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基于生态位理论的企业间关系优化研究
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摘要
市场经济条件下企业的成功已不再完全取决于自身条件,还必须考虑在环境中所处的地位和对外部资源的利用程度,而地位和能力则体现了企业间关系的状态。因此,企业间关系已被众多学者关注和研究,研究的角度也主要从管理学和经济学出发,而本文试图借用生物学的理论来研究,采用基于生态位的视角进行探讨。正如生物体一样,企业也深深统一于它所处的自然、经济、社会、文化和技术环境,即企业所处的环境也是一种生态系统,在这个生态系统中,存在着各行各业及其相互作用的关系。本文的主要内容包括:
     1、企业生态位与生物生态位一样,是由多个生态因子组成的,包括时间、空间、资源和能力。其中,资源是最重要的生态因子,也是本文研究企业生态位及计算生态位重叠值的切入点。在此基础上,我们通过规范分析和实证分析将资源细化为供应资源、人力资源、资金资源、技术资源、信息资源和市场资源,以及每种资源包含的主要内容。
     2、企业之间的关系一方面在外部竞争的压力下越来越受关注,它所带来的外部效应不断被企业所认识和利用,另一方面企业间关系是动态关系,在企业自身适应性的推动下进行一定程度的调整,二者共同组成企业优化关系的驱动力。
     3、企业之间关系总体上分成基本不相关型、竞争主导型、合作主导型和竞合型。每种类型的关系都存在着优化的可能,只是紧迫性和具体的优化路径不尽相同。论文将竞争主导型企业关系的优化作为主要研究内容。
     4、企业关系的优化由于受到内外部的驱动,朝一个明确的方向运行,这个方向即为:在获得自身生存发展空间的同时,又能够有效地利用资源。资源的有效利用形式上又表现为扩大资源使用范围、有效地配置现有资源和高效率地使用资源。
     5、企业之间关系的状态在优化的全过程是能够被测度的。本文将生态位的重叠值作为主要量度,依据生态位重叠值的计算公式,采集企业充足的数据并进行分析,能够较为准确地计算两个企业的重叠值,重叠值的大小是分析企业关系的基本依据。另外,企业之间关系优化的结果也可以通过评估模型加以判断。
     6、企业间关系通过生态位重叠值予以识别,内外部动力又促使他们进一步优化,而优化是要根据具体情况采用不同的路径。优化路径包括扩大实际生态位、分离原先生态位、巩固已有生态位和追求共生生态位。不同的路径彼此又相互交叉、交替使用。
     本论文的创新之处在于:
     1、将生物生态位组成因子的有关原理应用于企业关系的研究,在组成企业一、二级生态因子理论分析的基础上,从实证中得出影响企业关系的生态因子及其权重。在现有的各类研究成果中,我们非常明确地界定出影响企业关系的关键生态因子,理论探索方面又前进了一步,在实践中也具有很强的指导作用。
     2、通过关键生态因子测算企业生态位的重叠值,从数理角度研判企业关系的状态以及形成该种状态的根源,这为企业关系的研究打下了良好的基础,并提供一个新的研究视角。企业之间的关系在已有研究成果中被大量地定性描述,但由数理方式比较明确严格地予以推算与界定比较少,而且这种研究方法具有具有可测性、科学性和普遍适用性。
     3、借用生物生态位原理,明确提出企业关系优化的方向,并针对优化方向建立关键指标项进行评估,再从生态因子的调整上指明企业关系朝优化方向不断接近的路径。企业关系优化所采用的路径又运用于例证企业之中并得到检验,对企业实际经营活动而言,具有较强的指导性和可操作性。
In the market economy conditions, the success of an enterprise is no longer completely depend on their conditions, it must also consider the environment's status and the use of external resources, and the status and the ability reflects the state of relations of enterprises. Therefore, the relations between enterprises have adopted by many scholars and research concern, the study mainly from the perspective of management and economics starting. This paper attempts to research by using the theory of biology and explore based on Niche Perspective. As far as living organisms, enterprise is also deeply integrated in it was located in the natural, economic, social, cultural and technological environment. That is the environment in which enterprise is an ecosystem, in which the various sectors and their interaction relations are existing. The main contents include:
     1、Niche businesses and biological niche, are composed of many ecological factors, including time, space, resources and capabilities. Resource is the most important ecological factor, which is also the entry point of enterprise and computing niche research. On this basis, we standardize the analysis and empirical analysis to classify resources into supply resources, human resources, capital resources, technical resources, information and market resources. It also provides necessary analysis to each main content.
     2、Optimization of the enterprise has external competitive pressures as well as its own adaptability. The two joint to be the two driving forces improving the enterprises relations.
     3、As a whole, enterprise relations can be divided into basic non-related, competition-oriented, cooperative-based and competing types. Each type of relationship exists optimization possibilities, only urgent and specific optimization path varying. The major research content in this paper is the optimization of competition-oriented enterprises.
     4、Optimization of enterprises moves towards a clear direction due to the internal and external drive. The direction namely: access to their own survival and development space at the same time, also to the effective use of resources. Effective use of resources in form also appeared to expanding resources for the effective distribution of existing resources and the efficient use of resources.
     5、The state of enterprise relationship is measurable, and this paper puts Niche business overlap value as the major measure. Based on the formula, and the gathering of business adequate data and analysis, Niche can more accurately compute the two companies overlap value. The size of overlap analysis is the enterprise basis.
     6、Corporate relationships can be identified through Niche overlap value, the internal and external force also urged them to further optimization, and the optimization is of different paths in accordance with the specific conditions. Optimization includes expanding real niche and consolidating existing niche and pursuing symbiotic niche and separating original Niche. Different channels intersect each other and are used alternately.
     The innovation of this paper is:
     1、On the basis of the formation of an enterprise, two theoretical analysis of ecological factors, we apply Niche biological composition of the principle factor to enterprises, and draw from the impact of corporate relationships and the ecological factor weights. In the range of available research results, it is very clearly defined businesses out of the key ecological factors, which is a step forward in theoretical exploration and also has a strong guiding role in practice.
     2、Calculating enterprises Niche overlap value by Adoption of key ecological factors, judging the state enterprises and the formation of the source types from a mathematical perspective, both laid a good foundation for relationship of enterprises and provided a new research perspective. Relations between enterprises have been described qualitatively in available research results, but it will be more measurable and scientific after being projected and defined by mathematical means. Such methods have universal applicability.
     3、Niche use biological principles to put forward a clear enterprise relationship optimizing direction, and against the Optimization direction to establish key indicators to assess items, and then demonstrate the optimal path which the optimization is continuous close to from the ecological factors. Relationships Optimization Path is used by the example applies among all enterprises and is tested, with strong guidance and maneuverability on their actual business activities.
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