石煤提钒工艺清洁生产评价的研究
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摘要
钒是一种较为重要的战略物资,以其优良的合金性能和催化作用,广泛地用于冶金、国防尖端技术及其他各个领域。2004年以来,由于钒价上涨,国内掀起钒厂热,初步估算,近年来新建的钒厂和正在计划开办的钒厂近100家,总的生产能力约2.5万吨,但是由于资源条件和技术限制,这些已建或拟建钒厂大多采用钠化焙烧工艺进行生产,由于该工艺焙烧过程中会有氯气及氯化氢气体产生,因而在未经处理的情况下直接排放严重污染环境。我国石煤提钒仍处于初期阶段,大多数钒厂采用的是钠化法(钠化焙烧—水浸—酸沉粗钒—碱溶—铵盐精制)和钙化法(钙化焙烧—稀硫酸浸出—清液离子交换—氧化沉钒—氧化脱氨制片状V_2O_5)工艺,虽具有较好的经济效益和社会效益,但存在工艺流程复杂、设备简陋、原材料消耗大、钒回收率低(一般小于45%)、生产成本高、环境污染等问题。清洁生产评价是通过对企业原材料的选取、采用的工艺技术与设备、改善管理、加强综合利用以及生产过程到产品服务全过程进行的综合评价,从而评定出企业清洁生产的总体水平以及每一个环节的清洁生产水平。因此,对石煤提钒工艺进行清洁生产评价研究对推动石煤提钒行业的清洁生产具有重要的理论意思和深远的现实意义。
本文在国内外清洁生产研究的基础上,将模糊综合评价方法引入到清洁生产的综合评价当中,以某石煤提钒企业钙化法工艺为对象,通过现场调研和基础资料收集,综合分析钙化法石煤提钒工艺清洁生产全过程,选择合适的评价指标,构建了钙化法石煤提钒工艺清洁生产评价指标体系,共构建5个准则层,即生产工艺及技术装备、废物回收处理状况、资源能源利用状况、污染物产生情况、环境管理五个方面,共20个评价指标。采用层次分析法确定各指标的权重,对钙化法石煤提钒工艺清洁生产水平进行了综合评价,得出该企业钙化法石煤提钒工艺的清洁生产水平处于国内一般水平的结论。
根据该模糊综合评价,得出污染物产生指标、废物回收处理指标、环境管理指标对清洁生产水平的隶属度分别为:0.46、0.43、0.54,分别处于国内一般、国内一般、落后淘汰的等级,是影响该企业钙化法石煤提钒工艺的清洁生产水平的关键所在,最后,根据第三章模糊综合评价的结论,从大气污染防治、矿渣综合利用、改善环境管理三个方面的提出提升企业石煤提钒工艺清洁生产水平的措施。
Vanadium is a more important strategic material,with its excellent performance and catalytic alloy widely used in metallurgy, national defense technology, and other cutting-edge technologies in various fields. Since 2004, due to the price of vanadium rising,at domestic building vanadium plant is very heat at the preliminary estimates, in recent years,the number of new vanadium plants and is planning to run is nearly 100,with a total production capacity of about 2.5 million tons, but due to resource conditions and technical constraints,these have been built or proposed vanadium factory they use to produce Na-roasting process, because the process will be in the roasting process produces chlorine and hydrogen chloride gas, which deal with the case without the direct discharge of the serious pollution of the environment in China stone coal vanadium is still in its early stages, most of the vanadium plant used the method of sodium (Na-roasting—flooding—Acid-thick vanadium—alkali—soluble—refined ammonium salt), and calcification process (calcification calcination-clear liquid sulfuric acid leaching—Shen vanadium oxide ion—exchange—oxidative—decontaminate—Oxidative deamination and prepare for V2O5), although with a better economic and social benefits, but there is a complex process, crude equipment, consumptive raw material, low recovery rate of vanadium (usually less than 45%),high production costs, and serious problem of environmental pollution. Cleaner production assessment services a comprehensive assessment for enterprises from raw material selection, using the process technology and equipment, improve management, strengthen the comprehensive utilization and production process to the whole process of products, and judge the overall level of the cleaner production assessment and every aspect of clean production levels. Therefore, the studies on the technology of extraction vanadium form stone coal accelerates the promotion of cleaner production for vanadium industry, and has important theoretical meaning and far-reaching practical significance.
This study base on cleaner production at home and abroad, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method will be introduced to the comprehensive evaluation of cleaner production , looking calcification of vanadium form stone coal technology as object, through on-site research and basic data collection, a comprehensive analysis on cleaner production technology of the whole process of calcification of vanadium form Stone Coal, by the selection of suitable evaluation index, building calcification vanadium form stone coal of cleaner production technology evaluation index system, build five criteria layers, namely, the production process and technical equipment, waste recycling conditions, resources and energy use situation, the situation pollutants, environmental management altogether five areas, a total of 20 evaluation indexes. Analytic Hierarchy Process method to determine the weight of each index on the calcification vanadium form stone coal technology,comprehensive evaluation method derived calcification vanadium form stone coal technology ,and reach conclusion that the clean production of calcification vanadium form stone coal technology is in the general level of domestic.
According to the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation ,with the result of indicators of pollutants, waste recycling targets, environmental management, cleaner production indicators for the level of degree of membership are: 0.46,0.43,0.54, ordinary level, ordinary level, backward grade at home, which affect the level of the process key to cleaner production, Finally, According to Chapter III of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the conclusions, this article develop cleaner production measures from the air pollution control, slag utilization, improve environmental management in three areas.
本文在国内外清洁生产研究的基础上,将模糊综合评价方法引入到清洁生产的综合评价当中,以某石煤提钒企业钙化法工艺为对象,通过现场调研和基础资料收集,综合分析钙化法石煤提钒工艺清洁生产全过程,选择合适的评价指标,构建了钙化法石煤提钒工艺清洁生产评价指标体系,共构建5个准则层,即生产工艺及技术装备、废物回收处理状况、资源能源利用状况、污染物产生情况、环境管理五个方面,共20个评价指标。采用层次分析法确定各指标的权重,对钙化法石煤提钒工艺清洁生产水平进行了综合评价,得出该企业钙化法石煤提钒工艺的清洁生产水平处于国内一般水平的结论。
根据该模糊综合评价,得出污染物产生指标、废物回收处理指标、环境管理指标对清洁生产水平的隶属度分别为:0.46、0.43、0.54,分别处于国内一般、国内一般、落后淘汰的等级,是影响该企业钙化法石煤提钒工艺的清洁生产水平的关键所在,最后,根据第三章模糊综合评价的结论,从大气污染防治、矿渣综合利用、改善环境管理三个方面的提出提升企业石煤提钒工艺清洁生产水平的措施。
Vanadium is a more important strategic material,with its excellent performance and catalytic alloy widely used in metallurgy, national defense technology, and other cutting-edge technologies in various fields. Since 2004, due to the price of vanadium rising,at domestic building vanadium plant is very heat at the preliminary estimates, in recent years,the number of new vanadium plants and is planning to run is nearly 100,with a total production capacity of about 2.5 million tons, but due to resource conditions and technical constraints,these have been built or proposed vanadium factory they use to produce Na-roasting process, because the process will be in the roasting process produces chlorine and hydrogen chloride gas, which deal with the case without the direct discharge of the serious pollution of the environment in China stone coal vanadium is still in its early stages, most of the vanadium plant used the method of sodium (Na-roasting—flooding—Acid-thick vanadium—alkali—soluble—refined ammonium salt), and calcification process (calcification calcination-clear liquid sulfuric acid leaching—Shen vanadium oxide ion—exchange—oxidative—decontaminate—Oxidative deamination and prepare for V2O5), although with a better economic and social benefits, but there is a complex process, crude equipment, consumptive raw material, low recovery rate of vanadium (usually less than 45%),high production costs, and serious problem of environmental pollution. Cleaner production assessment services a comprehensive assessment for enterprises from raw material selection, using the process technology and equipment, improve management, strengthen the comprehensive utilization and production process to the whole process of products, and judge the overall level of the cleaner production assessment and every aspect of clean production levels. Therefore, the studies on the technology of extraction vanadium form stone coal accelerates the promotion of cleaner production for vanadium industry, and has important theoretical meaning and far-reaching practical significance.
This study base on cleaner production at home and abroad, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method will be introduced to the comprehensive evaluation of cleaner production , looking calcification of vanadium form stone coal technology as object, through on-site research and basic data collection, a comprehensive analysis on cleaner production technology of the whole process of calcification of vanadium form Stone Coal, by the selection of suitable evaluation index, building calcification vanadium form stone coal of cleaner production technology evaluation index system, build five criteria layers, namely, the production process and technical equipment, waste recycling conditions, resources and energy use situation, the situation pollutants, environmental management altogether five areas, a total of 20 evaluation indexes. Analytic Hierarchy Process method to determine the weight of each index on the calcification vanadium form stone coal technology,comprehensive evaluation method derived calcification vanadium form stone coal technology ,and reach conclusion that the clean production of calcification vanadium form stone coal technology is in the general level of domestic.
According to the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation ,with the result of indicators of pollutants, waste recycling targets, environmental management, cleaner production indicators for the level of degree of membership are: 0.46,0.43,0.54, ordinary level, ordinary level, backward grade at home, which affect the level of the process key to cleaner production, Finally, According to Chapter III of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the conclusions, this article develop cleaner production measures from the air pollution control, slag utilization, improve environmental management in three areas.
引文
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[15]侯华华.区域清洁生产理论与方法研究[D].山东大学,2005.
[16]A study on green characteristics of products In the 21st century[A].Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Test and Measurement(Volume 9)[C],2005.
[17]司景.氮肥企业清洁生产评价方法及实例研究[D].合肥工业大学,2006.
[18]C.P.LI.I.K.HUI.Environmental Impact Evaluation Model for Industrial Processes[J].Environmental Management,2001,27(5).
[19]莫易娴.宏观经济总指数的一种新研究方法.统计与决策[J].知识丛林,2006(4):147-149.
[20]胡艳红.数学方法在心理学研究中的应用[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2002,10(1):71-84.
[21]李红岩,侯嫒彬,王秀.实现温度自动调节的模糊控制器设计[J].微机发展,2006,16(3):112-131.
[22]李江,郁文贤,匡刚要,宋海娜.基于模糊隶属函数的主元分析人脸识别算法[J].计算机工程与科学,2004,(06).
[23]李贵奇,周和敏,刘艳霞.清洁生产的非线性和线性多目标模糊评价模型[J].武汉理工大学学报,2002,(03).
[24]李为民,朱永锋,付强.基于自适应模糊聚类分析的目标冗余信息处理[J].计算机应用,2005,25(4):721-832.
[25]蔡敏琦.模糊综合评判在清洁生产评价中的应用研究[D].兰州大学,2008.
[26]Komendarek W.Enerprise certificate of Purer Production.Czystsza Produkcja W polsce,1999,(1):26.
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[30]N.N.B salvador.Glasson,J.Mpiper,Cleaner production and Environmental Impact Asseemennt:UK Persperctive,Journal of Cleaner Production.2000,(8):117-122.
[31]C.PLi and I.K.HUI.Environmental impact evaluation model for industrial process Environmental Management 2001,(5):529-627.
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