宿鸭湖湿地省级自然保护区管理模式研究
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摘要
湿地学是一新兴学科,而湿地保护与管理学更是年轻的交叉学科。湿地管理是根据湿地生态系统固有的生态规律与外部扰动的反应所进行的各种调控,从而达到系统总体最优的过程。由于汝南宿鸭湖湿地省级自然保护区有其独特的生态和地理条件,传统的管理模式和现有的管理模式难以完成对该自然保护区的保护,因此本研究以汝南宿鸭湖湿地省级自然保护区为研究对象,通过对该特殊湿地的现状、生态和外部扰动分析和评价,依据生态学原理和保护生物学原理提出了新的管理模式。
汝南宿鸭湖湿地省级自然保护区位于河南省东南部,驻马店市辖区汝南县和驿城区境内,东距汝南县城5km,西距驻马店市8km,总面积16700hm2 ,是全国最大的平原人工湖区。按《湿地公约》分类系统,宿鸭湖湿地属于人工湿地—蓄水区—水库湿地型,公约指定代码“6”。
宿鸭湖湿地地处暖温带的南缘,气候温和,雨量充沛,自然条件优越,具有滩涂、水域、森林等多种生态类型和独特的自然景观,生物多样性资源十分丰富,珍稀野生动物较多。据统计,区内有兽类16种、鸟类130种、两栖类4种、爬行动物9种、鱼类34种,有植物142种。其中有国家一级重点保护动物3种,国家二级重点保护动物21种,河南省重点保护动物9种,被列入《濒危野生动物种国际贸易公约》的鸟类9种,中日候鸟保护协定中保护的鸟类有57种。每年秋、冬季节在此迁徙停歇、越冬和繁殖的候鸟特别是水鸟丰富,在我国水鸟保护网络中占有十分重要的地位。另外,由于该保护区位于华中地区,野生动物特别是鸟类具有南北区系成分相互渗透的特征。
宿鸭湖水库设计最大库容17亿m3 ,控制流域面积4498km2,设计灌溉53333km2,对维持所在区域及其下游地区社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义,生态价值较大。目前,我国湿地自然保护区的管理基本上承袭了其他类型自然保护区的传统管理模式,保护区传统管理模式主要强调分区管理(核心区、缓冲区、试验区),这种管理模式的特点是管理目标简单明确。而湿地保护区因其性质和保护对象的特殊性,以及人们对其认识的逐渐加深,理应有不同的管理模式。把传统保护区管理模式应用于湿地保护区必然会出现一些问题。
由于宿鸭湖湿地保护区不同于一般的自然保护区,它处于我国内陆平原地区,周边人口稠密,社会经济活动频繁,环境压力大,生态环境较为脆弱,管理难度高。如果不加强保护区的管理工作,湿地的生态环境很容易遭到破坏。2001年以前基本上处于无人管理的状态,2001年建立自然保护区,但由于刚建立不久,保护区管理机构规格低、管理人员少、巡护范围大、管理难度很大,科研人员缺乏,加上保护区建立以来资金投入的严重不足,没有经费建设基层保护站点和开展有效的保护及科研监测等工作。因此,在湿地资源保护和管理上存在一些亟待解决的问题。
针对宿鸭湖湿地资源和管理上存在的问题,经过大量的调查资料统计分析,依据湿地保护区管理理论和国家有关湿地管理的政策法规,借鉴国内外湿地管理的先进经验,本研究首先对保护资源管理进行评价,然后根据现有管理状况和不合理性,构建新的管理模式并提出今后的管理对策:在管理体制上该保护区应为“管理局—保护管理站—保护管理点”三级管理体系,管理局为该保护区的决策机构,保护站为分支管护机构,管理点为基层管护机构。其管理职能包括保护管理、科研管理和经营管理三个管理系统。保护管理系统由保护科、公安派出所、4个保护管理站、10个保护管理点、1个检查站(刘大桥)和1个瞭望台组成。科研系统由科研室、科研站、监测站、宣传科、宣教中心等组成。经营管理系统由多种经营科、旅游公司、商业服务公司等组成。
本文所提出的管理模式特点是在分区管理的基础上强调内部管理职能的分工,优点是有利于由传统的开发模式向可持续利用模式转变,有利于进一步明确保护管理、科研管理和经营管理等职能的分工,责任落实到各级管理机构和个人,从而实现有效的分类管理。具体对策如下:
1、加强保护管理的对策。包括政策法规体系建设,确界立标、强化分区管理,建全管理机构,加强野生动植物保护,加强病虫害防治及防火等措施。
2、加强科研管理的对策。包括建立健全科研机构和科研队伍,加强科研监测,进行本底资源补充调查,和生物资源、湿地生态系统及旅游和社区对生态环境影响的监测,加强宣传教育等措施。
3、加强经营管理的对策。包括积极开展生态旅游,适度开展多种经营,增加保护区和社区群众的收入等。
4、建立健全社区共管组织和措施。
5、强调科学决策,鼓励引入先进管理措施。
6、广泛引进资金,加大投入,确保上述措施落实到位。
Wetland reservation and management science is a newly developed subject by cross of many other subjects. The wetland management refers to all kinds of regulations according to the inherent ecological rule of wetland ecosystem and the disturbance from outside in the process of wetland development; goals of the regulation are to keep wetland ecosystem go in a best way. Suyalake wetland nature preservation zone is a root management group of wetland preservation that management is relatively unenlightened contrasting to the development of wetland science so that its traditional can not adapt to the needs of development of wetland science. As a result it is necessary to set up a new management mode for the group in terms of the principle of ecology and biology by analyzing and evaluating the status quo, zoology and disturbance from outside of the wetland.
Suya Lake wetland nature reserve lies in RuNan county, southeastern of Henan province, in the centre of China, has a total area of 16700 hm2 and is the largest artificial plain lake. According to the taxonomy of《wetland protocol》the wetland belongs to artificial wetland- water preservation- reservoir wetland that is coded as number 6.
Suya Lake wetland is close to south side of warm temperate zone which has soft and warm climate and rich rainfall. There are many kinds of ecotype and inimitable natural sight such as shoal, water area, forest area and so on in the wetland which is rich in biodiversity and have many rare wild animals in it. It is estimated that there are 16 species of beast,130 species of bird, 4 species of amphibian,9 species of creepy animal, 34 species of fish and 142 species of plant in the wetland. Among all of the animals mentioned above, 3 species belong to first-rank state protected animal, 21 species second-rank state-protected animal, 9 species key province-protected animal, 9 species belong to the bird listed in International Trade Protocol For Endangered Wild Animal and 57 species the bird listed in Sino-Japan Migratory Bird Protection Protocol. The wetland is important in China’s waterfowl protection net for there are blocks of migratory birds (especially waterfowls) those migrate, stop, reproduce and live through the winter on it in autumn or winter every year, in addition, the wild animals in the wetland, especially birds, are composed of birds both from south and north for the wetland lie in center China.
Suya Lake reservoir can maximally contain 1.7 billions m3 of water from 4498km2 of drainage area, can irrigate 53333 km2, and is ecologically very important to maintain the sustainable development of social economy in the area around it.
Up to now the management of wetland reservation in our country has basically followed traditional modes used for other natural reservations. The traditional modes focus mainly on subarea managements (core subarea, buffer area and test subarea) and characters management goals being brief and clear. But it is necessary to develop a new management mode especially suitable to wetland reservation because of particularity of wetland reservation and increasing depth of people’s realizations to wetland reservation. Some troubles will rise if the traditional management mode is be used continually. The wetland locates at inner plain of China. In the area around the wetland population is denseness, social economical action is frequent, and environment press is very great, and management is difficult under the frangibility of environment. The wetland environment will be easily destructed if the management is not improved. The reasons that cause the managements not effectively improved are that the age of the natural reserve is short leading to a lower standard of managing organ for the reserve and insufficient amount of protecting men to make patrols of the reserve more large than the men can do possibly, that researcher working for the reserve is of lack, and that the total fund invested in the reserve construction was heavily ungenerous, it lead to a result that there was not sufficient fund to set up grass roots station and sub-station for protection and research monitor. Those reasons have been factors to limit the future development of the reserve management. Therefore those factors must get reformed immediately to better the reserve management.
Based on the theory and the national regulation law and policy for wetland management, using for reference of the national and foreign advanced experiences of wetland management, the proposals are made that construction of the management system“management bureau→protection station→protection substation”should be strengthen, that the management function of the three management systems ( protection management, research management and economic management) should be further indicated in definitude and the corresponding duty should be assigned definitely among them. Management bureau is a decision-making organization, protection stations are branch protection organization and protection sets are grass root protection organizations. The concrete countermeasures to above factors are as following:
1 The countermeasures for enforcing protection management They involve: to construct systems of policy and law, to set up boundary mark, to enforce managements pointing to every subareas and protection of wild propagation, to intensify prevention cure of plant diseases insect pests and fireproofing, and to establish perfect management institutions.
2 The countermeasures for enforcing scientific research management They involve: to build healthy scientific research group and department, to further monitor the dynamic of bio-resource and wetland ecosystem, the affecters on the wetland ecosystem from tourism and community activities around the region, to conduct the supplementary investigation of background resource, to enforce propaganda and education of wetland protection knowledge, and so forth
3、The countermeasures for enforcing economic management They involve: to develop zealously ecotourism and to promote mixed farming within measure to increase the income of the reserve and mass around the reserve.
4、To constitute systems suitable to condominium of the reserve management department and communities around the preservation zone.
5、To emphasize making decision scientifically and promote the introduction of advanced management measures.
6、To introduce fund widely, to increase investment and to ensure the measures mentioned above be carried out in reality.
汝南宿鸭湖湿地省级自然保护区位于河南省东南部,驻马店市辖区汝南县和驿城区境内,东距汝南县城5km,西距驻马店市8km,总面积16700hm2 ,是全国最大的平原人工湖区。按《湿地公约》分类系统,宿鸭湖湿地属于人工湿地—蓄水区—水库湿地型,公约指定代码“6”。
宿鸭湖湿地地处暖温带的南缘,气候温和,雨量充沛,自然条件优越,具有滩涂、水域、森林等多种生态类型和独特的自然景观,生物多样性资源十分丰富,珍稀野生动物较多。据统计,区内有兽类16种、鸟类130种、两栖类4种、爬行动物9种、鱼类34种,有植物142种。其中有国家一级重点保护动物3种,国家二级重点保护动物21种,河南省重点保护动物9种,被列入《濒危野生动物种国际贸易公约》的鸟类9种,中日候鸟保护协定中保护的鸟类有57种。每年秋、冬季节在此迁徙停歇、越冬和繁殖的候鸟特别是水鸟丰富,在我国水鸟保护网络中占有十分重要的地位。另外,由于该保护区位于华中地区,野生动物特别是鸟类具有南北区系成分相互渗透的特征。
宿鸭湖水库设计最大库容17亿m3 ,控制流域面积4498km2,设计灌溉53333km2,对维持所在区域及其下游地区社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义,生态价值较大。目前,我国湿地自然保护区的管理基本上承袭了其他类型自然保护区的传统管理模式,保护区传统管理模式主要强调分区管理(核心区、缓冲区、试验区),这种管理模式的特点是管理目标简单明确。而湿地保护区因其性质和保护对象的特殊性,以及人们对其认识的逐渐加深,理应有不同的管理模式。把传统保护区管理模式应用于湿地保护区必然会出现一些问题。
由于宿鸭湖湿地保护区不同于一般的自然保护区,它处于我国内陆平原地区,周边人口稠密,社会经济活动频繁,环境压力大,生态环境较为脆弱,管理难度高。如果不加强保护区的管理工作,湿地的生态环境很容易遭到破坏。2001年以前基本上处于无人管理的状态,2001年建立自然保护区,但由于刚建立不久,保护区管理机构规格低、管理人员少、巡护范围大、管理难度很大,科研人员缺乏,加上保护区建立以来资金投入的严重不足,没有经费建设基层保护站点和开展有效的保护及科研监测等工作。因此,在湿地资源保护和管理上存在一些亟待解决的问题。
针对宿鸭湖湿地资源和管理上存在的问题,经过大量的调查资料统计分析,依据湿地保护区管理理论和国家有关湿地管理的政策法规,借鉴国内外湿地管理的先进经验,本研究首先对保护资源管理进行评价,然后根据现有管理状况和不合理性,构建新的管理模式并提出今后的管理对策:在管理体制上该保护区应为“管理局—保护管理站—保护管理点”三级管理体系,管理局为该保护区的决策机构,保护站为分支管护机构,管理点为基层管护机构。其管理职能包括保护管理、科研管理和经营管理三个管理系统。保护管理系统由保护科、公安派出所、4个保护管理站、10个保护管理点、1个检查站(刘大桥)和1个瞭望台组成。科研系统由科研室、科研站、监测站、宣传科、宣教中心等组成。经营管理系统由多种经营科、旅游公司、商业服务公司等组成。
本文所提出的管理模式特点是在分区管理的基础上强调内部管理职能的分工,优点是有利于由传统的开发模式向可持续利用模式转变,有利于进一步明确保护管理、科研管理和经营管理等职能的分工,责任落实到各级管理机构和个人,从而实现有效的分类管理。具体对策如下:
1、加强保护管理的对策。包括政策法规体系建设,确界立标、强化分区管理,建全管理机构,加强野生动植物保护,加强病虫害防治及防火等措施。
2、加强科研管理的对策。包括建立健全科研机构和科研队伍,加强科研监测,进行本底资源补充调查,和生物资源、湿地生态系统及旅游和社区对生态环境影响的监测,加强宣传教育等措施。
3、加强经营管理的对策。包括积极开展生态旅游,适度开展多种经营,增加保护区和社区群众的收入等。
4、建立健全社区共管组织和措施。
5、强调科学决策,鼓励引入先进管理措施。
6、广泛引进资金,加大投入,确保上述措施落实到位。
Wetland reservation and management science is a newly developed subject by cross of many other subjects. The wetland management refers to all kinds of regulations according to the inherent ecological rule of wetland ecosystem and the disturbance from outside in the process of wetland development; goals of the regulation are to keep wetland ecosystem go in a best way. Suyalake wetland nature preservation zone is a root management group of wetland preservation that management is relatively unenlightened contrasting to the development of wetland science so that its traditional can not adapt to the needs of development of wetland science. As a result it is necessary to set up a new management mode for the group in terms of the principle of ecology and biology by analyzing and evaluating the status quo, zoology and disturbance from outside of the wetland.
Suya Lake wetland nature reserve lies in RuNan county, southeastern of Henan province, in the centre of China, has a total area of 16700 hm2 and is the largest artificial plain lake. According to the taxonomy of《wetland protocol》the wetland belongs to artificial wetland- water preservation- reservoir wetland that is coded as number 6.
Suya Lake wetland is close to south side of warm temperate zone which has soft and warm climate and rich rainfall. There are many kinds of ecotype and inimitable natural sight such as shoal, water area, forest area and so on in the wetland which is rich in biodiversity and have many rare wild animals in it. It is estimated that there are 16 species of beast,130 species of bird, 4 species of amphibian,9 species of creepy animal, 34 species of fish and 142 species of plant in the wetland. Among all of the animals mentioned above, 3 species belong to first-rank state protected animal, 21 species second-rank state-protected animal, 9 species key province-protected animal, 9 species belong to the bird listed in International Trade Protocol For Endangered Wild Animal and 57 species the bird listed in Sino-Japan Migratory Bird Protection Protocol. The wetland is important in China’s waterfowl protection net for there are blocks of migratory birds (especially waterfowls) those migrate, stop, reproduce and live through the winter on it in autumn or winter every year, in addition, the wild animals in the wetland, especially birds, are composed of birds both from south and north for the wetland lie in center China.
Suya Lake reservoir can maximally contain 1.7 billions m3 of water from 4498km2 of drainage area, can irrigate 53333 km2, and is ecologically very important to maintain the sustainable development of social economy in the area around it.
Up to now the management of wetland reservation in our country has basically followed traditional modes used for other natural reservations. The traditional modes focus mainly on subarea managements (core subarea, buffer area and test subarea) and characters management goals being brief and clear. But it is necessary to develop a new management mode especially suitable to wetland reservation because of particularity of wetland reservation and increasing depth of people’s realizations to wetland reservation. Some troubles will rise if the traditional management mode is be used continually. The wetland locates at inner plain of China. In the area around the wetland population is denseness, social economical action is frequent, and environment press is very great, and management is difficult under the frangibility of environment. The wetland environment will be easily destructed if the management is not improved. The reasons that cause the managements not effectively improved are that the age of the natural reserve is short leading to a lower standard of managing organ for the reserve and insufficient amount of protecting men to make patrols of the reserve more large than the men can do possibly, that researcher working for the reserve is of lack, and that the total fund invested in the reserve construction was heavily ungenerous, it lead to a result that there was not sufficient fund to set up grass roots station and sub-station for protection and research monitor. Those reasons have been factors to limit the future development of the reserve management. Therefore those factors must get reformed immediately to better the reserve management.
Based on the theory and the national regulation law and policy for wetland management, using for reference of the national and foreign advanced experiences of wetland management, the proposals are made that construction of the management system“management bureau→protection station→protection substation”should be strengthen, that the management function of the three management systems ( protection management, research management and economic management) should be further indicated in definitude and the corresponding duty should be assigned definitely among them. Management bureau is a decision-making organization, protection stations are branch protection organization and protection sets are grass root protection organizations. The concrete countermeasures to above factors are as following:
1 The countermeasures for enforcing protection management They involve: to construct systems of policy and law, to set up boundary mark, to enforce managements pointing to every subareas and protection of wild propagation, to intensify prevention cure of plant diseases insect pests and fireproofing, and to establish perfect management institutions.
2 The countermeasures for enforcing scientific research management They involve: to build healthy scientific research group and department, to further monitor the dynamic of bio-resource and wetland ecosystem, the affecters on the wetland ecosystem from tourism and community activities around the region, to conduct the supplementary investigation of background resource, to enforce propaganda and education of wetland protection knowledge, and so forth
3、The countermeasures for enforcing economic management They involve: to develop zealously ecotourism and to promote mixed farming within measure to increase the income of the reserve and mass around the reserve.
4、To constitute systems suitable to condominium of the reserve management department and communities around the preservation zone.
5、To emphasize making decision scientifically and promote the introduction of advanced management measures.
6、To introduce fund widely, to increase investment and to ensure the measures mentioned above be carried out in reality.
引文
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