量子密码协议的理论研究
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摘要
量子密码协议的安全性由量子力学基本原理保证,与攻击者的计算能力无关。经过20多年的发展,量子密码协议已经成为密码学研究领域中的一个重要分支。目前,人们在理论上提出了多种具有重要应用背景的量子密码协议,某些代表性协议在实验方面也取得了重要进展。
本文主要对密钥分发、秘密分享、消息认证和匿名量子传输等若干量子密码协议的分析、设计和安全性证明方面进行了一些有益的尝试和探索,取得了若干研究成果。具体如下：
在密钥分发方面,分析了一种多用户量子密钥分发协议的安全性,利用纠缠附加粒子的方法给出了一种攻击策略。利用该策略,攻击者可以在不引入任何错误的情况下窃取任意两个合法用户的密钥。对该协议进行了改进,并证明了改进后协议的安全性。
在秘密分享方面,分析了两种不同类型的多方量子秘密分享协议的安全性,并分别给出了一种联合攻击策略。利用该策略,第一个秘密分享者和最后一个秘密分享者联合就可以窃取秘密分发者的秘密；给出了一类利用单粒子量子态的量子秘密分享协议的模型,分析了该模型下量子秘密分享协议的安全性条件,并给出了一种设计该模型下安全协议的可行方法。
在量子直接通信方面,分析了一种多方受控的量子安全直接通信协议的安全性,利用量子隐形传态的思想给出了一种攻击策略。利用该策略,消息接收方在未征得任何一个控制方同意的情况下就可恢复消息。同时对该协议进行了改进,并讨论了改进后协议的安全性。此外,利用相位加密的方法提出了一种新的多方受控的量子安全直接通信协议,并证明了所提协议的安全性。
在消息认证方面,分别利用单粒子量子态和无脱散量子态给出了一种构造消息认证码的方法,并证明了所构造消息认证码的安全性,除了以指数小的概率,任何人不可能伪造有效的消息认证码。
在匿名量子传输方面,提出了一种具有匿名接收者的量子传输协议。在该协议中,除了发送者,任何人都不可能获得关于接收者身份的任何信息,同时,传输量子消息的保密性也被完美的保护。此外,提出了一种具有完全匿名性的量子传输协议。该协议可以同时确保发送者和接收者的匿名性,与同类协议相比,该协议更加经济高效。
Despite of the computational ability of the opponent, the security of quantum cryptographic protocols is only guaranteed by the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. With more than 20 years of development, quantum cryptographic protocols have gradually developed into an important branch of cryptography. So far, various quantum cryptographic protocols, which have different important application backgrounds, have been presented in theory. Especially, some of them have been made great progress in experiment.
The contributions of this dissertation are mainly on the cryptanalysis, design and security proof of quantum cryptographic protocols, including quantum key distribution, quantum secret sharing, message authentication and quantum anonymous transmission etc. The details are as follows:
With respect to quantum key distribution, we analyze the security of a multi-user quantum key distribution protocol, and give a new attack strategy on the protocol by entangling an auxiliary qubit. Using the attack strategy, the opponent can gain access to the private key of any two legitimate users. We give a feasible improvement to resist the proposed attack strategy.
With respect to quantum secret sharing, we analyze the security of two different multiparty quantum secret sharing schemes, and give a joint attack strategy on the two schemes. Using the joint attack strategy, two dishonest sharers, the first and the last, can gain access to the dealer's secret if they collaborate with each other. We give a general model for a kind of quantum secret sharing with single-particle states, and analyze the conditions that make it secure in the model, on the basis of which, we give a feasible way to design secure quantum secret sharing schemes in the model.
With respect to quantum direct communication, we analyze the security of a multiparty controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol, and give a new attack strategy on the protocol by virtue of the idea of quantum teleportation. Using the attack strategy, the receiver can gain access to the sender's secret message without the permission of any controller. We also discuss how to improve the protocol to resist the proposed attack strategy. Furthermore, we propose a new multiparty controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol with phase encryption, and prove the security of the protocol.
With respect to message authentication, we give a way to construct message authentication codes with single-particle states and decoherence-free states, respectively. We also prove the security of the proposed message authentication codes, and show that nobody can forge valid message authentication codes except with exponentially small probability.
As for anonymous quantum transmission, we propose an anonymous quantum transmission protocol with an anonymous receiver, in which nobody can get any information on the identity of the receiver except the sender, and the privacy of the quantum information is perfectly protected. Furthermore, we propose a fully anonymous quantum transmission protocol, and it is more economical and efficient compared with the pioneering works.
本文主要对密钥分发、秘密分享、消息认证和匿名量子传输等若干量子密码协议的分析、设计和安全性证明方面进行了一些有益的尝试和探索,取得了若干研究成果。具体如下：
在密钥分发方面,分析了一种多用户量子密钥分发协议的安全性,利用纠缠附加粒子的方法给出了一种攻击策略。利用该策略,攻击者可以在不引入任何错误的情况下窃取任意两个合法用户的密钥。对该协议进行了改进,并证明了改进后协议的安全性。
在秘密分享方面,分析了两种不同类型的多方量子秘密分享协议的安全性,并分别给出了一种联合攻击策略。利用该策略,第一个秘密分享者和最后一个秘密分享者联合就可以窃取秘密分发者的秘密；给出了一类利用单粒子量子态的量子秘密分享协议的模型,分析了该模型下量子秘密分享协议的安全性条件,并给出了一种设计该模型下安全协议的可行方法。
在量子直接通信方面,分析了一种多方受控的量子安全直接通信协议的安全性,利用量子隐形传态的思想给出了一种攻击策略。利用该策略,消息接收方在未征得任何一个控制方同意的情况下就可恢复消息。同时对该协议进行了改进,并讨论了改进后协议的安全性。此外,利用相位加密的方法提出了一种新的多方受控的量子安全直接通信协议,并证明了所提协议的安全性。
在消息认证方面,分别利用单粒子量子态和无脱散量子态给出了一种构造消息认证码的方法,并证明了所构造消息认证码的安全性,除了以指数小的概率,任何人不可能伪造有效的消息认证码。
在匿名量子传输方面,提出了一种具有匿名接收者的量子传输协议。在该协议中,除了发送者,任何人都不可能获得关于接收者身份的任何信息,同时,传输量子消息的保密性也被完美的保护。此外,提出了一种具有完全匿名性的量子传输协议。该协议可以同时确保发送者和接收者的匿名性,与同类协议相比,该协议更加经济高效。
Despite of the computational ability of the opponent, the security of quantum cryptographic protocols is only guaranteed by the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. With more than 20 years of development, quantum cryptographic protocols have gradually developed into an important branch of cryptography. So far, various quantum cryptographic protocols, which have different important application backgrounds, have been presented in theory. Especially, some of them have been made great progress in experiment.
The contributions of this dissertation are mainly on the cryptanalysis, design and security proof of quantum cryptographic protocols, including quantum key distribution, quantum secret sharing, message authentication and quantum anonymous transmission etc. The details are as follows:
With respect to quantum key distribution, we analyze the security of a multi-user quantum key distribution protocol, and give a new attack strategy on the protocol by entangling an auxiliary qubit. Using the attack strategy, the opponent can gain access to the private key of any two legitimate users. We give a feasible improvement to resist the proposed attack strategy.
With respect to quantum secret sharing, we analyze the security of two different multiparty quantum secret sharing schemes, and give a joint attack strategy on the two schemes. Using the joint attack strategy, two dishonest sharers, the first and the last, can gain access to the dealer's secret if they collaborate with each other. We give a general model for a kind of quantum secret sharing with single-particle states, and analyze the conditions that make it secure in the model, on the basis of which, we give a feasible way to design secure quantum secret sharing schemes in the model.
With respect to quantum direct communication, we analyze the security of a multiparty controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol, and give a new attack strategy on the protocol by virtue of the idea of quantum teleportation. Using the attack strategy, the receiver can gain access to the sender's secret message without the permission of any controller. We also discuss how to improve the protocol to resist the proposed attack strategy. Furthermore, we propose a new multiparty controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol with phase encryption, and prove the security of the protocol.
With respect to message authentication, we give a way to construct message authentication codes with single-particle states and decoherence-free states, respectively. We also prove the security of the proposed message authentication codes, and show that nobody can forge valid message authentication codes except with exponentially small probability.
As for anonymous quantum transmission, we propose an anonymous quantum transmission protocol with an anonymous receiver, in which nobody can get any information on the identity of the receiver except the sender, and the privacy of the quantum information is perfectly protected. Furthermore, we propose a fully anonymous quantum transmission protocol, and it is more economical and efficient compared with the pioneering works.
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