秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂区系与生物地理研究
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摘要
秦岭山脉西起甘肃临洮,东抵河南鲁山,横亘我国中部,是长江、黄河两大水系的分水岭,是亚热带与暖温带的分界线,是亚热带常绿阔叶林的分布北线。地理位置的特殊性,使得该地区动植物区系十分丰富复杂,是研究中国动植物区系特征、起源、演化的关键地区。作者先后12次到秦岭西段的甘肃白水江自然保护区、文县、礼县、康县、天水市、麦积山森林公园、小陇山和秦岭中段的华山风景名胜区、蓝田县、长安县、周至县、太白县、宝鸡县、太白山自然保护区、终南山森林公园、丹凤县、镇安县、佛坪自然保护区、留坝县、凤县进行野外采集活动,共采集叶蜂标本4000多号,结合整理中南林业科技大学昆虫系统与进化生物学实验室模式标本室历年累积的秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂标本,经鉴定,秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂共10科166属869种(包括亚种),其中科学上尚未记载的属2个,种和亚种229个；中国新记录属1个,陕西省新记录属2个,中国新记录种5个甘肃省新记录种1个,陕西省新记录种179个。描述了30个新种：长鞘窗胸叶蜂Hemitaxonus longitheca,sp.nov.、白氏突瓣叶蜂Nematus baii, sp. nov.、黑角申氏叶蜂Shenia nigrocornis, sp. nov.、黑线元叶蜂Taxonus linealina, sp. nov.、峨嵋元叶蜂Taxonus omeiensis, sp. nov.、朱氏元叶蜂Taxonus zhuxuni, sp. nov.、朱氏纵脊叶蜂Xenapatidea zhui, sp. nov.、环纹钝颊叶蜂Aglaostigma circulella, sp. nov.、花角钝颊叶蜂Aglaostgima tricoloricorne, sp. nov.、王氏钝颊叶蜂Aglaostigma wangae, sp.nov.、郑氏钝颊叶蜂Aglaostigma zhengi, sp. nov.、圆眶裂颚叶蜂Conaspidia occipitalis, sp. nov.、刘氏刻胸叶蜂Eriocampa liui, sp. nov.、环胫钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya circulotibialis, sp. nov.、何氏钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya hemojuni, sp. nov.、晕翅钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya infuscipennis, sp. nov.、白转钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya leucotrochanterata, sp. nov.、F斑钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya maculoepimera, sp. nov.、里足钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya melanopodalia, sp. nov.、黑色钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya melanosomata, sp. nov.、杨氏钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya yangi, sp. nov.、长角齿唇叶蜂Rhogogaster longicornis, sp. nov.、张氏齿唇叶蜂Rhogogaster zhangae, sp. nov.、黄氏基叶蜂Beleses huangi, sp. nov.、黑脉基叶蜂Beleses nigronervis, sp. nov.、杨氏基叶蜂Beleses yangi, sp. nov.、白跗畸距叶蜂Nesotaxonus leucotarsi, sp. nov.、斑额基齿叶蜂Nesotomostethus aphelinus, sp. nov.、刻胸基齿叶蜂Nesotomostethuspunctatus, sp.nov.、尖鞘聂氏叶蜂Niea acuata, sp. nov.。新种模式标本均存放于中南林业科技大学昆虫系统与进化生物学实验室。
按照中国昆虫区系分析方法,秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂共有7种区系成分,以东亚成分为主,占总种数的90.4%,东洋、古北共有成分次之,占4.8%,东洋成分占2.1%,古北成分占1.7%,东洋、全北共有成分占0.7%,全北成分、广布成分各占0.1%。秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂以东亚成分为主,东洋、古北共有成分次之,其它成分较少,说明东亚种明显是构成该地区叶蜂区系的主体,十分突出的显示出本区叶蜂区系的东亚区系性质。在构成东亚成分的4种分布类型中,喜马拉雅—东北亚成分型占总种数的44.3%,秦岭分布占35.5%,东亚广布型占18.7%,甘南分布占1.5%。地区特有种比例达到了37.0%。喜马拉雅—东北亚分布、秦岭分布、甘南分布3种类型共有639种,占总种数的81.3%,表明秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂主要由从喜马拉雅沿中国地势的第二阶梯东缘走廊向东北分布的类型组成。
根据申效诚等(申效诚,孙浩,赵华东,2008)推导出的二元相似性系数公式计算,秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂与河南省、甘肃省叶蜂相似性系数最大,分别达到了0.4989、0.4719；与湖北神农架叶蜂相似性系数次之,为0.3058；与山西省、宁夏六盘山、京津冀地区叶蜂相似性系数居第3,分别为0.1783、0.1397、0.1127；与安徽大别山、广西猫儿山、山东省叶蜂相似性系数均不超过0.1000,其中与山东省叶蜂的相似性系数最小,仅0.0381。
秦岭山脉南北坡叶蜂相似性系数为0.2974,接近于秦岭及甘南地区与湖北神农架叶蜂相似性系数,说明从叶蜂这个动物类群来讲,秦岭山脉并非动物区系上古北、东洋两界的分界线。
Qinling Mts. lies across central China, from the western Lintao in Gansu Provi-nce to the eastern Lushan in Henan Province, forms the watershed between the Chang-jiang River and the Yellow River, is the boundary between the subtropical zone and warm temperate zone and the northern distribution boundary of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Because of the special geography location, Qinling Mts. made the local fauna of animal and plant be rich and complex, proves to be a key area of the floristic characteristics, the origin and evolution of China plants and animals.
From May2005to July2009, the author collected more than4000sawfly specimens in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, Wen County, Li County, Kang County, Tianshui City, Maijishan Forest Park, Xiaonongshan National Nature Reserve, Huashan Scenic Spot, Lantian County, Chang'an District of Xi'an City, Zhouzhi County, Taibai County, Baoji County, Taibaishan National Nature Reserve, Zhongnanshan Forest Park, Danfeng County, Zhen'an County, Foping National Nature Reserve, Liuba County and Feng County. The author also searched the sawfly specimens of Qinling Mts. and Gansu Province that are deposited in the Insect Collection of Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSCS). Totally869sawfly species(including subspecies) belonging to10family and164genera are recorded from Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province during the research period. Among them,229species (including subspecies) are undescribed,1genera and5species are recorded for the first time in China,2genera and166species are firstly recorded in Shaanxi Province,1specie is separately recorded for the first time in Gansu Province and Henan Province.
Following30new species, Hemitaxonus longitheca sp. nov., Nematus bail sp. nov., Shenia nigrocornis sp. nov., Taxonus linealina sp. nov., Taxonus omeiensis sp. nov., Taxonus zhuxuni sp. nov., Xenapatidea zhui sp. nov., Aglaostigma circulella sp. nov., Aglaostgima tricoloricorne sp. nov., Aglaostigma wangae sp. nov., Aglaostigma zhengi sp. nov., Conaspidia occipitalis sp. nov., Eriocampa liui sp. nov., Macrophya circulotibialis sp. nov., Macrophya hemojuni sp. nov., Macrophya infuscipennis sp. nov., Macrophya leucotrochanterata sp. nov., Macrophya maculoepimera sp. nov., Macrophya melanopodalia sp. nov., Macrophya melanosomata sp. nov., Macrophya yangi sp. nov., Rhogogaster longicornis sp. nov., Rhogogaster zhangae sp. nov., Beleses huangi sp. nov., Beleses nigronervis sp. nov., Beleses yangi sp. nov., Nesotaxonus leucotarsi sp. nov., Nesotomostethus aphelinus sp. nov., Nesotomostethus punctatus sp. nov. and Niea acuata sp. nov., are described and illustrated. Type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Insect Collection of Central South University of Forestry and Technology.
According to China insects fauna compartmentalization measure, fauna analysis of Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province shows that, East Asian fauna elements are the principal part, accounting for90.44%of total species. The Oriental-Palaearctic elements are4.83%, the Oriental elements2.07%, the Palaearctic elements1.73%, the Oriental-Holarctic elements0.69%, the Holarctic elements0.69%, the cosmopolitan elements0.69%. Among the4East Asian elements, the Himalaya-northeast Asia elements are44.27%, the Qinling Mts. distrbition elements are35.50%, the east of eastern Asia cosmopolitan elements are18.70%, the south of Gansu Province distrbition elements are1.53%.
According to the formula of dual similarity index which Shen Xiaocheng, Sun Hao and Zhao Huadong dudeced in2008, the sawfly faunas of Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province, Henan Province, Gansu Province, Shandong Province, Shanxi Province, Shenlongjia of Hubei Province, Liupanshan of Linxia Province, Dabieshan of Anhui Province, Maoershan of Guangxi Province and the districts of Beijing City, Tianjin City and Hebei Province (BTH) are calculated. The similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Henan Province is the highest (0.4989). The second is the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Gansu Province (0.4719), and the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Shenlongjia of Hubei Province is the third (0.3058). The similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Shanxi Province is0.1783, the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Liupanshan of Linxia Province is0.1397, the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and BTH is0.1127. Others are not more than0.1000, and the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Shandong Province is the lowest (0.0381). The similarity index between the Southern slope and the Northern slope of Qinling Mts. is0.2974, closing to the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Shenlongjia of Hubei Province.
按照中国昆虫区系分析方法,秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂共有7种区系成分,以东亚成分为主,占总种数的90.4%,东洋、古北共有成分次之,占4.8%,东洋成分占2.1%,古北成分占1.7%,东洋、全北共有成分占0.7%,全北成分、广布成分各占0.1%。秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂以东亚成分为主,东洋、古北共有成分次之,其它成分较少,说明东亚种明显是构成该地区叶蜂区系的主体,十分突出的显示出本区叶蜂区系的东亚区系性质。在构成东亚成分的4种分布类型中,喜马拉雅—东北亚成分型占总种数的44.3%,秦岭分布占35.5%,东亚广布型占18.7%,甘南分布占1.5%。地区特有种比例达到了37.0%。喜马拉雅—东北亚分布、秦岭分布、甘南分布3种类型共有639种,占总种数的81.3%,表明秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂主要由从喜马拉雅沿中国地势的第二阶梯东缘走廊向东北分布的类型组成。
根据申效诚等(申效诚,孙浩,赵华东,2008)推导出的二元相似性系数公式计算,秦岭及甘南地区叶蜂与河南省、甘肃省叶蜂相似性系数最大,分别达到了0.4989、0.4719；与湖北神农架叶蜂相似性系数次之,为0.3058；与山西省、宁夏六盘山、京津冀地区叶蜂相似性系数居第3,分别为0.1783、0.1397、0.1127；与安徽大别山、广西猫儿山、山东省叶蜂相似性系数均不超过0.1000,其中与山东省叶蜂的相似性系数最小,仅0.0381。
秦岭山脉南北坡叶蜂相似性系数为0.2974,接近于秦岭及甘南地区与湖北神农架叶蜂相似性系数,说明从叶蜂这个动物类群来讲,秦岭山脉并非动物区系上古北、东洋两界的分界线。
Qinling Mts. lies across central China, from the western Lintao in Gansu Provi-nce to the eastern Lushan in Henan Province, forms the watershed between the Chang-jiang River and the Yellow River, is the boundary between the subtropical zone and warm temperate zone and the northern distribution boundary of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Because of the special geography location, Qinling Mts. made the local fauna of animal and plant be rich and complex, proves to be a key area of the floristic characteristics, the origin and evolution of China plants and animals.
From May2005to July2009, the author collected more than4000sawfly specimens in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, Wen County, Li County, Kang County, Tianshui City, Maijishan Forest Park, Xiaonongshan National Nature Reserve, Huashan Scenic Spot, Lantian County, Chang'an District of Xi'an City, Zhouzhi County, Taibai County, Baoji County, Taibaishan National Nature Reserve, Zhongnanshan Forest Park, Danfeng County, Zhen'an County, Foping National Nature Reserve, Liuba County and Feng County. The author also searched the sawfly specimens of Qinling Mts. and Gansu Province that are deposited in the Insect Collection of Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSCS). Totally869sawfly species(including subspecies) belonging to10family and164genera are recorded from Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province during the research period. Among them,229species (including subspecies) are undescribed,1genera and5species are recorded for the first time in China,2genera and166species are firstly recorded in Shaanxi Province,1specie is separately recorded for the first time in Gansu Province and Henan Province.
Following30new species, Hemitaxonus longitheca sp. nov., Nematus bail sp. nov., Shenia nigrocornis sp. nov., Taxonus linealina sp. nov., Taxonus omeiensis sp. nov., Taxonus zhuxuni sp. nov., Xenapatidea zhui sp. nov., Aglaostigma circulella sp. nov., Aglaostgima tricoloricorne sp. nov., Aglaostigma wangae sp. nov., Aglaostigma zhengi sp. nov., Conaspidia occipitalis sp. nov., Eriocampa liui sp. nov., Macrophya circulotibialis sp. nov., Macrophya hemojuni sp. nov., Macrophya infuscipennis sp. nov., Macrophya leucotrochanterata sp. nov., Macrophya maculoepimera sp. nov., Macrophya melanopodalia sp. nov., Macrophya melanosomata sp. nov., Macrophya yangi sp. nov., Rhogogaster longicornis sp. nov., Rhogogaster zhangae sp. nov., Beleses huangi sp. nov., Beleses nigronervis sp. nov., Beleses yangi sp. nov., Nesotaxonus leucotarsi sp. nov., Nesotomostethus aphelinus sp. nov., Nesotomostethus punctatus sp. nov. and Niea acuata sp. nov., are described and illustrated. Type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Insect Collection of Central South University of Forestry and Technology.
According to China insects fauna compartmentalization measure, fauna analysis of Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province shows that, East Asian fauna elements are the principal part, accounting for90.44%of total species. The Oriental-Palaearctic elements are4.83%, the Oriental elements2.07%, the Palaearctic elements1.73%, the Oriental-Holarctic elements0.69%, the Holarctic elements0.69%, the cosmopolitan elements0.69%. Among the4East Asian elements, the Himalaya-northeast Asia elements are44.27%, the Qinling Mts. distrbition elements are35.50%, the east of eastern Asia cosmopolitan elements are18.70%, the south of Gansu Province distrbition elements are1.53%.
According to the formula of dual similarity index which Shen Xiaocheng, Sun Hao and Zhao Huadong dudeced in2008, the sawfly faunas of Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province, Henan Province, Gansu Province, Shandong Province, Shanxi Province, Shenlongjia of Hubei Province, Liupanshan of Linxia Province, Dabieshan of Anhui Province, Maoershan of Guangxi Province and the districts of Beijing City, Tianjin City and Hebei Province (BTH) are calculated. The similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Henan Province is the highest (0.4989). The second is the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Gansu Province (0.4719), and the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Shenlongjia of Hubei Province is the third (0.3058). The similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Shanxi Province is0.1783, the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Liupanshan of Linxia Province is0.1397, the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and BTH is0.1127. Others are not more than0.1000, and the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Shandong Province is the lowest (0.0381). The similarity index between the Southern slope and the Northern slope of Qinling Mts. is0.2974, closing to the similarity index between Qinling Mts. and the south of Gansu Province and Shenlongjia of Hubei Province.
引文
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