单壳油轮淘汰及其影响
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摘要
随着世界经济的快速发展,世界各国对石油需求量急剧增大,作为历史悠久的运输手段和重要运输方式的水上运输得到迅猛发展,船舶海上运输更被称为“世界贸易载体”,目前每年约有20亿吨石油及其产品(占总产量的60%)需取道海洋运送。在带来巨大经济利益的同时,全球重大海上溢油事故频频发生,给海洋及近海带来了重大的污染,给人类的生存环境带来了巨大的危害。为了保护海洋环境,降低溢油风险,国际海事组织制定了《MARPOL 73/78防污公约》,逐步淘汰单壳油轮。
由于溢油事故的不断发生,世界各国淘汰单壳油轮的呼声不断提高,对单壳油轮从事油运的限制不断严格,《MARPOL 73/78防污公约》也在不断的变化当中。鉴于单壳油轮淘汰计划及其相关条款的复杂性和专业性,世界不同地区、国家对淘汰计划执行的要求也各不相同,准确把握公约的内容及不同地区、国家对淘汰计划的执行情况,适时分吸淘汰计划对我国油运业、造船业和拆船也的影响并针对其影响做好应对措施,对于促进我国油运业、造船业、拆船业的发展都具有十分重要的意义。
本文在现行公约及相关法律规范的基础上,分析了单壳油轮之所以要淘汰的原因、淘汰的过程、淘汰后对运力和拆船方面的影响,并针对这些影响提出了应对措施。
本文主要内容有:绪论部分,主要阐述了本论文的课题研究的背景、内容、意义及国内外现状分析:单壳油轮淘汰的过程:单壳油轮淘汰对运力、拆船方面的影响及应对措施。本文旨在通过对单壳油轮淘汰的研究,在现行公约及相关法律法规的基础上,提出对单壳油轮淘汰后带来的影响并指出相应的对策。
With the rapid development of the world economy,all countries' demands to oil increase dramatically and water transport,as a means of transport with a long history and an important modes of transport,has obtained rapid development.The transport using ships is known as "the carrier of world trade".At present,about two billion tons of oil and its products (accounting for 60%of total) are transported via ocean.While bringing huge economic interest,the world's significant maritime oil spills occur frequently,which brings significant pollution to the marine and offshore and huge harm for humanity's living environment.In order to protect the marine environment and reduce the oil spill risk,the International Maritime Organization has formulated "the MARPOL 73/78 Antifouling Joint pledge" and eliminated the single-hull tankers gradually.
Due to the continuous occurrence of oil spills,all countries' voice to eliminate single-hull tankers is rising,the limitation of single-hull tankers engaged in oil transports is unceasingly strict and "MARPOL 73/78 Antifouling Joint pledge" also unceasing changes.In view of the fact that the elimination plans of single-hull oil tankers and related provision are complex and specialized,the implementation requirements of elimination plan are various in different parts of the world and different countries.It has a significant meaning for promoting oil transport industry,ship-building,ship-breaking to accurately grasp the contents of the Convention and the implementation of elimination plan in different regions and countries,timely bring forward good elimination ways and do a good job for its impact on response measures.
On the basis of the existing relevant conventions and legal norms,this paper analyzes the reason to eliminate single-hull tankers,the process of elimination and the impact on capacity and ship-breaking after elimination and bring forward counter measures aiming at the impacts.
The main contents of this paper are:The introduction part,mainly elaborates the background to the study of the topic,content,significance and the analysis of the status quo at home and abroad;the process of eliminating single-hull tankers;the impact on capacity and ship-breaking after eliminating single-hull tankers and counter measures.The purpose of this paper is to bring forward the influences and the corresponding counter measure after eliminating single-hull tankers,through the study to eliminate single-hull tankers and on the basis of the existing relevant conventions and legal norms.
由于溢油事故的不断发生,世界各国淘汰单壳油轮的呼声不断提高,对单壳油轮从事油运的限制不断严格,《MARPOL 73/78防污公约》也在不断的变化当中。鉴于单壳油轮淘汰计划及其相关条款的复杂性和专业性,世界不同地区、国家对淘汰计划执行的要求也各不相同,准确把握公约的内容及不同地区、国家对淘汰计划的执行情况,适时分吸淘汰计划对我国油运业、造船业和拆船也的影响并针对其影响做好应对措施,对于促进我国油运业、造船业、拆船业的发展都具有十分重要的意义。
本文在现行公约及相关法律规范的基础上,分析了单壳油轮之所以要淘汰的原因、淘汰的过程、淘汰后对运力和拆船方面的影响,并针对这些影响提出了应对措施。
本文主要内容有:绪论部分,主要阐述了本论文的课题研究的背景、内容、意义及国内外现状分析:单壳油轮淘汰的过程:单壳油轮淘汰对运力、拆船方面的影响及应对措施。本文旨在通过对单壳油轮淘汰的研究,在现行公约及相关法律法规的基础上,提出对单壳油轮淘汰后带来的影响并指出相应的对策。
With the rapid development of the world economy,all countries' demands to oil increase dramatically and water transport,as a means of transport with a long history and an important modes of transport,has obtained rapid development.The transport using ships is known as "the carrier of world trade".At present,about two billion tons of oil and its products (accounting for 60%of total) are transported via ocean.While bringing huge economic interest,the world's significant maritime oil spills occur frequently,which brings significant pollution to the marine and offshore and huge harm for humanity's living environment.In order to protect the marine environment and reduce the oil spill risk,the International Maritime Organization has formulated "the MARPOL 73/78 Antifouling Joint pledge" and eliminated the single-hull tankers gradually.
Due to the continuous occurrence of oil spills,all countries' voice to eliminate single-hull tankers is rising,the limitation of single-hull tankers engaged in oil transports is unceasingly strict and "MARPOL 73/78 Antifouling Joint pledge" also unceasing changes.In view of the fact that the elimination plans of single-hull oil tankers and related provision are complex and specialized,the implementation requirements of elimination plan are various in different parts of the world and different countries.It has a significant meaning for promoting oil transport industry,ship-building,ship-breaking to accurately grasp the contents of the Convention and the implementation of elimination plan in different regions and countries,timely bring forward good elimination ways and do a good job for its impact on response measures.
On the basis of the existing relevant conventions and legal norms,this paper analyzes the reason to eliminate single-hull tankers,the process of elimination and the impact on capacity and ship-breaking after elimination and bring forward counter measures aiming at the impacts.
The main contents of this paper are:The introduction part,mainly elaborates the background to the study of the topic,content,significance and the analysis of the status quo at home and abroad;the process of eliminating single-hull tankers;the impact on capacity and ship-breaking after eliminating single-hull tankers and counter measures.The purpose of this paper is to bring forward the influences and the corresponding counter measure after eliminating single-hull tankers,through the study to eliminate single-hull tankers and on the basis of the existing relevant conventions and legal norms.
引文
[1]http://www.shipfriends.net/bbs/read-htm-tid-68315.html
[2]http://news.xinhuanet.eom/video/2007-06/01/content_6185341.htm
[3]林正锦.单壳油轮命运再遭挑战.中国船检,2008(2):28-29
[4]http://joanna52zy.spaces.live.com/Blog/cns18A3A5EDB3805AD411800.entry
[5]杨广杏、万军明.鱼类石油烃污染剖析环境与开发论文.环境与开发,1995(3):25-26
[6]]Qin Zhi-gao Influence of Vessels' Oil Pollution on Oceanic Economy.Journal of NanTong Vocationl & Technicl Shipping College Vol.5 No.3 Sep.2006:24-26
[7]齐怀忠.基于预测和决策功能的海上船舶溢油应急信息系统.办公自动化,2003(8):40-43
[8]http://www.yantai.gov.cn/cn/zw/index_show.jsp?id=90811
[9]刘元芳。强化对港口船舶污染物接收监管.中国水运,2008(7):20-21
[10]王志国.VLCC船舶主船体分舱优化方法研究.大连理工大学.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库:8
[11]鲍承昌;周月丽.从单壳油轮泄漏原油事件看油轮改装的商机.中国修船,2003(4):33
[12]http://www.chinaports.com.cn/News/showpages.asp?id=2149
[13]http://baike.baidu.com/view/116753.htm
[14]林晓新.谈油轮结构的发展和单壳油轮淘汰及影响.珠江水运,2007(4):13-17
[15]刘峰.预报搁浅船舶船体强度的一种简化方法.中外船舶科技,2002(3):7-8
[16]浦宝康.Torrey Canyon事件后的30年.交通环保,1997(6):31-35
[17]International Convention for the prevention of Pollution from Ships,1973
[18]张湘兰等.海商法论.武汉大学出版社.2001.7
[19]http://www.lwenwang.cn/news_list.asp?id= 18420&p=3
[20]MARPOL73/78 Consolidated Edition
[21]http://www.jtzx.net.cn/cgi-bin/zwolfl/show.cgi?class=1 &id= 1026
[22]王健.”EXXON VALDEZ"轮油污案.中国海事,2005(2):39
[23]http://news.qq.com/a/20040129/000192.htm
[24]Song Jiahui.American Regime on the Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage from Ships and its "Oil Pollution Act of 1990".Environmental Protection in Transportation,June 1999:21-23
[25]郑吉雄.国际海事组织与欧盟加速单层船壳油轮淘汰有关规定概述.船舶与海运通讯,2004(4):11-21
[26]MARPOL73/78 Consolidated Edition,1992
[27]http://news.hexun.com/2008-01-16/102923665.html
[28]《禁止单壳油轮参与海运》方案
[29]李积轩.国际海事组织同意提前淘汰单壳体油船.中外船舶科技,2001(2):37-38
[30]中国船级社.IMO最新公约规则修正案简介(2002)(2001-- 2010生效)
[31]MARPOL 73/78公约附则Ⅰ第13G条修正
[32]http://www.people.com.cn/GB/huanbao/56/20021124/873260.html
[33]威望号油轮泄漏事故.北京青年报,2002.12.04
[34]http://www.weather.org.cn/jzb/anlifx/weiwuanghao.htm
[35]俞洁.”威望号”可能成定时炸弹.新闻晨报,2002.12.12
[36]新华网.“威望号”沉海引入深思:国际社会应管管破烂船.2002.11.29
[37]方玄昌.“威望号”悲鸣.新闻周刊,2002.12.15
[38]庄斐.罕见重油污染事件警示了什么?石油与环境简讯,2005.05.01:43
[39]REGULATION(EC) No.417/2002 OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 February 2002 & REGULATION(EC) No.1726/2003 OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 July 2003
[40]MARPOL73/78 Consolidated Edition 2003
[41]贺召强.绿色指标评价在船舶再循环中的应用研究.大连海事大学.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库:43
[42]费珊珊;张硕慧.拆船公约现状及其可能对我国造成的影响.中国黑龙江哈尔滨.“船舶安全管理与防污染管理”学术研讨会:54-58
[43]国际海事组织.国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约草案
[44]国际海事组织。安全与环境无害化拆船规则
[45]谢德华.国内拆船总量下滑至28.4万轻吨.中国船舶报,2008.01.28
[46]江国成.中国成立国家石油储备中心以加强战略石油储备.新华网,2007.11.28
[47]张艳.前10月我国石油对外依存度达49%.京华时报,2007.11.24
[48]李晓玲.中哈石油管线开通防范马六甲海峡运油风险.新民晚报,2008.11.22
[49]郎咸平.外国对中国的能源围困
[50]佚名.单壳船退市渐近油船市场商机无限.船艇,2007(10B):16
[51]艾凯数据研究中心.2008-2010年中国船舶制造行业调研及投资咨询报告
[52]http://www.snet.com.cn/95/2007_6_21/3_95_166266_0_0_1182414997726.html
[2]http://news.xinhuanet.eom/video/2007-06/01/content_6185341.htm
[3]林正锦.单壳油轮命运再遭挑战.中国船检,2008(2):28-29
[4]http://joanna52zy.spaces.live.com/Blog/cns18A3A5EDB3805AD411800.entry
[5]杨广杏、万军明.鱼类石油烃污染剖析环境与开发论文.环境与开发,1995(3):25-26
[6]]Qin Zhi-gao Influence of Vessels' Oil Pollution on Oceanic Economy.Journal of NanTong Vocationl & Technicl Shipping College Vol.5 No.3 Sep.2006:24-26
[7]齐怀忠.基于预测和决策功能的海上船舶溢油应急信息系统.办公自动化,2003(8):40-43
[8]http://www.yantai.gov.cn/cn/zw/index_show.jsp?id=90811
[9]刘元芳。强化对港口船舶污染物接收监管.中国水运,2008(7):20-21
[10]王志国.VLCC船舶主船体分舱优化方法研究.大连理工大学.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库:8
[11]鲍承昌;周月丽.从单壳油轮泄漏原油事件看油轮改装的商机.中国修船,2003(4):33
[12]http://www.chinaports.com.cn/News/showpages.asp?id=2149
[13]http://baike.baidu.com/view/116753.htm
[14]林晓新.谈油轮结构的发展和单壳油轮淘汰及影响.珠江水运,2007(4):13-17
[15]刘峰.预报搁浅船舶船体强度的一种简化方法.中外船舶科技,2002(3):7-8
[16]浦宝康.Torrey Canyon事件后的30年.交通环保,1997(6):31-35
[17]International Convention for the prevention of Pollution from Ships,1973
[18]张湘兰等.海商法论.武汉大学出版社.2001.7
[19]http://www.lwenwang.cn/news_list.asp?id= 18420&p=3
[20]MARPOL73/78 Consolidated Edition
[21]http://www.jtzx.net.cn/cgi-bin/zwolfl/show.cgi?class=1 &id= 1026
[22]王健.”EXXON VALDEZ"轮油污案.中国海事,2005(2):39
[23]http://news.qq.com/a/20040129/000192.htm
[24]Song Jiahui.American Regime on the Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage from Ships and its "Oil Pollution Act of 1990".Environmental Protection in Transportation,June 1999:21-23
[25]郑吉雄.国际海事组织与欧盟加速单层船壳油轮淘汰有关规定概述.船舶与海运通讯,2004(4):11-21
[26]MARPOL73/78 Consolidated Edition,1992
[27]http://news.hexun.com/2008-01-16/102923665.html
[28]《禁止单壳油轮参与海运》方案
[29]李积轩.国际海事组织同意提前淘汰单壳体油船.中外船舶科技,2001(2):37-38
[30]中国船级社.IMO最新公约规则修正案简介(2002)(2001-- 2010生效)
[31]MARPOL 73/78公约附则Ⅰ第13G条修正
[32]http://www.people.com.cn/GB/huanbao/56/20021124/873260.html
[33]威望号油轮泄漏事故.北京青年报,2002.12.04
[34]http://www.weather.org.cn/jzb/anlifx/weiwuanghao.htm
[35]俞洁.”威望号”可能成定时炸弹.新闻晨报,2002.12.12
[36]新华网.“威望号”沉海引入深思:国际社会应管管破烂船.2002.11.29
[37]方玄昌.“威望号”悲鸣.新闻周刊,2002.12.15
[38]庄斐.罕见重油污染事件警示了什么?石油与环境简讯,2005.05.01:43
[39]REGULATION(EC) No.417/2002 OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 February 2002 & REGULATION(EC) No.1726/2003 OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 July 2003
[40]MARPOL73/78 Consolidated Edition 2003
[41]贺召强.绿色指标评价在船舶再循环中的应用研究.大连海事大学.中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库:43
[42]费珊珊;张硕慧.拆船公约现状及其可能对我国造成的影响.中国黑龙江哈尔滨.“船舶安全管理与防污染管理”学术研讨会:54-58
[43]国际海事组织.国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约草案
[44]国际海事组织。安全与环境无害化拆船规则
[45]谢德华.国内拆船总量下滑至28.4万轻吨.中国船舶报,2008.01.28
[46]江国成.中国成立国家石油储备中心以加强战略石油储备.新华网,2007.11.28
[47]张艳.前10月我国石油对外依存度达49%.京华时报,2007.11.24
[48]李晓玲.中哈石油管线开通防范马六甲海峡运油风险.新民晚报,2008.11.22
[49]郎咸平.外国对中国的能源围困
[50]佚名.单壳船退市渐近油船市场商机无限.船艇,2007(10B):16
[51]艾凯数据研究中心.2008-2010年中国船舶制造行业调研及投资咨询报告
[52]http://www.snet.com.cn/95/2007_6_21/3_95_166266_0_0_1182414997726.html