LCL滤波的PWM整流器控制策略研究
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摘要
风能、太阳能等可再生能源产生的电能不能直接接入电网,需要整流器来提高电能质量。传统的PWM整流器通过单L滤波器接入电网,但是单L滤波器在电感值较小时滤波效果欠佳,增大电感值滤波效果会变好,但是会影响系统的快速性和稳定性。1995年,首次提出用LCL滤波器代替单L滤波器,由LCL滤波器的波德图可以看出,其在高频段的幅值衰减地比L滤波器快的多,也就是说LCL滤波器可用较小的电感值达到好的滤波效果。但是,LCL滤波器在某些高频输入信号下产生谐振,引起系统不稳定。
本文首先建立了LCL滤波的PWM整流器数学模型,由数学模型可以看出,该被控对象是个高阶、强耦合系统;建立了单相电流环数学模型,根据该模型分析了LCL滤波器的谐振作用,得出了它的谐振频率;建立了LCL滤波器的谐波衰减函数,分析了LCL滤波器的高频滤波作用。接着,本文根据传统的LCL滤波器的参数选择方法,用MATLAB语言设计了遗传算法和粒子群算法的寻优程序,相比之下,粒子群算法较为简单,它没有遗传算法的“交叉”和“变异”操作,它通过追随当前搜索到的最优值来寻找全局最优。且计算结果证明,粒子群算法的收敛性较高。然后,本文总结了LCL滤波器的阻尼算法,包括无源阻尼和有源阻尼算法,无源阻尼需要并联或串联电阻来消除谐振,这会产生损耗,所以现在对有源阻尼的研究成为了热门。有源阻尼是用算法来实现阻尼的效果,它增加的算法的复杂性却避免了损耗。本文提出了新的电容并虚拟电阻有源阻尼法,该方法原理易懂。设计简单,且在高频段其滤波效果不变。在MATLAB/SIMULINK中的仿真证明了算法的有效性。最后,本文设计了PWM整流器电流环的内模控制器。内模控制具有设计简单,在线计算方便,跟踪调节性能好,鲁棒性强,能消除不可测干扰的影响,易于工程实现的优点,适用于多变量、非线性、强耦合的系统。本文采用电网电压定向的矢量控制原理和电压外环电流内环的双闭环控制结构,电压外环采用PI控制器,用来稳定直流侧电压;电流内环控制器可分为d-q坐标系下的控制器和α-β坐标系下的控制器。d-q坐标系下的控制器可实现跟踪直流信号无静差,因此可以直接控制有功和无功电流,但是需要进行旋转坐标变换和反变换。α-β坐标系下的控制器可以实现跟踪交流信号无静差,因此不需要坐标变换,直接控制交流给定信号。用于谐波补偿时可以消除固定频率次谐波。仿真结果证实了内模控制的鲁棒性,实验的结果证明了内模控制器的有效性。
The electrical power generated by renewable energy such as wind, solar can not be connected to the country grid directly, it need electronics device such as converter to improve the power quality. The traditional rectifier connected to the grid through an inductor L filter, but the filtering effect of the L filter isn’t satisfied when the L value is small. Increasing the L value can improve the filtering effort but exasperate the stability and the response speed of the system. M.Lindgren and J.Svensson introduce to use LCL filter instead of L filter for the first in 1995. according to the bode diagram of LCL filter, the LCL filter has a faster amplitude attenuation in high frequency range which means that it can achieve a good filtering effort by small L value. But it will bring resonance by some special frequency signal which will make the system unstable.
This paper introduce the mathematical model of rectifier with LCL filter first, according to the model, the controlled plant is a high order, strong coupling system; then the single phase mathematical model of the system has been introduced, analyze of the resonance has been done and the resonance frequency can be got according to the single phase model. This paper gave the harmonic attenuation function of LCL filter and analyse the filtering effort for high frequency by the function. This paper design the LCL filter with intelligent optimization such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) in MATLAB according to the traditional design method. Compare the two methods, the PSO is more simple since it don’t need the cross and mutation operation. It found the global optimization solution through find the current optimization solution. The calculation proved that PSO has a better convergence. Then an overview of damping methods of LCL filter is present in this paper including active damping and reactive damping. The reactive damping method is to connect a damping resistor in series or parallel with the capacitor to eliminate the resonance which will produce loss. So the active damping method became a popular topic at present. Active damping is to realize the damping effort by the control method. It added the complexity of control strategy to avoid the loss. The traditional led-lag net active damping is complicate to design; virtual resistor in series with capacitor is simple but it the virtual resistor will decrease the filtering effort in high frequency area; this paper present a new damping method named virtual resistor in parallel with capacitor. This method is simple also and the filtering effort on high frequency area is same with the no resistor filter. The simulation result by MATLAB/SIMULINK proved the validly of this method. At last, this paper design the internal model control (IMC) of the rectifier with LCL filter. IMC has the advantages such as easy on line calculation, good tracking performance, strong robustness, the ability of anti-disturbance; easy to realize in practical and fit well with the multi-variable non-linear, strong coupling system. The control strategies in this paper are based on gird voltage oriented vector control and two loop structure including voltage outer loop and current inner loop. The voltage outer loop is used to DC voltage, and the current inner loop control can use controller in d-q rotating frame orα-βstationary frame. The controller in d-q rotating frame including PI and 1-order IMC can track the dc signals without static error. So it can control the active power and reactive power directly but it needed the rotating coordinate transformation and inverse transformation. The controller inα-βstationary frame including PR and 2-order IMC can track the ac signals without error, so no coordinate transformations are needed. It can also be used to eliminate special order harmonics. The simulation and experiment result prove the validly of the four controller.
本文首先建立了LCL滤波的PWM整流器数学模型,由数学模型可以看出,该被控对象是个高阶、强耦合系统;建立了单相电流环数学模型,根据该模型分析了LCL滤波器的谐振作用,得出了它的谐振频率;建立了LCL滤波器的谐波衰减函数,分析了LCL滤波器的高频滤波作用。接着,本文根据传统的LCL滤波器的参数选择方法,用MATLAB语言设计了遗传算法和粒子群算法的寻优程序,相比之下,粒子群算法较为简单,它没有遗传算法的“交叉”和“变异”操作,它通过追随当前搜索到的最优值来寻找全局最优。且计算结果证明,粒子群算法的收敛性较高。然后,本文总结了LCL滤波器的阻尼算法,包括无源阻尼和有源阻尼算法,无源阻尼需要并联或串联电阻来消除谐振,这会产生损耗,所以现在对有源阻尼的研究成为了热门。有源阻尼是用算法来实现阻尼的效果,它增加的算法的复杂性却避免了损耗。本文提出了新的电容并虚拟电阻有源阻尼法,该方法原理易懂。设计简单,且在高频段其滤波效果不变。在MATLAB/SIMULINK中的仿真证明了算法的有效性。最后,本文设计了PWM整流器电流环的内模控制器。内模控制具有设计简单,在线计算方便,跟踪调节性能好,鲁棒性强,能消除不可测干扰的影响,易于工程实现的优点,适用于多变量、非线性、强耦合的系统。本文采用电网电压定向的矢量控制原理和电压外环电流内环的双闭环控制结构,电压外环采用PI控制器,用来稳定直流侧电压;电流内环控制器可分为d-q坐标系下的控制器和α-β坐标系下的控制器。d-q坐标系下的控制器可实现跟踪直流信号无静差,因此可以直接控制有功和无功电流,但是需要进行旋转坐标变换和反变换。α-β坐标系下的控制器可以实现跟踪交流信号无静差,因此不需要坐标变换,直接控制交流给定信号。用于谐波补偿时可以消除固定频率次谐波。仿真结果证实了内模控制的鲁棒性,实验的结果证明了内模控制器的有效性。
The electrical power generated by renewable energy such as wind, solar can not be connected to the country grid directly, it need electronics device such as converter to improve the power quality. The traditional rectifier connected to the grid through an inductor L filter, but the filtering effect of the L filter isn’t satisfied when the L value is small. Increasing the L value can improve the filtering effort but exasperate the stability and the response speed of the system. M.Lindgren and J.Svensson introduce to use LCL filter instead of L filter for the first in 1995. according to the bode diagram of LCL filter, the LCL filter has a faster amplitude attenuation in high frequency range which means that it can achieve a good filtering effort by small L value. But it will bring resonance by some special frequency signal which will make the system unstable.
This paper introduce the mathematical model of rectifier with LCL filter first, according to the model, the controlled plant is a high order, strong coupling system; then the single phase mathematical model of the system has been introduced, analyze of the resonance has been done and the resonance frequency can be got according to the single phase model. This paper gave the harmonic attenuation function of LCL filter and analyse the filtering effort for high frequency by the function. This paper design the LCL filter with intelligent optimization such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) in MATLAB according to the traditional design method. Compare the two methods, the PSO is more simple since it don’t need the cross and mutation operation. It found the global optimization solution through find the current optimization solution. The calculation proved that PSO has a better convergence. Then an overview of damping methods of LCL filter is present in this paper including active damping and reactive damping. The reactive damping method is to connect a damping resistor in series or parallel with the capacitor to eliminate the resonance which will produce loss. So the active damping method became a popular topic at present. Active damping is to realize the damping effort by the control method. It added the complexity of control strategy to avoid the loss. The traditional led-lag net active damping is complicate to design; virtual resistor in series with capacitor is simple but it the virtual resistor will decrease the filtering effort in high frequency area; this paper present a new damping method named virtual resistor in parallel with capacitor. This method is simple also and the filtering effort on high frequency area is same with the no resistor filter. The simulation result by MATLAB/SIMULINK proved the validly of this method. At last, this paper design the internal model control (IMC) of the rectifier with LCL filter. IMC has the advantages such as easy on line calculation, good tracking performance, strong robustness, the ability of anti-disturbance; easy to realize in practical and fit well with the multi-variable non-linear, strong coupling system. The control strategies in this paper are based on gird voltage oriented vector control and two loop structure including voltage outer loop and current inner loop. The voltage outer loop is used to DC voltage, and the current inner loop control can use controller in d-q rotating frame orα-βstationary frame. The controller in d-q rotating frame including PI and 1-order IMC can track the dc signals without static error. So it can control the active power and reactive power directly but it needed the rotating coordinate transformation and inverse transformation. The controller inα-βstationary frame including PR and 2-order IMC can track the ac signals without error, so no coordinate transformations are needed. It can also be used to eliminate special order harmonics. The simulation and experiment result prove the validly of the four controller.
引文
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