后危机时代安徽中小企业金融支撑研究
摘要
中小企业在各国社会经济发展中都发挥着至关重要的作用,随着经济全球化以及新经济革命的深入,中小企业对一国经济增长的战略地位日趋突出。从我国市场经济发展的总体趋势来看,中小企业不仅是推动国民经济发展的首要力量,也是实现充分就业的重要载体,更是促进社会稳定的可靠基础。不仅如此,它还对提升全国经济的创新能力,配合大企业高效运作,优化产业结构,促进地区平衡,以及提高整个社会经济运行质量等方面起着重要的作用。据网上统计,截至2012年初,我国实有中小微型企业近4800万户,占全国企业总数的99.3%以上。它们对GDP的贡献超过60%,缴纳的税收占全国总税收的一半以上,平均每年面向社会提供80%左右的就业岗位。然而,中小企业受自身规模的制约,在面临各类经营风险的时候又常表现出明显的脆弱性。有人说中小企业的优势是船小好掉头,可是,真当风浪来临的时候,却发现往往正是这些小船最容易在颠簸中散架——因为规模小、资金少,稍有风吹草动,套在它们脖子上的资金绳索就会勒得他们喘不过气来,如08国际金融危机爆发的上半年,我国受其影响而倒闭的各类中小企业数量就达到了6.7万家。所以,后危机时代中小企业究竟该如何摆脱融资困境,不仅是在当前金融环境如此严峻的情况下,中小企业寻求自身生存和发展的首要命题,也是一国乃至世界经济得以全面复苏的必要条件。文章以后危机时代的金融生态环境为背景,深层次分析了中小企业存在的必要性,多角度阐述了中小企业在一国经济发展中的重要作用,并就安徽省的实际情况进行调研,提出了促进中小企业走出金融危机雾霭,保持其生存活力,体现其存在意义的具体金融支撑体系。
文章开篇先简要概述了研究目的和意义、国内外研究现状、研究构想等,试图指明其理论价值和研究方向。笔者通过梳理国内外的相关文献,认为中小企业虽在一国经济发展中起到了至关重要的作用,但其在金融政策当中所受到的重视程度与其在经济中发挥的作用并不相符,尤其是其在融资方面遇到的障碍和歧视更是亟需解决的。于是,笔者以后危机时代,中小企业所处的金融生态环境变迁为契入点,先明确给出中小企业的界定,着重分析了我国中小企业发展的现实必要性；并通过多角度阐述中小企业在一国经济发展中的战略意义,重现中国中小企业发展历程,突显其整体的重要作用与个体的弱势地位这一极大反差,以此来说明构建中小企业金融支撑体系的必然性。然后对国内外有关中小企业金融支撑的实践进行简要介绍,并尝试根据现阶段我国国情,构建符合我国实际发展需要的中小企业金融支撑体系的框架。这里需要指出的是,文章所说的“金融支撑”是一个从现代金融角度来考虑的宽泛概念,不仅包括银行贴息贷款,还包括信贷融资、信用担保、风险投资、“二板”市场、非正规金融以及政府扶持政策等。一方面,就中小企业金融支撑体系的内部而言,应以直接金融为主,通过促进其资本金的形成来推动商业性金融支持的目的；另一方面,从中小企业金融支撑体系的外部来看,需要良好的法律保障和辅助服务体系支持。要研究后危机时代安徽中小企业金融支撑,就必须对“后危机时代”作本质研读,目前,学术界对“后危机时代”的理解并没有达成共识：有理解为“后金融危机时代”；也有写“后经济危机时代”：还有的直接用“危机后”进行表述。不管用怎样的表达,都可以反映出学者们对当前经济走向的关注,同时,也说明了如今世界经济已走入了一个不同于危机爆发时的特殊时期——全球经济经历触底到回暖,但时有反复,前景尚不明朗,这主要是因为固有的危机或者说造成危机的根源还没有完全消除,随时都有可能再度爆发,甚至加剧。在这一背景下,安徽中小企业融资瓶颈问题日益突出：一方面,受出口需求减少的影响,中小企业利润大幅缩水,这就导致其内源性融资减少；另一方面,金融风险的加大,导致金融机构投资更加谨慎,“惜贷”现象的普遍使得其外源融资也变得日趋困难。在这样内忧外患的双重打击下,安徽中小企业单靠自身努力很难“破冰而出”,所以就需要构建符合这一时代特征的安徽中小企业金融支撑研究。
文章的第五章为结论部分。在前四章的理论梳理、实践分析和实证研究的基础上,笔者指出构建符合后危机时代特征的安徽中小企业金融支撑体系,必须从三方面入手：第一,是构建安徽中小企业金融支撑的融资供给体系。首先从政府层面来看,应该出面构建银企间投融资桥梁,定期开展中小企业项目投资对接会,并形成规模体系。同时,深化行政管理体制改革,加快转变政府职能,深入推进政府管理创新。使综合运用财政政策、货币政策和产业政策,以及传承“徽商”文化引导银行优化信贷结构,积极调整产业结构,大力扶持符合省内生态环境要求的、融资透明度高的中小企业；对于那些并不符合绿色环保要求的或产业发展导向的以及资信评价较差的中小企业应采取坚决取缔的态度,构建良好的优胜劣汰的市场竞争体制。其次,从金融机构层面来看,要深化商业银行改革,加快引进股份制银行和外资银行,创新金融机构针对中小企业的服务,发挥中小型金融机构主力军作用；同时,整合地方金融资源,积极发展商业银行县级支行,探索设立金融控股公司,研究推进产业投资基金、创业引导基金试点,运用国有资本筹措资金；并积极组建农村合作银行、农村商业银行等新型农村金融机构,抓好村镇银行试点,争取在拓宽农村融资渠道上取得新突破；加快担保体系建设,重点面向中小企业和县域经济,建成覆盖全省的担保网络,降低担保费率,简化手续,积极扩大担保放大倍数。第二,构建安徽中小企业金融支撑的法律保障体系。这里需要注意的是,法律法规并不是出台的越多越好,而是要根据现实的发展制定切实保障中小企业利益的法规。笔者并不建议安徽省自行制定过多的扶持法规,太过繁杂的法律法规,不但不能帮扶到中小企业,反而会对它们的生存和发展造成困扰。这里,笔者建议从以下两方面入手：一是严格执行中央部委颁布的相关法律法规,真正做到有法必依、执法必严、违法必究；二是努力配合中央法规,灵活机动地制定符合安徽特色的地方法。第三,构建安徽中小企业金融支撑体系的辅助服务体系。建议从三方面入手：一是多层次构建安徽中小企业融资平台；二是加快安徽中小企业中介服务建设；三是健全中小企业征信体系。
SMEs has played a crucial role in the national socio-economic development, with the deepening of economic globalization and the new economic revolution, its status is more and more outstanding. From the overall trend of the development of China's market economy, SMEs are not only the primary force to promote the development of the national economy, an important carrier of achieving full employment, but also to promote social stability and reliable basis. Nay more, it also cenhancing the innovation capacity of the national economy, with the efficient operation of large enterprises, optimizing industrial structure, promoting regional balance, as well as to improve the quality of economic operation of the entire society. As of early2012, China has nearly48million small and medium-sized micro-enterprises, which accounting for more than99.3%of the total number of enterprises. Their contribution to GDP of more than60%,to the tax paid account of more than half of the country's total tax revenue, they provide about80%of the jobs for the community each year. However, SMEs constrained by its own scale, and often showed significant vulnerability in the face of operational risks. Some people say that the advantages of SMEs is A good small boat U-turn, but found that it is these boat is most likely to fall apart in the rough. Because of small-scale, capital and the slightest sign of trouble, the rope will be looking at their funds set neck them breathless, such as08international financial crisis in the first half, China affected by the closure of various number of SMEs reached67,000. Therefore, the post-crisis era SMEs exactly how to get rid of financing difficulties, are not only to seek their own survival and development of SMEs in the current financial environment such a severe case,but also the country and the world economy a necessary condition for a full recovery. The article taking the financial ecological environment crisis era as the background, analysising the necessity of the existence of small and medium-sized enterprises in-depth, expounding its important role of SMEs in the economic development in a country, And carries on the investigation and Study on the actual situation in Anhui Province, put forward to promote small and medium enterprises out of the financial crisis haze, maintain its viability, specific financial support system embodies the meaning of existence.
This article begins with a brief overview of the research purpose and significance, research status at home and abroad, research ideas, to indicate its value in theory and research direction. The author through the analysis of domestic and foreign literature, consider that SMEs play a very important role in a country's economic development, but its attention by financial policy and its role in the economy is not consistent, especially its face in financing obstacles and discrimination is more urgent. Then, according to the after era of crisis, the financial ecological environment changes and the starting point, the author definite the SMEs, analyzes the necessity of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in china; And expounds the strategic significance of SMEs in the economic development in a country through multi-angle, reproduce the Chinese SME development, highlighting this great contrast between the overall and the important role of the individual vulnerable position, in order to explain the necessity of constructing SME financial support system.then briefly introduce the practice of domestic and foreign related financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises, and according to the current situation of our country, building in line with China's actual development needs financial support system of small and medium-sized enterprise framework. It should be pointed out that, the article said,"financial support" is one of the modern financial point of view of the broad concept, not only including bank loans, including credit financing, credit guarantee, risk investment,"the second" market, informal finance and government support policies. On the one hand, as for the internal SME financial support system, priority should be given to direct finance, by promoting the formation of capital to promote the purpose of commercial financial support; on the other hand, from the external point of view of SME financial support system, the need for good legal protection and support services system support. To study the financial support of the crisis era Anhui SMEs, it is necessary to "post-crisis era" for the study of Nature, at present,there is no consensus on the "post-crisis era":some one understood as "post-crisis era"; also write "post-economic crisis era"; expressed as well as directly with the "crisis". No matter what kind of expression,these all reflects the concern of scholars on current economic trends, also shows now the world economy has entered a special time when a different crisis--the global economy has experienced bottoming out to pick up, but when there are repeated, the outlook is unclear, it is mainly because of the inherent crisis cause or causes of the crisis has not completely eliminated, it may break out again at any time, even escalate. In this context, the Anhui SMEs financing bottleneck problems have become increasingly prominent:on the one hand, influenced by the reduced demand for exports, shrinking profits of small and medium-sized enterprises, which leads to the reduction of endogenous financing; on the other hand, the increasing financial risks, leading to financial institutions investment more cautious,"credit crunch" phenomenon makes financing the exogenous also becomes more difficult. On the double blow of such domestic trouble and foreign invasion, Anhui SMEs that rely on their own efforts are difficult to "breaking out", so we need to build support for small and medium-sized enterprises of Anhui financial in line with the characteristics of the times.
The fifth chapter is the conclusion part. In basis of theory, analysis and empirical research on previous four chapters, the author pointed out that the Anhui SME financial support system with characteristics of crisis, we must start from three aspects:First, is to build a financial support financing supply system of small and medium-sized enterprises in Anhui. First, from the government level, should be to build bridges between the bank financing, the development of small and medium-sized enterprise project investment docking regularly, and the formation of scale system. At the same time, deepen the reform of the administrative system, speed up the transformation of government functions, to further promote the innovation of government management. Making comprehensive use of fiscal policy, monetary policy and industrial policy, and the "merchants" culture lead banks to optimize credit structure, actively adjusting the industrial structure, vigorously supporting with the ecological environmental requirements, high transparency of the small and medium-sized enterprise financing; For who does not comply with the requirements of environmental protection or industrial development-oriented small and medium enterprises as well as poor credit evaluation should be taken resolutely ban attitude to build good survival of the fittest competition in the market system. Second, from the perspective of financial institutions, it is necessary to deepen the reform of commercial banks to accelerate the introduction of joint-stock banks and foreign banks, innovation and financial institutions for SMEs to play the dominant role of small and medium-sized financial institutions; At the same time, integrating the local financial resources, actively developing commercial banks County branch, exploring the establishment of a financial holding company, promoting the study of industry investment fund, venture fund to guide the pilot, the state-owned capital fund; And actively building new rural financial institutions, rural cooperative banks, rural commercial banks, do a good job of pilot village banks, and strive to achieve new breakthroughs broaden the financing channels for rural; Speeding up the construction of guarantee system, focus on small and medium-sized enterprises and county economy, coverage of the province of a secured network, reducing the guarantee rate, simplify procedures, and actively expanding the security magnification. Second, we should construct Anhui SMEs financial support legal security system. To note here is that laws and regulations are not the introduction of better, but to be developed according to the reality of the development of regulations and effectively protect the interests of SMEs. The author do not recommend Anhui province to make too much of the supporting regulations of laws and regulations, its not only can not help to small and medium enterprises, but to the survival and development of their trouble. Here, the author suggest to start from the following two aspects:First, the strict implementation of relevant laws and regulations promulgated by the central ministries, truly the law must be strictly enforced, and violators are prosecuted; two is to work with the regulations, flexibly formulated in accordance with the characteristics of Anhui act. Third, establishing a financial support system for SMEs in Anhui auxiliary service system. Proposed three aspects:First, multi-level to build Anhui SME financing platform; second is to accelerate the construction of Anhui intermediary services for SMEs; Third, to improve the small and medium-sized enterprise credit system.
文章开篇先简要概述了研究目的和意义、国内外研究现状、研究构想等,试图指明其理论价值和研究方向。笔者通过梳理国内外的相关文献,认为中小企业虽在一国经济发展中起到了至关重要的作用,但其在金融政策当中所受到的重视程度与其在经济中发挥的作用并不相符,尤其是其在融资方面遇到的障碍和歧视更是亟需解决的。于是,笔者以后危机时代,中小企业所处的金融生态环境变迁为契入点,先明确给出中小企业的界定,着重分析了我国中小企业发展的现实必要性；并通过多角度阐述中小企业在一国经济发展中的战略意义,重现中国中小企业发展历程,突显其整体的重要作用与个体的弱势地位这一极大反差,以此来说明构建中小企业金融支撑体系的必然性。然后对国内外有关中小企业金融支撑的实践进行简要介绍,并尝试根据现阶段我国国情,构建符合我国实际发展需要的中小企业金融支撑体系的框架。这里需要指出的是,文章所说的“金融支撑”是一个从现代金融角度来考虑的宽泛概念,不仅包括银行贴息贷款,还包括信贷融资、信用担保、风险投资、“二板”市场、非正规金融以及政府扶持政策等。一方面,就中小企业金融支撑体系的内部而言,应以直接金融为主,通过促进其资本金的形成来推动商业性金融支持的目的；另一方面,从中小企业金融支撑体系的外部来看,需要良好的法律保障和辅助服务体系支持。要研究后危机时代安徽中小企业金融支撑,就必须对“后危机时代”作本质研读,目前,学术界对“后危机时代”的理解并没有达成共识：有理解为“后金融危机时代”；也有写“后经济危机时代”：还有的直接用“危机后”进行表述。不管用怎样的表达,都可以反映出学者们对当前经济走向的关注,同时,也说明了如今世界经济已走入了一个不同于危机爆发时的特殊时期——全球经济经历触底到回暖,但时有反复,前景尚不明朗,这主要是因为固有的危机或者说造成危机的根源还没有完全消除,随时都有可能再度爆发,甚至加剧。在这一背景下,安徽中小企业融资瓶颈问题日益突出：一方面,受出口需求减少的影响,中小企业利润大幅缩水,这就导致其内源性融资减少；另一方面,金融风险的加大,导致金融机构投资更加谨慎,“惜贷”现象的普遍使得其外源融资也变得日趋困难。在这样内忧外患的双重打击下,安徽中小企业单靠自身努力很难“破冰而出”,所以就需要构建符合这一时代特征的安徽中小企业金融支撑研究。
文章的第五章为结论部分。在前四章的理论梳理、实践分析和实证研究的基础上,笔者指出构建符合后危机时代特征的安徽中小企业金融支撑体系,必须从三方面入手：第一,是构建安徽中小企业金融支撑的融资供给体系。首先从政府层面来看,应该出面构建银企间投融资桥梁,定期开展中小企业项目投资对接会,并形成规模体系。同时,深化行政管理体制改革,加快转变政府职能,深入推进政府管理创新。使综合运用财政政策、货币政策和产业政策,以及传承“徽商”文化引导银行优化信贷结构,积极调整产业结构,大力扶持符合省内生态环境要求的、融资透明度高的中小企业；对于那些并不符合绿色环保要求的或产业发展导向的以及资信评价较差的中小企业应采取坚决取缔的态度,构建良好的优胜劣汰的市场竞争体制。其次,从金融机构层面来看,要深化商业银行改革,加快引进股份制银行和外资银行,创新金融机构针对中小企业的服务,发挥中小型金融机构主力军作用；同时,整合地方金融资源,积极发展商业银行县级支行,探索设立金融控股公司,研究推进产业投资基金、创业引导基金试点,运用国有资本筹措资金；并积极组建农村合作银行、农村商业银行等新型农村金融机构,抓好村镇银行试点,争取在拓宽农村融资渠道上取得新突破；加快担保体系建设,重点面向中小企业和县域经济,建成覆盖全省的担保网络,降低担保费率,简化手续,积极扩大担保放大倍数。第二,构建安徽中小企业金融支撑的法律保障体系。这里需要注意的是,法律法规并不是出台的越多越好,而是要根据现实的发展制定切实保障中小企业利益的法规。笔者并不建议安徽省自行制定过多的扶持法规,太过繁杂的法律法规,不但不能帮扶到中小企业,反而会对它们的生存和发展造成困扰。这里,笔者建议从以下两方面入手：一是严格执行中央部委颁布的相关法律法规,真正做到有法必依、执法必严、违法必究；二是努力配合中央法规,灵活机动地制定符合安徽特色的地方法。第三,构建安徽中小企业金融支撑体系的辅助服务体系。建议从三方面入手：一是多层次构建安徽中小企业融资平台；二是加快安徽中小企业中介服务建设；三是健全中小企业征信体系。
SMEs has played a crucial role in the national socio-economic development, with the deepening of economic globalization and the new economic revolution, its status is more and more outstanding. From the overall trend of the development of China's market economy, SMEs are not only the primary force to promote the development of the national economy, an important carrier of achieving full employment, but also to promote social stability and reliable basis. Nay more, it also cenhancing the innovation capacity of the national economy, with the efficient operation of large enterprises, optimizing industrial structure, promoting regional balance, as well as to improve the quality of economic operation of the entire society. As of early2012, China has nearly48million small and medium-sized micro-enterprises, which accounting for more than99.3%of the total number of enterprises. Their contribution to GDP of more than60%,to the tax paid account of more than half of the country's total tax revenue, they provide about80%of the jobs for the community each year. However, SMEs constrained by its own scale, and often showed significant vulnerability in the face of operational risks. Some people say that the advantages of SMEs is A good small boat U-turn, but found that it is these boat is most likely to fall apart in the rough. Because of small-scale, capital and the slightest sign of trouble, the rope will be looking at their funds set neck them breathless, such as08international financial crisis in the first half, China affected by the closure of various number of SMEs reached67,000. Therefore, the post-crisis era SMEs exactly how to get rid of financing difficulties, are not only to seek their own survival and development of SMEs in the current financial environment such a severe case,but also the country and the world economy a necessary condition for a full recovery. The article taking the financial ecological environment crisis era as the background, analysising the necessity of the existence of small and medium-sized enterprises in-depth, expounding its important role of SMEs in the economic development in a country, And carries on the investigation and Study on the actual situation in Anhui Province, put forward to promote small and medium enterprises out of the financial crisis haze, maintain its viability, specific financial support system embodies the meaning of existence.
This article begins with a brief overview of the research purpose and significance, research status at home and abroad, research ideas, to indicate its value in theory and research direction. The author through the analysis of domestic and foreign literature, consider that SMEs play a very important role in a country's economic development, but its attention by financial policy and its role in the economy is not consistent, especially its face in financing obstacles and discrimination is more urgent. Then, according to the after era of crisis, the financial ecological environment changes and the starting point, the author definite the SMEs, analyzes the necessity of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in china; And expounds the strategic significance of SMEs in the economic development in a country through multi-angle, reproduce the Chinese SME development, highlighting this great contrast between the overall and the important role of the individual vulnerable position, in order to explain the necessity of constructing SME financial support system.then briefly introduce the practice of domestic and foreign related financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises, and according to the current situation of our country, building in line with China's actual development needs financial support system of small and medium-sized enterprise framework. It should be pointed out that, the article said,"financial support" is one of the modern financial point of view of the broad concept, not only including bank loans, including credit financing, credit guarantee, risk investment,"the second" market, informal finance and government support policies. On the one hand, as for the internal SME financial support system, priority should be given to direct finance, by promoting the formation of capital to promote the purpose of commercial financial support; on the other hand, from the external point of view of SME financial support system, the need for good legal protection and support services system support. To study the financial support of the crisis era Anhui SMEs, it is necessary to "post-crisis era" for the study of Nature, at present,there is no consensus on the "post-crisis era":some one understood as "post-crisis era"; also write "post-economic crisis era"; expressed as well as directly with the "crisis". No matter what kind of expression,these all reflects the concern of scholars on current economic trends, also shows now the world economy has entered a special time when a different crisis--the global economy has experienced bottoming out to pick up, but when there are repeated, the outlook is unclear, it is mainly because of the inherent crisis cause or causes of the crisis has not completely eliminated, it may break out again at any time, even escalate. In this context, the Anhui SMEs financing bottleneck problems have become increasingly prominent:on the one hand, influenced by the reduced demand for exports, shrinking profits of small and medium-sized enterprises, which leads to the reduction of endogenous financing; on the other hand, the increasing financial risks, leading to financial institutions investment more cautious,"credit crunch" phenomenon makes financing the exogenous also becomes more difficult. On the double blow of such domestic trouble and foreign invasion, Anhui SMEs that rely on their own efforts are difficult to "breaking out", so we need to build support for small and medium-sized enterprises of Anhui financial in line with the characteristics of the times.
The fifth chapter is the conclusion part. In basis of theory, analysis and empirical research on previous four chapters, the author pointed out that the Anhui SME financial support system with characteristics of crisis, we must start from three aspects:First, is to build a financial support financing supply system of small and medium-sized enterprises in Anhui. First, from the government level, should be to build bridges between the bank financing, the development of small and medium-sized enterprise project investment docking regularly, and the formation of scale system. At the same time, deepen the reform of the administrative system, speed up the transformation of government functions, to further promote the innovation of government management. Making comprehensive use of fiscal policy, monetary policy and industrial policy, and the "merchants" culture lead banks to optimize credit structure, actively adjusting the industrial structure, vigorously supporting with the ecological environmental requirements, high transparency of the small and medium-sized enterprise financing; For who does not comply with the requirements of environmental protection or industrial development-oriented small and medium enterprises as well as poor credit evaluation should be taken resolutely ban attitude to build good survival of the fittest competition in the market system. Second, from the perspective of financial institutions, it is necessary to deepen the reform of commercial banks to accelerate the introduction of joint-stock banks and foreign banks, innovation and financial institutions for SMEs to play the dominant role of small and medium-sized financial institutions; At the same time, integrating the local financial resources, actively developing commercial banks County branch, exploring the establishment of a financial holding company, promoting the study of industry investment fund, venture fund to guide the pilot, the state-owned capital fund; And actively building new rural financial institutions, rural cooperative banks, rural commercial banks, do a good job of pilot village banks, and strive to achieve new breakthroughs broaden the financing channels for rural; Speeding up the construction of guarantee system, focus on small and medium-sized enterprises and county economy, coverage of the province of a secured network, reducing the guarantee rate, simplify procedures, and actively expanding the security magnification. Second, we should construct Anhui SMEs financial support legal security system. To note here is that laws and regulations are not the introduction of better, but to be developed according to the reality of the development of regulations and effectively protect the interests of SMEs. The author do not recommend Anhui province to make too much of the supporting regulations of laws and regulations, its not only can not help to small and medium enterprises, but to the survival and development of their trouble. Here, the author suggest to start from the following two aspects:First, the strict implementation of relevant laws and regulations promulgated by the central ministries, truly the law must be strictly enforced, and violators are prosecuted; two is to work with the regulations, flexibly formulated in accordance with the characteristics of Anhui act. Third, establishing a financial support system for SMEs in Anhui auxiliary service system. Proposed three aspects:First, multi-level to build Anhui SME financing platform; second is to accelerate the construction of Anhui intermediary services for SMEs; Third, to improve the small and medium-sized enterprise credit system.
引文
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