宁夏灌淤时间序列的土壤碳库量演变研究
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摘要
土壤有机碳库是全球陆地系统最大的碳库,对缓解因二氧化碳等温室气体增加导致的全球气候变化具有重要的调节作用。同时,因为受到自然或人为因素的影响,土壤有机碳库处于动态变化之中。在影响土壤有机碳库变化的诸多因素中,灌溉被认为是提高土壤有机碳库的重要措施之一。在我国西北地区,灌溉农业的历史悠久,而且因流经这些区域的河水中常常含有大量的泥沙,而对灌区农田土壤性状产生强烈影响。由于河水中泥沙在农田中不断沉积,再加上人为的耕作施肥形成了具有一定厚度的人为土壤——灌淤土。灌淤土在我国宁夏引黄灌区分布最集中、最深厚,而且灌溉时间序列明显。为揭示长期引用高含沙河水灌溉耕作对土壤有机碳变化产生的影响及其增加土壤有机碳库的特殊机制,本研究以宁夏引黄灌区为研究区域,选取了具有不同灌溉时间序列的5种类型的土壤,于2009年10月底进行实地调查与采样,研究引黄灌区5种类型土壤在不同灌溉耕作时间序列下土壤有机碳含量及密度的剖面分布及变化特征,并与无灌溉耕作的自然土壤进行对比估算其变化速率,分析了不同灌溉耕作时间下灌淤层土壤有机碳库的变化。本研究还收集了1980年全国第二次土壤普查的107个土壤剖面(0-100cm)和65个表层样(0～20cm),以及测土配方施肥的143个表层样的数据资料,对比分析了宁夏引黄灌区近30年来土壤有机碳库的空间变异特征,以及灌区土壤有机碳库变化的主要驱动因素。主要研究结果如下：
1.灌溉耕作引起的土壤有机碳含量的变化因土壤类型的不同而存在差异；在相同的灌溉耕作时间下,5种类型土壤的有机碳密度大小顺序为：灌淤土>潮土>新积土>风沙土>淡灰钙土；与同类型未灌溉耕作的土壤比较,灌溉耕作影响下各类型土壤的有机碳密度均有不同程度的增加,相同的灌溉耕作时间下土壤有机碳密度增幅排列次序为：风沙土>潮土>灌淤土>淡灰钙土>新积土。宁夏引黄灌区土壤的固碳效应因土壤类型的不同存在明显差异。
2.不同灌溉时间序列下,土壤有机碳含量及密度差异性显著(P<0.05)；灌溉耕作时间越长,表层土壤有机碳含量及密度增加越明显,受其影响的土层也越深,土壤剖面(0～100cm)有机碳密度增加越多。引黄灌溉是影响宁夏灌区土壤有机碳的重要因素,对增加土壤有机碳密度作用突出。
3.宁夏引黄灌区土壤有机碳库为24.13Tg,其中82.8%的土壤有机碳库储存于灌淤层中,与未受灌溉耕作影响的对照自然土壤相比,上壤有机碳库增加约16.83Tg,灌淤层土壤有机碳库增加占总增加量的87.8%；表层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳含量的增加量和土壤有机碳密度(0～100cm)的增加量均与灌溉耕作时间显著相关；灌淤层土壤有机碳密度的增加量与灌溉耕作时间极显著相关(P<0.01)。说明长期引用高含沙河水灌溉耕作是促进引黄灌区土壤尤其是灌淤层土壤有机碳库增加的最主要原因,灌淤土在降低大气中二氧化碳含量和缓解气候变化中发挥着重要作用。
4.自1980年至2009年,宁夏引黄灌区表层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳密度由1.63kg·m-2增至2.19kg·m-2,平均年增幅分别为1.2%,增加显著(P<0.01)；剖面(0～100cm)土壤有机碳密度平均由5.77kg·m-2增至6.05kg·m-2,平均年增幅为0.16%,增加不显著；灌区土壤有机碳含量和密度与灌溉时间之间有较强的相关性(P<0.01),灌溉耕作时间越长,土壤有机碳含量和密度越高：宁夏灌区土壤有机碳密度平均提高速率为0.056kg C ha-1a-1。
5灌区土壤碳库组分中,慢性有机碳占的比例最大,其次是惰性有机碳,活性有机碳所占的比例不般不超过10%。灌区土壤有机碳库较稳定。
6土壤类型是影响灌区土壤有机碳库大小的主导性因素,单位面积化肥施用量、单位面积作物产量及作物种类对灌区土壤有机碳的影响也越显重要,而灌溉耕作对宁夏引黄灌区土壤有机碳密度变化作用最突出。
Soil organic carbon stocks is the biggest of terrestrial ecosystem. It plays an important role in mediating global climate change caused by increased greenhouse gas just like CO2, et al. Meanwhile, the stocks is in a case of dynamics because it affected by natural factors or human activities. Among the factors which have effects on soil organic carbon pool changes, irrigation is considered to be one of the important measures that safeguard agriculture normal production and improve soil organic carbon pool. In the northwest region of China, irrigated agricultural has a long history, but also due to flow through the region of the river often contain large amounts of sediment, and to exert a strong influence on characters of irrigated farmland soils. Because the river sediment in the fields of continuous deposition, plus cultivated in farming land has formed an Anthrosols soil:Irrigated-silted soils, with some certain thickness of silted soil layer. Irrigated-silted soils was the most concentrated distribution, thicker and with obvious irrigation time series, in Ningxia Irrigation Zone, China.To reveal the long-term effect on soil organic carbon change and concentration with irrigation by Yellow River water, and the special mechanism of irrigation with sediment laden river water to increase soil organic carbon pool, the Ningxia Irrigation Zone was selected as a study area for the present study. Totally48sampling profiles were studied under different irrigation time series for5types of soils, in2009. Distributing5types of soil in different irrigation time sequence, determined soil organic carbon content and density in profile distribution and change characteristic, and with no irrigation farming of natural soil as control soil compared to estimate the rate of soil organic carbon sequestrated, analysis of different irrigation farming time that irrigation silted layer's soil organic carbon storage change. This study also collected in1980Second National Soil Census in107soil profiles (0-100cm) and65surface samples (0-20cm), as well as the formula fertilization by soil testing143surface samples data, through the comparative analysis of the irrigation area of Yellow River in recent30years, in Ningxia, to reveal the variation characteristics of soil organic carbon change in profile deepth and the main driving factor of the irrigated area. The main conclusions as following:
(1) Irrigation and cultivation are the important driving forces of variation of soil organic carbon density (SOCD). Results show that the effect of irrigation and cultivation on carbon sequestration varied with the soil. The same in irrigation and cultivation duration, the five types of soils followed a decreasing order of Irrigated-silted soils> Tidal soils>Recent deposited soils> Aeolian sandy soil> Sierozem soil in SOCD. Irrigation and cultivation increased SOCD to a varying degree in these soils, which followed Aeolian sandy soil> Recent deposited soils>Irrigated-silted soils> Sierozem soil> Tidal soil. The differences among the soils in effect of irrigation and cultivation on carbon sequestration are significant in the Ningxia Irrigation Zone.
(2) The results showed that the differences of SOC content and density were significant (P<0.05) under different durations of irrigation and soil types. The longer duration of irrigation, the greater SOC content and density were found in surface layer. The similar result was found in SOC density of100cm depth. And the deeper soil layers were affected by irrigation under longer durations of irrigation from the Yellow River.
(3) The SOC stocks is24.13Tg in Ningxia Irrigation Zone. Compared with the non-irrigated and non-cultivated control soils with same thickness, soil organic carbon stock increased with16.83Tg. Account for87.8%of the increment (11.43Tg C) of soil organic carbon stocks stored in Irrigation silted soil layer. Significant correlations were found between the SOC content increment of the surface (0-20cm), SOC density of the profiles (0-100cm), and irrigation years (P<0.05), especially between the SOC density increment of the ISS layer and irrigation years (P<0.01). Soil organic carbon stocks was greatly influenced by Long-term irrigation with sediment laden Yellow River water, especially in the ISS layer. Irrigated-silted soils plays an important role in soil carbon sequestration in Ningxia Irrigated Zone, China.
(4) Soil organic carbon density in surface layer increased from1.63kg·m-2to2.19kg-m-2, increased1.2%in average (P<0.01), from1980to2009. Soil organic carbon density in profile (0～100cm) increased from5.77kg-m-2to6.05kg·m-2, increased0.16%in average in year (P<0.05). Soil organic carbon content and density have strong relationship with durations of irrigation. The rate of SOC increased by0.056kg C m-2·a-1, and the increment of soil organic carbon density of Irrigated-silted soils is greater than the other four types of soil in Ningxia Irrigation Zone.
(5)Within the three carbon pool, the percentage of slow carbon pool is the biggest, followed by passive and active carbon pool. The percentages are lower than10%for the irrigated soils in Ningxia Irrigation Zone. This indicated that the soil organic carbon pool is relatively stable in Ningxia Irrigation Zone.
(6) Soil types is an dominant factor to soil organic carbon stocks. The amount of chemical fertilizer per unit area, yield of crops per unit area and crops types are the more important factors to increase soil organic carbon content in the irrigated area. As an important factor that SOC density increased remarkably due to irrigation from the Yellow River. And the effect is the most prominent on soil organic carbon density change.
1.灌溉耕作引起的土壤有机碳含量的变化因土壤类型的不同而存在差异；在相同的灌溉耕作时间下,5种类型土壤的有机碳密度大小顺序为：灌淤土>潮土>新积土>风沙土>淡灰钙土；与同类型未灌溉耕作的土壤比较,灌溉耕作影响下各类型土壤的有机碳密度均有不同程度的增加,相同的灌溉耕作时间下土壤有机碳密度增幅排列次序为：风沙土>潮土>灌淤土>淡灰钙土>新积土。宁夏引黄灌区土壤的固碳效应因土壤类型的不同存在明显差异。
2.不同灌溉时间序列下,土壤有机碳含量及密度差异性显著(P<0.05)；灌溉耕作时间越长,表层土壤有机碳含量及密度增加越明显,受其影响的土层也越深,土壤剖面(0～100cm)有机碳密度增加越多。引黄灌溉是影响宁夏灌区土壤有机碳的重要因素,对增加土壤有机碳密度作用突出。
3.宁夏引黄灌区土壤有机碳库为24.13Tg,其中82.8%的土壤有机碳库储存于灌淤层中,与未受灌溉耕作影响的对照自然土壤相比,上壤有机碳库增加约16.83Tg,灌淤层土壤有机碳库增加占总增加量的87.8%；表层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳含量的增加量和土壤有机碳密度(0～100cm)的增加量均与灌溉耕作时间显著相关；灌淤层土壤有机碳密度的增加量与灌溉耕作时间极显著相关(P<0.01)。说明长期引用高含沙河水灌溉耕作是促进引黄灌区土壤尤其是灌淤层土壤有机碳库增加的最主要原因,灌淤土在降低大气中二氧化碳含量和缓解气候变化中发挥着重要作用。
4.自1980年至2009年,宁夏引黄灌区表层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳密度由1.63kg·m-2增至2.19kg·m-2,平均年增幅分别为1.2%,增加显著(P<0.01)；剖面(0～100cm)土壤有机碳密度平均由5.77kg·m-2增至6.05kg·m-2,平均年增幅为0.16%,增加不显著；灌区土壤有机碳含量和密度与灌溉时间之间有较强的相关性(P<0.01),灌溉耕作时间越长,土壤有机碳含量和密度越高：宁夏灌区土壤有机碳密度平均提高速率为0.056kg C ha-1a-1。
5灌区土壤碳库组分中,慢性有机碳占的比例最大,其次是惰性有机碳,活性有机碳所占的比例不般不超过10%。灌区土壤有机碳库较稳定。
6土壤类型是影响灌区土壤有机碳库大小的主导性因素,单位面积化肥施用量、单位面积作物产量及作物种类对灌区土壤有机碳的影响也越显重要,而灌溉耕作对宁夏引黄灌区土壤有机碳密度变化作用最突出。
Soil organic carbon stocks is the biggest of terrestrial ecosystem. It plays an important role in mediating global climate change caused by increased greenhouse gas just like CO2, et al. Meanwhile, the stocks is in a case of dynamics because it affected by natural factors or human activities. Among the factors which have effects on soil organic carbon pool changes, irrigation is considered to be one of the important measures that safeguard agriculture normal production and improve soil organic carbon pool. In the northwest region of China, irrigated agricultural has a long history, but also due to flow through the region of the river often contain large amounts of sediment, and to exert a strong influence on characters of irrigated farmland soils. Because the river sediment in the fields of continuous deposition, plus cultivated in farming land has formed an Anthrosols soil:Irrigated-silted soils, with some certain thickness of silted soil layer. Irrigated-silted soils was the most concentrated distribution, thicker and with obvious irrigation time series, in Ningxia Irrigation Zone, China.To reveal the long-term effect on soil organic carbon change and concentration with irrigation by Yellow River water, and the special mechanism of irrigation with sediment laden river water to increase soil organic carbon pool, the Ningxia Irrigation Zone was selected as a study area for the present study. Totally48sampling profiles were studied under different irrigation time series for5types of soils, in2009. Distributing5types of soil in different irrigation time sequence, determined soil organic carbon content and density in profile distribution and change characteristic, and with no irrigation farming of natural soil as control soil compared to estimate the rate of soil organic carbon sequestrated, analysis of different irrigation farming time that irrigation silted layer's soil organic carbon storage change. This study also collected in1980Second National Soil Census in107soil profiles (0-100cm) and65surface samples (0-20cm), as well as the formula fertilization by soil testing143surface samples data, through the comparative analysis of the irrigation area of Yellow River in recent30years, in Ningxia, to reveal the variation characteristics of soil organic carbon change in profile deepth and the main driving factor of the irrigated area. The main conclusions as following:
(1) Irrigation and cultivation are the important driving forces of variation of soil organic carbon density (SOCD). Results show that the effect of irrigation and cultivation on carbon sequestration varied with the soil. The same in irrigation and cultivation duration, the five types of soils followed a decreasing order of Irrigated-silted soils> Tidal soils>Recent deposited soils> Aeolian sandy soil> Sierozem soil in SOCD. Irrigation and cultivation increased SOCD to a varying degree in these soils, which followed Aeolian sandy soil> Recent deposited soils>Irrigated-silted soils> Sierozem soil> Tidal soil. The differences among the soils in effect of irrigation and cultivation on carbon sequestration are significant in the Ningxia Irrigation Zone.
(2) The results showed that the differences of SOC content and density were significant (P<0.05) under different durations of irrigation and soil types. The longer duration of irrigation, the greater SOC content and density were found in surface layer. The similar result was found in SOC density of100cm depth. And the deeper soil layers were affected by irrigation under longer durations of irrigation from the Yellow River.
(3) The SOC stocks is24.13Tg in Ningxia Irrigation Zone. Compared with the non-irrigated and non-cultivated control soils with same thickness, soil organic carbon stock increased with16.83Tg. Account for87.8%of the increment (11.43Tg C) of soil organic carbon stocks stored in Irrigation silted soil layer. Significant correlations were found between the SOC content increment of the surface (0-20cm), SOC density of the profiles (0-100cm), and irrigation years (P<0.05), especially between the SOC density increment of the ISS layer and irrigation years (P<0.01). Soil organic carbon stocks was greatly influenced by Long-term irrigation with sediment laden Yellow River water, especially in the ISS layer. Irrigated-silted soils plays an important role in soil carbon sequestration in Ningxia Irrigated Zone, China.
(4) Soil organic carbon density in surface layer increased from1.63kg·m-2to2.19kg-m-2, increased1.2%in average (P<0.01), from1980to2009. Soil organic carbon density in profile (0～100cm) increased from5.77kg-m-2to6.05kg·m-2, increased0.16%in average in year (P<0.05). Soil organic carbon content and density have strong relationship with durations of irrigation. The rate of SOC increased by0.056kg C m-2·a-1, and the increment of soil organic carbon density of Irrigated-silted soils is greater than the other four types of soil in Ningxia Irrigation Zone.
(5)Within the three carbon pool, the percentage of slow carbon pool is the biggest, followed by passive and active carbon pool. The percentages are lower than10%for the irrigated soils in Ningxia Irrigation Zone. This indicated that the soil organic carbon pool is relatively stable in Ningxia Irrigation Zone.
(6) Soil types is an dominant factor to soil organic carbon stocks. The amount of chemical fertilizer per unit area, yield of crops per unit area and crops types are the more important factors to increase soil organic carbon content in the irrigated area. As an important factor that SOC density increased remarkably due to irrigation from the Yellow River. And the effect is the most prominent on soil organic carbon density change.
引文
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