北方寒地大规模水稻秧苗配送系统优化
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摘要
中国水稻生产综合机械化水平提高较快，但是水稻秧苗配送系统的机械化成为发展瓶颈，其中，水稻大规模生产过程中，育插秧系统机械化配套技术和服务成为农业系统工程中的前沿问题。本论文以北方寒地大规模水稻育插秧系统为背景，根据水稻工厂化育秧、机插等技术向组织化、集约化、标准化发展趋势，采用系统分析和建模优化方法，对大规模工厂化育秧条件下，从农机配套的角度对育秧到插秧的配送过程进行优化研究。具体研究如下:
（1）寒地大规模水稻秧苗配送系统及农机配套研究对象的描述。融合黑龙江垦区规模水稻种植中高端农艺农机技术，利用因素分析表明，实现既满足运输方便，又保证秧苗质量的农机农艺高度融合作为水稻秧苗配送系统发展方向。界定研究对象为寒地大规模水稻秧苗配送系统，是指寒地大规模水稻种植过程中从大棚育秧空间布局开始，到插秧完成之间的物流配送过程中各环节构成的系统。归纳得出该系统关键流程为“棚地全程机械化模式”。具体设计了水稻工厂化育秧大棚到多本田的秧苗配送关键流程，系统地提取了农机配套指标。据此，展开后续研究。
（2）工厂育秧大棚到多本田的大规模水稻秧苗配送系统优化及农机配套研究。①水稻工厂化育秧大棚的生产物流优化及农机配套研究。基于工厂化规模育秧大棚内秧盘布局的研究成果，结合黑龙江垦区调研的秧盘布局现状，对秧盘采用仓库储位管理，并进行出棚研究，以水稻工厂化育秧大棚秧苗起秧路径和出棚总成本最低为目标，构建目标规划模型，运用遗传算法求解，获得大棚内起秧、出棚的路线和方式等流程综合优化方案，经算例检验，得出工厂化育秧大棚内秧盘出棚的生产物流优化流程：起秧路径从秧棚中间顺次向两侧，再从两侧向中间，将秧苗从秧盘中全部起出装秧架，依据运秧车每次的容量，将秧架等间隔集中到秧棚的通道附近，接着利用运秧车将秧架沿秧棚的中间通道，顺次运送到秧棚外，直接提升装车。同时，优化方案的成本节约了19%和时间降低了21%。归纳出该生产物流农机合理配套的满足条件，得出棚内水稻秧苗生产物流的农机配套规律：在运秧车容量一定时，生产物流成本随配套农机运行速度的增加而逐渐减少，最后趋于稳定。生产物流成本与配套农机容量的关系类似。②水稻工厂化育秧大棚到一本田配送系统及农机配套优化研究。以该秧苗配送系统总成本最低为目标，建立了目标规划模型，获得育秧大棚到一本田配送的优化流程和综合优化方案，经算例检验，得出工厂化育秧大棚到一本田直配的优化流程：根据插秧机插秧速度和本田的宽度、每次最大插秧宽度，设计出本田一侧的供秧计划和插秧机插秧路线，秧苗集散地的供秧量至少是本田内运秧车容纳秧苗量的2倍，秧苗集散地的供秧间隔时间至少为运秧车容纳插秧机载秧量的倍数乘以插秧机完成载秧量插秧任务时间的2倍。优化方案的成本节约18%、时间降低14%和工人数节约40%。优化分析出农机配套关键指标为各阶段运秧容量、速度和插秧机插秧速度。归纳出农机合理配套满足的条件，将部分秧苗生产和配送相关指标选用通用值，得出本田内供秧速度应大于等于2.65倍的插秧速度，公路运秧车在不同插秧速度下需要小于的运输时间，以及针对插秧机插秧速度和运输时间确定出育秧棚内需配套的人工数2-3人，插秧0.4m/s以上都需配套运秧车，插秧0.8m/s以上需要提前起秧。③水稻工厂化育秧大棚到多本田配送系统及农机配套优化研究。综合应用定位-运输车辆路线安排问题（LRP）和准时制（JIT）物流原理，以总成本最低为目标建立了北方寒地规模水稻秧苗定位-运输和准时配送的LAPTW模型，针对模型求解的“NP”难问题，构建三阶段启发式算法，其中第一阶段采用最小包络判别方法和聚类选址的启发式算法，确定本田秧苗集散地及配给服务的水稻本田，第二阶段采用遗传启发算法解决运输秧苗到各秧苗集散地的路径优化问题，第三阶段采用循环取货模式基于农机配套考虑准时供秧。最后，经算例检验，采用启发式算法优化分析，得出农机配套的规模水稻秧苗配送的优化方案成本节约28%和时间节约40%。归纳出工厂化育秧大棚到多本田循环配送操作优化流程与工厂育秧大棚到一本田直配的优化流程类似，只是增加了设计工厂育秧大棚到多个本田的秧苗集散地的路径优化。规模水稻秧苗配送系统中工厂化育秧大棚到多本田农机配套的规律与到一本田的秧苗配送规律类似，区别在于从插秧机速度为0.3m/s-0.4m/s，按照标准棚尺寸计算，棚内起秧人数比秧棚到一标准本田的多1-2人，需配套棚内运秧车方可满足插秧需求，而在插秧机速度为0.5m/s以上时就需要提前起秧，棚内起秧人数随配套机械和时间要求增加起秧人数。
（3）黑龙江垦区农机配套服务的应用研究。界定寒地农机配套服务范围、研究服务主体的特征、驱动模式。通对农艺农机配套发展过程、农机配套方法应用和农机服务组织结构的分析，首先，依据北方寒地规模水稻秧苗配送系统农机配套规律，给出了黑龙江垦区在机械选购和制造中的应用。其次，挖掘出农机配套服务主客体特征，确定黑龙江垦区发展农机配套服务的动因，提出以农机服务中心为主体的北方寒地规模水稻秧苗配送“棚地全程机械化模式”的全程服务模式，为实施水稻秧苗从大棚到本田秧苗集散地，再到插秧机供秧位置的配送优化奠定基础。
Despite the improvement of China’s rice production mechanization, the level of mechanization of ricecultivation develops slowly, especially, the seeding and planting becomes the weakness of mechanizationtechnology of rice production. However, in the process of large-scale rice cultivation, the technique and serviceof seeding and planting mechanical sets has become the hot topic. Therefore, in large-scale rice plantingsystem in North Cold, on the tendency of the organized, integrated and standardized raising and inserting riceseedlings and the method of systematic analysis&mode optimization, the research focuses on the study ofseedling and planting logistics machinery supporting in large-scale.
(1) Description of the agricultural machinery supporting of large-scale rice planting logistics system inNorth Cold. Combined with the mid-and high-end agronomic agricultural technology in scale rice cultivationin the Heilongjiang Reclamation, the study analyzes the trend of raising and inserting rice seedlings in anorganized, intensive, and standardized way. To define large-scale rice cultivation logistics system in Cold andstudy the logistics processes, determine the critical processes and key indicators of a large scale rice cultivationlogistics system in North Cold. Its key processes develop with technology as follows.
(2) Study on optimization of large-scale rice seedlings multi-distribution system from factory greenhousesto fields and machinery supporting.①Study on optimizing production logistics of rice seedlings based onmachinery supporting in greenhouse. Based on results from seedling tray layout in large-scale greenhouse,combined with the Heilongjiang Reclamation research seedling tray layout, the paper looks into seedlingcarried out by warehouse storage management. Taking the path of rice seedlings from greenhouse and totalcost as the goal, the target programming model is built, using the genetic algorithm so as to get theoptimization program from the seedling greenhouse about shed routes and modalities of such processes. Withtested numerical examples, the production logistics optimization process is drawn: the seedling shed path fromthe middle sequentially to both sides, from both sides to the middle, all of the seedlings from the seedling trayto the cage, according to the capacity of each vehicle transporting seedlings, seedling stand will equally spacednear the channel. Vehicles will send seedling shed shelf along the middle channel, sequentially transported tothe outside for direct loading. The cost of optimization program saved19%with time reduced by21%. Thissupporting system meets the conditions, which comes to law of shed rice seedlings supporting agriculturalproduction: if the transport capacity of seedling car is fixed, supporting agricultural production and logisticscosts gradually decreases with an increase in running speed and finally tends stability. The relation of logisticscosts is similar to the capacity of supporting machinery.②S tudy on optimization of large-scale rice seedlingsmulti-distribution system from to the first field and machinery supporting. Taking the lowest total cost of theseedling distribution system as the goal, the target programming model is built, with tested numericalexamples, the direct distribution optimization process from factory greenhouses to the first field is drawn:according to transplanting speed, the width of each field, and maximum width of seedling, seed-supplying planand the route of transplanting of one side are designed. The amount shipped within seedling accommodate is atleast two times of the amount of seedlings in cars. Seeding interval in seedling distribution center is the timesof the capacity of transplanters multiply two times of the time that the machines finish seedling. The cost ofoptimization program saves18%,14%decrease in time and40%down in the number of workers. The keyindicators of agricultural support are transport seedlings capacity for all stages, speed and transplanting speed.The conditions for agricultural machinery are summed up. Part of seedling production and distribution related indicators are used as generic values. Seeding rate in field should be greater than or equal to2.65times ofplanting speed, road transport vehicles in different transplanting speeds requires less than transportation time.Based on transplanting speed and transporting time, it requires2-3workers in greenhouse. Seedling at thespeed of0.4m/sec or more is required to supply cars shipping seedlings. Those at the speed of0.8m/sec ormore need seedlings ahead of time.③Study on large-scale rice planting logistics system from rice factorygreenhouses to fields and optimization of agricultural machinery supporting service. Comprehensivelyconsidering the LRP and JIT, aiming at the lowest cost, the fix location dispatching model and punctualsupplying LAPTW model are given. To solve the difficult question “NP”, the heuristic algorithm of the fixlocation dispatching model and punctual supplying is introduced. In the first process, the heuristic algorithm ofminimum wet method and integrated chosen method, the rice field is chosen. During the second process, theroute optimize is taken by the way of heritage heuristic algorithm. In the third stage, the circular fetchingmethod is adopted, that is milk fetching way, which completely considers the evenly circular seeding. Finally,through example tests, after the heuristic algorithm optimization analysis, I concluded that the large-scale riceseedling distribution optimization scheme supported by agricultural machinery makes cost saving28%andtime saving40%. I summarize that circulation distribution operation optimization process from rice factorygreenhouses to many-standard field is similar with direct distribution optimization process from rice factorygreenhouses to fields. The former just adds path optimization from rice factory greenhouses to fields. In thedistribution system of large-scale rice seedlings from factory greenhouses to many-standard field, regularity ofagricultural machinery supporting service is similar with regularity of field seedlings distribution. Thedifference is as follows, that due to the transplanter speed of0.3m/s to0.4m/s, according to the standard sizecalculation, the seedling people number in seedling greenhouse is more1-2people than standard field. Andthey need vehicle to meet the demand of planting. When the transplanter speed is more than0.5m/s, they willneed early seedling, and the seedling people number changes along with the supporting machinery andrequired time.
(3) The applied research on agricultural machinery supporting service in Heilongjiang agriculturalreclamation system. It is to define the range of services in agricultural machinery supporting in North Cold, themain characteristics and the drive mode. Analyze the development of agronomic farm machinery, theapplication of agricultural supporting methods and the structure of agricultural machinery service. First of all,according to the regularity of agricultural machinery supporting service in North Cold large-scale riceseedlings distribution system, the applications in choosing machinery and production are provided. Second,find out the main characteristics of agricultural support services and the motivation in the development ofagricultural support services in Heilongjiang reclamation area. North Cold logistics system of center as themain the greenhouse-to-field distribution mode of complete machinery process, centered on agriculturalmachinery service of large-scale rice cultivation farm machinery service is selected. It lays a solid foundationto form a distribution center for seedling from greenhouse to field and to optimize transplanter distributionpositions.
（1）寒地大规模水稻秧苗配送系统及农机配套研究对象的描述。融合黑龙江垦区规模水稻种植中高端农艺农机技术，利用因素分析表明，实现既满足运输方便，又保证秧苗质量的农机农艺高度融合作为水稻秧苗配送系统发展方向。界定研究对象为寒地大规模水稻秧苗配送系统，是指寒地大规模水稻种植过程中从大棚育秧空间布局开始，到插秧完成之间的物流配送过程中各环节构成的系统。归纳得出该系统关键流程为“棚地全程机械化模式”。具体设计了水稻工厂化育秧大棚到多本田的秧苗配送关键流程，系统地提取了农机配套指标。据此，展开后续研究。
（2）工厂育秧大棚到多本田的大规模水稻秧苗配送系统优化及农机配套研究。①水稻工厂化育秧大棚的生产物流优化及农机配套研究。基于工厂化规模育秧大棚内秧盘布局的研究成果，结合黑龙江垦区调研的秧盘布局现状，对秧盘采用仓库储位管理，并进行出棚研究，以水稻工厂化育秧大棚秧苗起秧路径和出棚总成本最低为目标，构建目标规划模型，运用遗传算法求解，获得大棚内起秧、出棚的路线和方式等流程综合优化方案，经算例检验，得出工厂化育秧大棚内秧盘出棚的生产物流优化流程：起秧路径从秧棚中间顺次向两侧，再从两侧向中间，将秧苗从秧盘中全部起出装秧架，依据运秧车每次的容量，将秧架等间隔集中到秧棚的通道附近，接着利用运秧车将秧架沿秧棚的中间通道，顺次运送到秧棚外，直接提升装车。同时，优化方案的成本节约了19%和时间降低了21%。归纳出该生产物流农机合理配套的满足条件，得出棚内水稻秧苗生产物流的农机配套规律：在运秧车容量一定时，生产物流成本随配套农机运行速度的增加而逐渐减少，最后趋于稳定。生产物流成本与配套农机容量的关系类似。②水稻工厂化育秧大棚到一本田配送系统及农机配套优化研究。以该秧苗配送系统总成本最低为目标，建立了目标规划模型，获得育秧大棚到一本田配送的优化流程和综合优化方案，经算例检验，得出工厂化育秧大棚到一本田直配的优化流程：根据插秧机插秧速度和本田的宽度、每次最大插秧宽度，设计出本田一侧的供秧计划和插秧机插秧路线，秧苗集散地的供秧量至少是本田内运秧车容纳秧苗量的2倍，秧苗集散地的供秧间隔时间至少为运秧车容纳插秧机载秧量的倍数乘以插秧机完成载秧量插秧任务时间的2倍。优化方案的成本节约18%、时间降低14%和工人数节约40%。优化分析出农机配套关键指标为各阶段运秧容量、速度和插秧机插秧速度。归纳出农机合理配套满足的条件，将部分秧苗生产和配送相关指标选用通用值，得出本田内供秧速度应大于等于2.65倍的插秧速度，公路运秧车在不同插秧速度下需要小于的运输时间，以及针对插秧机插秧速度和运输时间确定出育秧棚内需配套的人工数2-3人，插秧0.4m/s以上都需配套运秧车，插秧0.8m/s以上需要提前起秧。③水稻工厂化育秧大棚到多本田配送系统及农机配套优化研究。综合应用定位-运输车辆路线安排问题（LRP）和准时制（JIT）物流原理，以总成本最低为目标建立了北方寒地规模水稻秧苗定位-运输和准时配送的LAPTW模型，针对模型求解的“NP”难问题，构建三阶段启发式算法，其中第一阶段采用最小包络判别方法和聚类选址的启发式算法，确定本田秧苗集散地及配给服务的水稻本田，第二阶段采用遗传启发算法解决运输秧苗到各秧苗集散地的路径优化问题，第三阶段采用循环取货模式基于农机配套考虑准时供秧。最后，经算例检验，采用启发式算法优化分析，得出农机配套的规模水稻秧苗配送的优化方案成本节约28%和时间节约40%。归纳出工厂化育秧大棚到多本田循环配送操作优化流程与工厂育秧大棚到一本田直配的优化流程类似，只是增加了设计工厂育秧大棚到多个本田的秧苗集散地的路径优化。规模水稻秧苗配送系统中工厂化育秧大棚到多本田农机配套的规律与到一本田的秧苗配送规律类似，区别在于从插秧机速度为0.3m/s-0.4m/s，按照标准棚尺寸计算，棚内起秧人数比秧棚到一标准本田的多1-2人，需配套棚内运秧车方可满足插秧需求，而在插秧机速度为0.5m/s以上时就需要提前起秧，棚内起秧人数随配套机械和时间要求增加起秧人数。
（3）黑龙江垦区农机配套服务的应用研究。界定寒地农机配套服务范围、研究服务主体的特征、驱动模式。通对农艺农机配套发展过程、农机配套方法应用和农机服务组织结构的分析，首先，依据北方寒地规模水稻秧苗配送系统农机配套规律，给出了黑龙江垦区在机械选购和制造中的应用。其次，挖掘出农机配套服务主客体特征，确定黑龙江垦区发展农机配套服务的动因，提出以农机服务中心为主体的北方寒地规模水稻秧苗配送“棚地全程机械化模式”的全程服务模式，为实施水稻秧苗从大棚到本田秧苗集散地，再到插秧机供秧位置的配送优化奠定基础。
Despite the improvement of China’s rice production mechanization, the level of mechanization of ricecultivation develops slowly, especially, the seeding and planting becomes the weakness of mechanizationtechnology of rice production. However, in the process of large-scale rice cultivation, the technique and serviceof seeding and planting mechanical sets has become the hot topic. Therefore, in large-scale rice plantingsystem in North Cold, on the tendency of the organized, integrated and standardized raising and inserting riceseedlings and the method of systematic analysis&mode optimization, the research focuses on the study ofseedling and planting logistics machinery supporting in large-scale.
(1) Description of the agricultural machinery supporting of large-scale rice planting logistics system inNorth Cold. Combined with the mid-and high-end agronomic agricultural technology in scale rice cultivationin the Heilongjiang Reclamation, the study analyzes the trend of raising and inserting rice seedlings in anorganized, intensive, and standardized way. To define large-scale rice cultivation logistics system in Cold andstudy the logistics processes, determine the critical processes and key indicators of a large scale rice cultivationlogistics system in North Cold. Its key processes develop with technology as follows.
(2) Study on optimization of large-scale rice seedlings multi-distribution system from factory greenhousesto fields and machinery supporting.①Study on optimizing production logistics of rice seedlings based onmachinery supporting in greenhouse. Based on results from seedling tray layout in large-scale greenhouse,combined with the Heilongjiang Reclamation research seedling tray layout, the paper looks into seedlingcarried out by warehouse storage management. Taking the path of rice seedlings from greenhouse and totalcost as the goal, the target programming model is built, using the genetic algorithm so as to get theoptimization program from the seedling greenhouse about shed routes and modalities of such processes. Withtested numerical examples, the production logistics optimization process is drawn: the seedling shed path fromthe middle sequentially to both sides, from both sides to the middle, all of the seedlings from the seedling trayto the cage, according to the capacity of each vehicle transporting seedlings, seedling stand will equally spacednear the channel. Vehicles will send seedling shed shelf along the middle channel, sequentially transported tothe outside for direct loading. The cost of optimization program saved19%with time reduced by21%. Thissupporting system meets the conditions, which comes to law of shed rice seedlings supporting agriculturalproduction: if the transport capacity of seedling car is fixed, supporting agricultural production and logisticscosts gradually decreases with an increase in running speed and finally tends stability. The relation of logisticscosts is similar to the capacity of supporting machinery.②S tudy on optimization of large-scale rice seedlingsmulti-distribution system from to the first field and machinery supporting. Taking the lowest total cost of theseedling distribution system as the goal, the target programming model is built, with tested numericalexamples, the direct distribution optimization process from factory greenhouses to the first field is drawn:according to transplanting speed, the width of each field, and maximum width of seedling, seed-supplying planand the route of transplanting of one side are designed. The amount shipped within seedling accommodate is atleast two times of the amount of seedlings in cars. Seeding interval in seedling distribution center is the timesof the capacity of transplanters multiply two times of the time that the machines finish seedling. The cost ofoptimization program saves18%,14%decrease in time and40%down in the number of workers. The keyindicators of agricultural support are transport seedlings capacity for all stages, speed and transplanting speed.The conditions for agricultural machinery are summed up. Part of seedling production and distribution related indicators are used as generic values. Seeding rate in field should be greater than or equal to2.65times ofplanting speed, road transport vehicles in different transplanting speeds requires less than transportation time.Based on transplanting speed and transporting time, it requires2-3workers in greenhouse. Seedling at thespeed of0.4m/sec or more is required to supply cars shipping seedlings. Those at the speed of0.8m/sec ormore need seedlings ahead of time.③Study on large-scale rice planting logistics system from rice factorygreenhouses to fields and optimization of agricultural machinery supporting service. Comprehensivelyconsidering the LRP and JIT, aiming at the lowest cost, the fix location dispatching model and punctualsupplying LAPTW model are given. To solve the difficult question “NP”, the heuristic algorithm of the fixlocation dispatching model and punctual supplying is introduced. In the first process, the heuristic algorithm ofminimum wet method and integrated chosen method, the rice field is chosen. During the second process, theroute optimize is taken by the way of heritage heuristic algorithm. In the third stage, the circular fetchingmethod is adopted, that is milk fetching way, which completely considers the evenly circular seeding. Finally,through example tests, after the heuristic algorithm optimization analysis, I concluded that the large-scale riceseedling distribution optimization scheme supported by agricultural machinery makes cost saving28%andtime saving40%. I summarize that circulation distribution operation optimization process from rice factorygreenhouses to many-standard field is similar with direct distribution optimization process from rice factorygreenhouses to fields. The former just adds path optimization from rice factory greenhouses to fields. In thedistribution system of large-scale rice seedlings from factory greenhouses to many-standard field, regularity ofagricultural machinery supporting service is similar with regularity of field seedlings distribution. Thedifference is as follows, that due to the transplanter speed of0.3m/s to0.4m/s, according to the standard sizecalculation, the seedling people number in seedling greenhouse is more1-2people than standard field. Andthey need vehicle to meet the demand of planting. When the transplanter speed is more than0.5m/s, they willneed early seedling, and the seedling people number changes along with the supporting machinery andrequired time.
(3) The applied research on agricultural machinery supporting service in Heilongjiang agriculturalreclamation system. It is to define the range of services in agricultural machinery supporting in North Cold, themain characteristics and the drive mode. Analyze the development of agronomic farm machinery, theapplication of agricultural supporting methods and the structure of agricultural machinery service. First of all,according to the regularity of agricultural machinery supporting service in North Cold large-scale riceseedlings distribution system, the applications in choosing machinery and production are provided. Second,find out the main characteristics of agricultural support services and the motivation in the development ofagricultural support services in Heilongjiang reclamation area. North Cold logistics system of center as themain the greenhouse-to-field distribution mode of complete machinery process, centered on agriculturalmachinery service of large-scale rice cultivation farm machinery service is selected. It lays a solid foundationto form a distribution center for seedling from greenhouse to field and to optimize transplanter distributionpositions.
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