 1978. Notional-Functional Syllabuses. In C.H. Blatchford & J. Schachter (Eds.), On TESOL 78 (pp.32-35). Washington, DC: TESOL.
Whitman, R.L. 1970. Contrastive Analysis: Problems and Procedures. Language learning, 20:191-197
Wilkins, D.A. 1976. Notional Syllabuses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
葆青，1973．《英语语音简明教程》，商务印书馆。
戴炜栋，周雪林，束定芳，陈夏芳，1998．《现代语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社。
高一虹，2000．《语言文化差异的认识与超越》，外语教学与研究出版社。
何自然，1997．《语用学与英语学习》，上海外语教育出版社。
胡曙中，1993．《英汉修辞比较研究》，上海外语教育出版社。
胡壮麟，刘润清，李延福，1988．《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社。
刘润清，1995，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社。
刘润清，1991．《语言测试和它的方法》，外语教学与研究出版社。
田祥斌，1999．《英汉歧义与文学》，中国环境科学出版社。
许国璋，1990．《论语言》，外语教学与研究出版社。
许余农，1992．《对比语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社。
邹世诚，1982．《实用英语语音》，广西人民出版社。
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