错误记忆提取阶段的激活和监测及老化研究
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摘要
错误记忆是指人们错误的回忆出从来没有经历过的事件。但在日常生活中,如果我们经常将一些没有发生过的事物误认为经历过,这将会对我们的生活造成极大的困扰。因此如何减少错误记忆的发生就显得尤为迫切,探讨错误记忆产生的原因具有重要的现实意义。
关于错误记忆产生的原因,研究者提出了许多理论来进行解释。目前主要有3种观点：基于激活的理论、基于监测的理论、以及基于激活与监测的双加工理论。基于激活的理论强调,错误记忆产生的原因是由于学过项目不同程度上激活了实际上并未出现的关键诱饵；基于监测的理论强调,错误记忆的产生主要来自于提取时决策判断过程中的失误；基于激活与监测的双加工理论认为,激活的加工过程和监测的加工过程都对错误记忆的产生具有重要作用,从加工阶段看,编码阶段和提取阶段都会受到激活和监测的影响,而并非通常所认为的激活只影响编码阶段,监测只影响提取阶段这种一一对应的关系。研究者开展了许多实证研究,但是仍然存在理论争议和结论分歧,存在的理论争议主要集中于两个方面：1究竟是激活的加工过程,还是监测的加工过程对错误记忆起作用?2究竟是不是激活只影响编码阶段,监测只影响提取阶段?还是编码阶段会受到激活和监测的影响,提取阶段也会受到激活和监测的影响?本研究主要考察错误记忆产生的提取阶段是否存在激活和监测的作用。
本论文包括四个研究,共由7个实验组成。
研究一探讨提取阶段关键诱饵的激活对错误记忆的作用,共2个实验。
实验1采用有意遗忘范式,以52名大学生为被试,采用单因素实验设计,自变量是指示类型,分为记住和遗忘两个水平,探讨有意遗忘(有意抑制)对错误记忆的影响。
实验2采用部分线索效应范式,以32名大学生为被试,采用单因素实验设计,自变量是线索类型,分为有部分线索和无部分线索两个水平,探讨部分线索(无意抑制)对错误记忆的影响。
研究二从抑制能力老化的角度,选取老年人作为被试,进一步探讨提取阶段关键诱饵的激活对错误记忆的作用,共2个实验。
实验3选取大学生被试、老年被试各40名,采用2(指示类型：记住、遗忘)×2(年龄：老年人、大学生)的两因素被试间实验设计,探讨有意遗忘(有意抑制)对错误记忆影响的老化研究。
实验4选取大学生被试、老年被试各20名,采用2(线索条件：有部分线索、无部分线索)×2(年龄：老年人、大学生)的两因素混合实验设计,探讨部分线索(无意抑制)对错误记忆影响的老化研究。
研究三探讨错误记忆的提取阶段是否存在激活与监测的共同作用,共2个实验。
实验5选取大学生被试80名,采用2(线索条件：有部分线索、无部分线索)×2(再认时间压力：无再认时间压力、有再认时间压力)的两因素被试间实验设计,探讨部分线索和再认时间压力对错误记忆的影响。
实验6选取大学生被试80名,采用2(线索条件：有部分线索、无部分线索)×2(提取阶段预警类型：有预警、无预警)的两因素被试间实验设计,探讨部分线索和预警类型对错误记忆产生的影响。
研究四探讨错误记忆与正确记忆提取阶段的神经机制,包括1个实验。
实验7采用近红外技术,选取18名被试完成错误记忆实验,比较被试完成错误记忆再认任务时正确记忆、错误记忆和正确拒绝三种条件下的含氧血红蛋白、脱氧血红蛋白和总血红蛋白这3个指标上的差异,探讨三种条件下激活的脑区差异。
本研究的主要结论如下：
(1)有意和无意两种提取抑制都可以降低错误记忆。提取阶段关键诱饵的激活对错误记忆具有正向预测作用。
(2)部分线索可以显著降低大学生的错误记忆及正确记忆,也能显著降低老年人的错误记忆及正确记忆；有意遗忘可以显著降低大学生的错误记忆及正确记忆,但不能显著降低老年人的错误记忆及正确记忆。
(3)提取阶段的再认时间压力可显著提高错误记忆,提取阶段的预警提示不能降低错误记忆。结果表明在错误记忆的提取阶段存在激活和监测的双加工过程。
(4)正确记忆条件和正确拒绝条件下激活的脑区都为额叶皮层和顶叶皮层,错误记忆条件激活的脑区为额叶皮层,但相比较其他两个条件,错误记忆条件下激活的通道减少了；另外错误记忆条件和正确拒绝条件下在额叶和顶叶皮层的激活程度存在显著差异,具体为错误记忆和正确拒绝条件在额叶皮层的脱氧血红蛋白指标上,以及在顶叶皮层的总血红蛋白指标上存在显著性差异。
综上所述,错误记忆的提取阶段存在激活与监测的共同作用,结果支持基于激活与监测的双加工理论；老年人比年轻人的错误记忆程度更严重；错误记忆激活了额叶皮层,但比正确记忆条件下激活的脑区通道少,错误记忆与正确拒绝干扰项激活脑区的程度存在显著性差异。
False memory is a phenomenon that the individual recalls the things that he has never experienced. In daily life, if we could not distinguish things that we have not seen, this will cause great trouble to our lives. Therefore, how to reduce the incidence of false memory is particularly urgent. To explore the cause of false memory has important practical significance.
Why false memory can happen? There are three frameworks to explain why false memory can happen. These frameworks are activation framework, monitoring framework and activation/monitoring framework. Activation framework emphasizes that false memory was the result of learned items activating critical lures that did not actually appear. Monitoring framework emphasizes that false memory was the result of mistake in the process of decision in the retrieval stage. Activation/monitoring framework emphasizes that false memory was the result of both activation and monitoring. From processing stage, both activation and monitoring affect the coding stage and the retrieval phase of false memory. Now there are many theoretical controversies, for example, false memory was the result of activation or monitoring? Activation only affect the coding stage of false memory, and monitoring only affect the retrieval phase of false memory? Or both activation and monitoring affect the coding stage, both activation and monitoring also affect the retrieval phase of false memory?
These studies focuses on the retrieval phase of false memory, we aim to evaluate the role of activation and monitoring when false memory happen in the retrieval stage, there are four researchs inclouding seven experiments.
In the first research, two experiments were included. we aim to evaluate the role of activation when false memory happen in the retrieval stage. In Experiment1, there are52subjects, we manipulated one factor (the type of indication:remember and forget) design. In Experiment2, there are32subjects, we manipulated one factor (the type of part-list cuing:part-list cuing and no part-list cuing) design. In the first experiment, intentional forgetting paradigm was used to investigate whether intentional inhibition can reduce false memory. On the basis of Experiment1, in the second experiment, part-list cuing effect paradigm was used to further investigate whether intentional inhibition can reduce false memory. DRM lists were used as materials.
In the second research, two experiments were included. On the basis of Research1, from aging of inhibition, we aim to further evaluate the role of activation when false memory happen in the retrieval stage. In Experiment3, there are40young subjects and40old subjects, we manipulated2(the type of indication:remember and forget)×2(age:the young and the old) design. In Experiment4, there are20young subjects and20old subjects, we manipulated2(the type of part-list cuing:part-list cuing and no part-list cuing)×2(age:the young and the old) design.
In the third research, we further aim to evaluate the role of activation and monitoring when false memory happens in the retrieval stage. In the third research, two experiments were also included. In Experiment5, there are80young subjects, we manipulated2(time pressure of recognition:time pressure of recognition and no time pressure of recognition)x2(the type of part-list cuing:part-list cuing and no part-list cuing) design. In Experiment6, there are80subjects, we manipulated2(warning: warning and no warning)×2(the type of part-list cuing:part-list cuing and no part-list cuing) design.
In the fourth research, we apply near infrared technology aim to evaluate the difference between true memory and false memory in the neural activity patterns. In the fourth research, one experiment was included. In Experiment7, there are18young subjects who take part in a false memory task, at the same time, we record and compare HbO, HbR and HbT of three kinds of true memory, false memory and rejecting unrelated words correctly.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that:
(1) Both intentional inhibition and unintentional inhibition can reduce false memory. The results support that there is activation when false memory happens in the retrieval stage.
(2) Unintentional inhibition can reduce both true memory and false memory for the young, unintentional inhibition can also reduce both true memory and false memory for the old, but unintentional inhibition can only reduce both true memory and false memory for the young, unintentional inhibition can not reduce both true memory and false memory for the old.
(3) Time pressure of recognition can improve false memory, but warning can not reduce false memory. The results support that there are activation and monitoring when false memory happens in the retrieval stage.
(4) The frontal cortex and parietal cortex in some brain areas are found significant activation for true memory and rejecting unrelated words correctly. The frontal cortex in some brain areas are found significant activation for false memory. There are significant differences in the parietal cortex of the brain CH22(total) and the frontal cortex of the brain CH7(dxy) between false memory and rejecting unrelated words correctly.
In conclusion, there are activation and monitoring in the retrieval stage of false memory, the present study supports the activation/monitoring framework of false memory. There are more false memories for the old. The frontal cortex in some brain areas are found significant activation for false memory. There are significant differences in the parietal cortex and the frontal cortex between false memory and rejecting unrelated words correctly.
关于错误记忆产生的原因,研究者提出了许多理论来进行解释。目前主要有3种观点：基于激活的理论、基于监测的理论、以及基于激活与监测的双加工理论。基于激活的理论强调,错误记忆产生的原因是由于学过项目不同程度上激活了实际上并未出现的关键诱饵；基于监测的理论强调,错误记忆的产生主要来自于提取时决策判断过程中的失误；基于激活与监测的双加工理论认为,激活的加工过程和监测的加工过程都对错误记忆的产生具有重要作用,从加工阶段看,编码阶段和提取阶段都会受到激活和监测的影响,而并非通常所认为的激活只影响编码阶段,监测只影响提取阶段这种一一对应的关系。研究者开展了许多实证研究,但是仍然存在理论争议和结论分歧,存在的理论争议主要集中于两个方面：1究竟是激活的加工过程,还是监测的加工过程对错误记忆起作用?2究竟是不是激活只影响编码阶段,监测只影响提取阶段?还是编码阶段会受到激活和监测的影响,提取阶段也会受到激活和监测的影响?本研究主要考察错误记忆产生的提取阶段是否存在激活和监测的作用。
本论文包括四个研究,共由7个实验组成。
研究一探讨提取阶段关键诱饵的激活对错误记忆的作用,共2个实验。
实验1采用有意遗忘范式,以52名大学生为被试,采用单因素实验设计,自变量是指示类型,分为记住和遗忘两个水平,探讨有意遗忘(有意抑制)对错误记忆的影响。
实验2采用部分线索效应范式,以32名大学生为被试,采用单因素实验设计,自变量是线索类型,分为有部分线索和无部分线索两个水平,探讨部分线索(无意抑制)对错误记忆的影响。
研究二从抑制能力老化的角度,选取老年人作为被试,进一步探讨提取阶段关键诱饵的激活对错误记忆的作用,共2个实验。
实验3选取大学生被试、老年被试各40名,采用2(指示类型：记住、遗忘)×2(年龄：老年人、大学生)的两因素被试间实验设计,探讨有意遗忘(有意抑制)对错误记忆影响的老化研究。
实验4选取大学生被试、老年被试各20名,采用2(线索条件：有部分线索、无部分线索)×2(年龄：老年人、大学生)的两因素混合实验设计,探讨部分线索(无意抑制)对错误记忆影响的老化研究。
研究三探讨错误记忆的提取阶段是否存在激活与监测的共同作用,共2个实验。
实验5选取大学生被试80名,采用2(线索条件：有部分线索、无部分线索)×2(再认时间压力：无再认时间压力、有再认时间压力)的两因素被试间实验设计,探讨部分线索和再认时间压力对错误记忆的影响。
实验6选取大学生被试80名,采用2(线索条件：有部分线索、无部分线索)×2(提取阶段预警类型：有预警、无预警)的两因素被试间实验设计,探讨部分线索和预警类型对错误记忆产生的影响。
研究四探讨错误记忆与正确记忆提取阶段的神经机制,包括1个实验。
实验7采用近红外技术,选取18名被试完成错误记忆实验,比较被试完成错误记忆再认任务时正确记忆、错误记忆和正确拒绝三种条件下的含氧血红蛋白、脱氧血红蛋白和总血红蛋白这3个指标上的差异,探讨三种条件下激活的脑区差异。
本研究的主要结论如下：
(1)有意和无意两种提取抑制都可以降低错误记忆。提取阶段关键诱饵的激活对错误记忆具有正向预测作用。
(2)部分线索可以显著降低大学生的错误记忆及正确记忆,也能显著降低老年人的错误记忆及正确记忆；有意遗忘可以显著降低大学生的错误记忆及正确记忆,但不能显著降低老年人的错误记忆及正确记忆。
(3)提取阶段的再认时间压力可显著提高错误记忆,提取阶段的预警提示不能降低错误记忆。结果表明在错误记忆的提取阶段存在激活和监测的双加工过程。
(4)正确记忆条件和正确拒绝条件下激活的脑区都为额叶皮层和顶叶皮层,错误记忆条件激活的脑区为额叶皮层,但相比较其他两个条件,错误记忆条件下激活的通道减少了；另外错误记忆条件和正确拒绝条件下在额叶和顶叶皮层的激活程度存在显著差异,具体为错误记忆和正确拒绝条件在额叶皮层的脱氧血红蛋白指标上,以及在顶叶皮层的总血红蛋白指标上存在显著性差异。
综上所述,错误记忆的提取阶段存在激活与监测的共同作用,结果支持基于激活与监测的双加工理论；老年人比年轻人的错误记忆程度更严重；错误记忆激活了额叶皮层,但比正确记忆条件下激活的脑区通道少,错误记忆与正确拒绝干扰项激活脑区的程度存在显著性差异。
False memory is a phenomenon that the individual recalls the things that he has never experienced. In daily life, if we could not distinguish things that we have not seen, this will cause great trouble to our lives. Therefore, how to reduce the incidence of false memory is particularly urgent. To explore the cause of false memory has important practical significance.
Why false memory can happen? There are three frameworks to explain why false memory can happen. These frameworks are activation framework, monitoring framework and activation/monitoring framework. Activation framework emphasizes that false memory was the result of learned items activating critical lures that did not actually appear. Monitoring framework emphasizes that false memory was the result of mistake in the process of decision in the retrieval stage. Activation/monitoring framework emphasizes that false memory was the result of both activation and monitoring. From processing stage, both activation and monitoring affect the coding stage and the retrieval phase of false memory. Now there are many theoretical controversies, for example, false memory was the result of activation or monitoring? Activation only affect the coding stage of false memory, and monitoring only affect the retrieval phase of false memory? Or both activation and monitoring affect the coding stage, both activation and monitoring also affect the retrieval phase of false memory?
These studies focuses on the retrieval phase of false memory, we aim to evaluate the role of activation and monitoring when false memory happen in the retrieval stage, there are four researchs inclouding seven experiments.
In the first research, two experiments were included. we aim to evaluate the role of activation when false memory happen in the retrieval stage. In Experiment1, there are52subjects, we manipulated one factor (the type of indication:remember and forget) design. In Experiment2, there are32subjects, we manipulated one factor (the type of part-list cuing:part-list cuing and no part-list cuing) design. In the first experiment, intentional forgetting paradigm was used to investigate whether intentional inhibition can reduce false memory. On the basis of Experiment1, in the second experiment, part-list cuing effect paradigm was used to further investigate whether intentional inhibition can reduce false memory. DRM lists were used as materials.
In the second research, two experiments were included. On the basis of Research1, from aging of inhibition, we aim to further evaluate the role of activation when false memory happen in the retrieval stage. In Experiment3, there are40young subjects and40old subjects, we manipulated2(the type of indication:remember and forget)×2(age:the young and the old) design. In Experiment4, there are20young subjects and20old subjects, we manipulated2(the type of part-list cuing:part-list cuing and no part-list cuing)×2(age:the young and the old) design.
In the third research, we further aim to evaluate the role of activation and monitoring when false memory happens in the retrieval stage. In the third research, two experiments were also included. In Experiment5, there are80young subjects, we manipulated2(time pressure of recognition:time pressure of recognition and no time pressure of recognition)x2(the type of part-list cuing:part-list cuing and no part-list cuing) design. In Experiment6, there are80subjects, we manipulated2(warning: warning and no warning)×2(the type of part-list cuing:part-list cuing and no part-list cuing) design.
In the fourth research, we apply near infrared technology aim to evaluate the difference between true memory and false memory in the neural activity patterns. In the fourth research, one experiment was included. In Experiment7, there are18young subjects who take part in a false memory task, at the same time, we record and compare HbO, HbR and HbT of three kinds of true memory, false memory and rejecting unrelated words correctly.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that:
(1) Both intentional inhibition and unintentional inhibition can reduce false memory. The results support that there is activation when false memory happens in the retrieval stage.
(2) Unintentional inhibition can reduce both true memory and false memory for the young, unintentional inhibition can also reduce both true memory and false memory for the old, but unintentional inhibition can only reduce both true memory and false memory for the young, unintentional inhibition can not reduce both true memory and false memory for the old.
(3) Time pressure of recognition can improve false memory, but warning can not reduce false memory. The results support that there are activation and monitoring when false memory happens in the retrieval stage.
(4) The frontal cortex and parietal cortex in some brain areas are found significant activation for true memory and rejecting unrelated words correctly. The frontal cortex in some brain areas are found significant activation for false memory. There are significant differences in the parietal cortex of the brain CH22(total) and the frontal cortex of the brain CH7(dxy) between false memory and rejecting unrelated words correctly.
In conclusion, there are activation and monitoring in the retrieval stage of false memory, the present study supports the activation/monitoring framework of false memory. There are more false memories for the old. The frontal cortex in some brain areas are found significant activation for false memory. There are significant differences in the parietal cortex and the frontal cortex between false memory and rejecting unrelated words correctly.
引文
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