预应力岩锚内锚固段锚固性能及荷载传递机理研究
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摘要
国家实施西部大开发战略,公路交通是需要首先解决的基础设施问题。在西部地区公路建设中,高危边坡的加固、环境地质灾害的整治成了工程建设中的重要组成部分,锚固技术被国内外岩土工程界公认为处置该类工程问题最直接有效的工程措施。以预应力锚索为基础的各种岩土支护结构因为其高效性、经济性和实用性,已经在这些工程中得到了广泛的应用,其工程实践已远远超前于理论研究,因此,运营中或施工中的锚固工程的预应力锚索不可避免地出现了失效破坏。内锚固段作为预应力锚索的主要受力和传力构件,对其锚固性能及荷载传递机理展开研究具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。论文以国家杰出青年科学基金项目“岩土工程减灾”(50625824)和交通部西部建设科技项目“岩土锚固安全评价与处治技术研究”(200431874010)为依托,采用野外现场调研、资料收集整理、试验研究、理论分析以及数值模拟等方法,系统地研究了预应力锚索内锚固段的锚固性能及荷载传递机理。论文的主要工作如下:
(1)通过野外现场调研、室内资料搜集整理等手段,拟定部分在试验室内人为可控可调的、影响岩锚内锚固段锚固性能的内部因素作为研究对象。以公路边坡岩土锚固中使用较为普遍的4Ф15.24mm和6Ф15.24mm的锚束为原型,采用实际的岩石、注浆体、钢绞线为原材料进行缩尺试验,对这些内部影响因素逐一进行了研究,提出了在保证注浆体强度等级及施工和易性的情况下、通过调整注浆体的配合比来增强岩锚锚固性能的方法,得出了普通预应力锚索的主要失效破坏模式。
(2)分析了国内外关于岩锚荷载传递机理研究的各自优缺点,针对普通预应力锚索的荷载传递特性,基于Mindlin解推导了内锚固段的注浆体与岩石粘结界面上的应力分布弹性解,在考虑界面本构模型的基础上推导了锚索与注浆体粘结界面上的应力分布弹性解,并用该弹性解对普通预应力锚索的主要失效破坏模式进行了分析。
(3)基于普通预应力锚索的荷载传递机理和主要失效破坏模式,将结构工程中的压花锚的压花结构做了较大改进,用于岩土锚固工程中,分析了压花锚的荷载传递机理,通过抗拔试验研究了其锚固性能,并从不同角度对其锚固性能进行了优化研究。
(4)采用直剪试验研究了内锚固段所在位置的上覆岩土层厚度、孔壁清洁度以及孔壁粗糙度对注浆体岩石界面抗剪特性的影响。采用分形理论对粗糙度试验结果进行了分析,提出了联合分形维数D和粗糙度系数JRC精确定量表征界面粗糙度的方法。鉴于注浆体与岩石的粘结强度是预应力锚索内锚固段长度设计的关键参数之一,建议以直剪试验为基础,采用综合因素法确定注浆体与岩石间的粘结强度。
(5)建立了岩锚拉拔试验的有限元计算模型,采用试验实测数据对该模型进行了验证,利用ANSYS程序分别计算了普通锚和压花锚内锚固段的应力分布,对其不同的荷载传递机理进行了比较分析。最后采用该模型对普通锚和压花锚在不同拉拔过程中的荷载变位特性进行了数值模拟,验证了岩锚拉拔试验研究结果的可靠性。
在上述研究中,理论研究的结果可以很好地阐释试验结果,数值模拟结果与试验结果所反映的规律基本一致,三者互为验证。这说明本文的试验结果准确可靠,理论研究合理可信,数值模型建立科学适用,对后续预应力锚固工程的优化设计、施工以及相关规范的修订具有重要的参考价值。
With the implementation of the western development strategy, highway traffic is the first infrastructure problem to be solved. In the roads construction of west regions, the reinforcement of high or dangerous slopes and the treatment of environmental geological hazards have become the important parts in engineering construction, and in the geotechnical engineering field anchorage technology is considered as the most direct and effective measure to deal with such engineering problems. All kinds of ground supporting structures based on prestressed cable bolt have been widely used in these projects since they are highly efficient, economical and practical. The engineering practice has been ahead of the theoretical study, and therefore failure of the prestressed cable bolt unavoidably appears in the anchorage engineering under construction or operation. It has theoretical and practical values to research the anchorage performance and load-transfer mechanism of the embedment section, which is served as the load-undertaking and load-transferring member. In the thesis, supported by“National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars”Project“Disaster Reduction for Geotechnical Engineering”(No.50625824)and Scientific Program for Western Construction of Ministry of Communications“Safety Analysis of Geotechnical Anchorage and Treatment Technology Research”(No.200431874010), the anchorage performance and load-transfer mechanism of the embedment section through field investigation, data collection, experimental study, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation are systematically studied. The major works are summarized as follows:
(1) Based on field investigation, and indoor data collection and analysis, research objectives, which are an initial draft of some adjustable internal factors influencing the anchorage performance of the embedment section, are determined. The anchorage with 4Ф15.24mm and 6Ф15.24mm widely used in the geotechnical anchorage of highway slopes, the practical rock, grouting material and steel stranded wire are treated as the raw materials to carry out the scale test , each internal factor is researched. Under the condition of guaranteeing the strength class and workability of grouting material, the way, which enhance the anchorage performance of rock cable bolts by changing the mixing ratio, is proposed. Moreover, the dominant failure mode for conventional prestressed cable bolt is summarized.
(2) The advantages and disadvantages of anchorage load- transfer mechanism at home and abroad are analyzed. On the basis of Mindlin solution and interfacial constitutive model, the elastic solution of stress distribution on the bond interface between the grouting material and rock and those between steel stranded wire and grouting material are derived. Moreover, the dominant failure mode of the conventional prestressed cable bolt analyzed by using the present elastic solution.
(3) Great improvement to the bulb structure of the bulb cable in the structural engineering is made based on the load-transfer mechanism and the dominant failure mode of the conventional prestressed cable bolt, the load-transfer mechanism of the bulb cable is analyzed, the anchorage performance through pull-out test is studied, and the optimal study on its anchorage performance at different aspects is carried out by using the present method.
(4) The influence of the rock & soil coating thickness、the cleanliness and roughness of the holes wall in the embedment section on the shear characteristic of the interface between grouting material and rock through direct shear test are researched. The results of roughness test is analyzed by using fractal theory, and the way is proposed to quantificationally express the interfacial roughness by combining the fractal dimension D and roughness coefficient JRC. Whereas the bond strength between grouting material and rock is one of the key parameters for embedment section length design of prestressed cable bolt, Comprehensive Factors Method is recommended to determine the bond strength between grouting material and rock based on the direct shear test.
(5) The finite element calculation model for pull-out test of rock cable bolts is established by using ANSYS. The present model is verified by experimental measured data. The stress distribution of embedment section of conventional cable and bulb cable are calculated, respectively. The different load-transfer mechanisms is comparatively analyzed. The numerical simulation of the load displacement characteristic of conventional cable and bulb cable in different pull-out courses to verify the reliability of the results of pull-out test is carried out.
In the above-mentioned study, the experimental results could be explained by the theoretical results, and the numerical simulation results is agreed with the experimental results. As a result, it is found that the experimental results in this thesis are accurate and reliable, the theoretical study is reasonable and credible, the establishment of numerical simulation is scientific and applicable. The thesis could also provide referrence for optimal design, construction and relative specifications revision of the subsequent prestressed anchorage engineering.
(1)通过野外现场调研、室内资料搜集整理等手段,拟定部分在试验室内人为可控可调的、影响岩锚内锚固段锚固性能的内部因素作为研究对象。以公路边坡岩土锚固中使用较为普遍的4Ф15.24mm和6Ф15.24mm的锚束为原型,采用实际的岩石、注浆体、钢绞线为原材料进行缩尺试验,对这些内部影响因素逐一进行了研究,提出了在保证注浆体强度等级及施工和易性的情况下、通过调整注浆体的配合比来增强岩锚锚固性能的方法,得出了普通预应力锚索的主要失效破坏模式。
(2)分析了国内外关于岩锚荷载传递机理研究的各自优缺点,针对普通预应力锚索的荷载传递特性,基于Mindlin解推导了内锚固段的注浆体与岩石粘结界面上的应力分布弹性解,在考虑界面本构模型的基础上推导了锚索与注浆体粘结界面上的应力分布弹性解,并用该弹性解对普通预应力锚索的主要失效破坏模式进行了分析。
(3)基于普通预应力锚索的荷载传递机理和主要失效破坏模式,将结构工程中的压花锚的压花结构做了较大改进,用于岩土锚固工程中,分析了压花锚的荷载传递机理,通过抗拔试验研究了其锚固性能,并从不同角度对其锚固性能进行了优化研究。
(4)采用直剪试验研究了内锚固段所在位置的上覆岩土层厚度、孔壁清洁度以及孔壁粗糙度对注浆体岩石界面抗剪特性的影响。采用分形理论对粗糙度试验结果进行了分析,提出了联合分形维数D和粗糙度系数JRC精确定量表征界面粗糙度的方法。鉴于注浆体与岩石的粘结强度是预应力锚索内锚固段长度设计的关键参数之一,建议以直剪试验为基础,采用综合因素法确定注浆体与岩石间的粘结强度。
(5)建立了岩锚拉拔试验的有限元计算模型,采用试验实测数据对该模型进行了验证,利用ANSYS程序分别计算了普通锚和压花锚内锚固段的应力分布,对其不同的荷载传递机理进行了比较分析。最后采用该模型对普通锚和压花锚在不同拉拔过程中的荷载变位特性进行了数值模拟,验证了岩锚拉拔试验研究结果的可靠性。
在上述研究中,理论研究的结果可以很好地阐释试验结果,数值模拟结果与试验结果所反映的规律基本一致,三者互为验证。这说明本文的试验结果准确可靠,理论研究合理可信,数值模型建立科学适用,对后续预应力锚固工程的优化设计、施工以及相关规范的修订具有重要的参考价值。
With the implementation of the western development strategy, highway traffic is the first infrastructure problem to be solved. In the roads construction of west regions, the reinforcement of high or dangerous slopes and the treatment of environmental geological hazards have become the important parts in engineering construction, and in the geotechnical engineering field anchorage technology is considered as the most direct and effective measure to deal with such engineering problems. All kinds of ground supporting structures based on prestressed cable bolt have been widely used in these projects since they are highly efficient, economical and practical. The engineering practice has been ahead of the theoretical study, and therefore failure of the prestressed cable bolt unavoidably appears in the anchorage engineering under construction or operation. It has theoretical and practical values to research the anchorage performance and load-transfer mechanism of the embedment section, which is served as the load-undertaking and load-transferring member. In the thesis, supported by“National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars”Project“Disaster Reduction for Geotechnical Engineering”(No.50625824)and Scientific Program for Western Construction of Ministry of Communications“Safety Analysis of Geotechnical Anchorage and Treatment Technology Research”(No.200431874010), the anchorage performance and load-transfer mechanism of the embedment section through field investigation, data collection, experimental study, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation are systematically studied. The major works are summarized as follows:
(1) Based on field investigation, and indoor data collection and analysis, research objectives, which are an initial draft of some adjustable internal factors influencing the anchorage performance of the embedment section, are determined. The anchorage with 4Ф15.24mm and 6Ф15.24mm widely used in the geotechnical anchorage of highway slopes, the practical rock, grouting material and steel stranded wire are treated as the raw materials to carry out the scale test , each internal factor is researched. Under the condition of guaranteeing the strength class and workability of grouting material, the way, which enhance the anchorage performance of rock cable bolts by changing the mixing ratio, is proposed. Moreover, the dominant failure mode for conventional prestressed cable bolt is summarized.
(2) The advantages and disadvantages of anchorage load- transfer mechanism at home and abroad are analyzed. On the basis of Mindlin solution and interfacial constitutive model, the elastic solution of stress distribution on the bond interface between the grouting material and rock and those between steel stranded wire and grouting material are derived. Moreover, the dominant failure mode of the conventional prestressed cable bolt analyzed by using the present elastic solution.
(3) Great improvement to the bulb structure of the bulb cable in the structural engineering is made based on the load-transfer mechanism and the dominant failure mode of the conventional prestressed cable bolt, the load-transfer mechanism of the bulb cable is analyzed, the anchorage performance through pull-out test is studied, and the optimal study on its anchorage performance at different aspects is carried out by using the present method.
(4) The influence of the rock & soil coating thickness、the cleanliness and roughness of the holes wall in the embedment section on the shear characteristic of the interface between grouting material and rock through direct shear test are researched. The results of roughness test is analyzed by using fractal theory, and the way is proposed to quantificationally express the interfacial roughness by combining the fractal dimension D and roughness coefficient JRC. Whereas the bond strength between grouting material and rock is one of the key parameters for embedment section length design of prestressed cable bolt, Comprehensive Factors Method is recommended to determine the bond strength between grouting material and rock based on the direct shear test.
(5) The finite element calculation model for pull-out test of rock cable bolts is established by using ANSYS. The present model is verified by experimental measured data. The stress distribution of embedment section of conventional cable and bulb cable are calculated, respectively. The different load-transfer mechanisms is comparatively analyzed. The numerical simulation of the load displacement characteristic of conventional cable and bulb cable in different pull-out courses to verify the reliability of the results of pull-out test is carried out.
In the above-mentioned study, the experimental results could be explained by the theoretical results, and the numerical simulation results is agreed with the experimental results. As a result, it is found that the experimental results in this thesis are accurate and reliable, the theoretical study is reasonable and credible, the establishment of numerical simulation is scientific and applicable. The thesis could also provide referrence for optimal design, construction and relative specifications revision of the subsequent prestressed anchorage engineering.
引文
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