海图设计自动化关键技术研究
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摘要
海图,是海洋地理信息的载体,是海上活动不可或缺的工具。海图,也是制图者与用图者的信息传输通道,海图设计水平的高低将直接决定着海图的质量与使用。海图设计,是对海图实施设计的方法、过程及技术手段的统称,既包括对某一海图的具体设计,又包括对整个生产体系的组织和设计,是海图生产中最具创造力的心智处理工作。目前,海图的制作虽然已经由手工方式转变为数字化作业方式,但是海图设计环节的变革却一直进展缓慢,仍处于传统工艺与计算机辅助设计相交融的阶段,严重影响到整个海图生产自动化进程的推进。为此,本文从海图设计工作的现状和实际需求出发,围绕海图设计自动化问题,着重对海图设计过程中的资料选择与处理、图幅设计、海岸线自动综合、新生产体系的构建等关键技术进行了研究。主要做了以下几方面的工作：
1.明确了海图设计的具体概念、内容和过程。将空间认知理论、地图信息传输理论和地图视觉感受理论引入到海图设计的研究。在对海图设计发展与现状分析的基础上,指出当前设计中存在的主要问题,并由此引出论文所要研究的内容。
2.从海图信息传输论的角度出发,针对海图补改前后信息量发生变化的特点,给出了海图要素语义、位置和注记信息量的具体量测方法,并提出基于变化信息量的海图改版需求评估方法,为当前以人工经验为主的改版分析提供了可量化的决策依据。
3.针对新编海图的资料选用一直以人工分析为主的现状,在对海图资料评价标准、评价方法总结的基础上,给出了可视化的分析平台,并提出基于知识规则的资料选择方法。该方法在对海图资料选择知识进行归纳、提取的基础上,对资料选择环节中的主要知识规则进行了具体量化,并根据量化后的指标运用模糊综合评判方法对基本资料的自动选择进行了实现。
4.针对传统海图设计中的资料处理工序多、多源数据可复用性差的特点,提出以数字海图制图为目的的多源数据集成方案,对该方案中的空间基准统一、数据模型和要素编码的统一等问题给出了具体的集成方法,并采用数据格式转换的方式进行了集成实验,为数字海图生产和数据的进一步融合奠定了基础。
5.针对海图自由分幅的特点,在对图幅设计基本原则和一般方法分析的基础上,给出了相应的分幅数学基础,并对制图区域、图幅尺寸、基准纬线和制图比例尺等不同因素制约下的分幅过程及图幅形式的机助设计进行了推演和实现。
6.自动制图综合历来是海图制图中最富创造性和挑战性的难题,综合方法的实验也为海图设计的重要组成部分。本着重点要素突破的思路,提出了以弯曲骨架线为化简指标的海岸线综合方法。该方法针对当前海岸线自动综合的不足,从模拟人在进行制图综合时的思维方式出发,首先根据曲线单调性对海岸线弯曲进行了识别,然后采用三角网构建基础上的弯曲骨架线提取方法,结合“扩陆缩海”的原则进行了海岸线自动综合实验与分析,验证了该方法在保持海岸线形态特征方面的有效性与可行性。
7.针对当前海图生产体系中重复环节多、数据更新繁杂、成套图和同一区域不同比例尺图的要素统一困难、管理体系落后的诸多问题,提出了构建主数据库支持下的海图生产新体系的构思。在对新体系的软件平台、数据模型与数据库、标准规范等构建方案研究的基础上,给出了新体系的生产流程与框架结构,并对新体系中需要解决的关键技术进行了具体分析。
Chart is the carrier of marine geo-information and the indispensable tool of marine activities. Also, it is an information channel between cartographers and chart users. The competence of chart design directly determines the quality and employment of the charts. Chart design, which is the most creative work, is the comprehensive definition for all the methods, processes and techniques in designing charts. It is not only includes producing a single piece of nautical chart, but also includes designing and organizing the whole chart production system. Currently, chart design's development still lags behind, though marine charts producing mode have gradually turned from manual operations into digital charting. As chart designing is still in the phase of relying on combination of traditional manual and computer-aided design, it significantly suspends advancing the progress of the marine charts auto-production system. Hence, this paper focuses on the thesis of chart design automation, standing on the current realistic situations and potential practical demands of chart design, and emphasizes on the research work of following key techniques, as material selection and processing, chart sheet design, automatic generalization of coastline and the construction of new production system. Main topics lie in following points:
(1) Define the detailed concepts, contents and processes of chart design. Introduce the spacial cognition theory, map information transmission theory and map visual perception theory into the research of chart design. On the basis of analysis the chart design's current situations and potential development, the paper points out discrepancies in the current chart design process and hence educed the focusing research contents.
(2) Accoring to the point of map information transmission theory, in the light of characteristics of the chart's information quantity changed resulting after the chart revision, specific measurement methods of chart elment semantics, positions and annotation information quantities can be induced. Also, the chart revision necessity assessment method which bases on changing information quantity variables is put forward. Hence, quantitative basis for decision making on current manual experience of chart revision is proposed.
(3) In regards of the current situation using manual analysis all along in chart material selection, visualizing analysis platform and knowledge rule based material selection method is proposed on the summarization of the chart material evaluation standards and methods. The method extracts and summarizes the chart material selection knowledge, and makes specific quantization on the major knowledge rules in material selection process, then realizing the automatic selection of the basic material according to quantized indexes by using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.
(4) In view of the discrepancies of tedious multiple work steps and poor multi-source data reusability in traditional chart design processing, multi-source data integration scheme for the purpose of digital chart design is presented. The specific integration method is proposed according to the scheme on following integration issues, as unification of spatial datum, data model and feature coding unification. Also, the integration experiment is carried out by means of data format conversion, which lays the foundation for digital chart production and further chart data fusion.
(5) Considering the free chart framing features in chart design, relative framing mathematics basis is put forward based on the chart framing principles and methods. Additionally, computer-aided framing design is realized regarding the different factors (including geographical area, chart size, reference latitude and chart scale) and map forms is deduced.
(6) Automatic generalization is the most creative and challenging process in charting, the experiment of cartographic generalization is also a very important part of chart design. On the basis of the thought breaking through elements, coastline generation method considering bend skeleton as simplised benchmarks is proposed. The method focuses on the discrepancies of the current automatic generalization and simulates the manual chart design thinking of cartographic generalization. First, identification on coastline bend based on curve monotone. Then, distilling bend skeleton based on triangular construction. Regarding principle of "enlarging land area and reducing sea area", automatic generalization experiment and analysis is carried out to verify the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method.
(7) Regarding the issues as too many duplicate work steps, multifarious data update, element unification difficulty for the series charts and the different scale charts, draggled management system, new chart production system is proposed under the support of construction of major database. By studying the new system's software platform, data model and database and standards, new system's production process and framework is advanced. And specific analysis on key techniques to solve issues on new system is also brought forward.
1.明确了海图设计的具体概念、内容和过程。将空间认知理论、地图信息传输理论和地图视觉感受理论引入到海图设计的研究。在对海图设计发展与现状分析的基础上,指出当前设计中存在的主要问题,并由此引出论文所要研究的内容。
2.从海图信息传输论的角度出发,针对海图补改前后信息量发生变化的特点,给出了海图要素语义、位置和注记信息量的具体量测方法,并提出基于变化信息量的海图改版需求评估方法,为当前以人工经验为主的改版分析提供了可量化的决策依据。
3.针对新编海图的资料选用一直以人工分析为主的现状,在对海图资料评价标准、评价方法总结的基础上,给出了可视化的分析平台,并提出基于知识规则的资料选择方法。该方法在对海图资料选择知识进行归纳、提取的基础上,对资料选择环节中的主要知识规则进行了具体量化,并根据量化后的指标运用模糊综合评判方法对基本资料的自动选择进行了实现。
4.针对传统海图设计中的资料处理工序多、多源数据可复用性差的特点,提出以数字海图制图为目的的多源数据集成方案,对该方案中的空间基准统一、数据模型和要素编码的统一等问题给出了具体的集成方法,并采用数据格式转换的方式进行了集成实验,为数字海图生产和数据的进一步融合奠定了基础。
5.针对海图自由分幅的特点,在对图幅设计基本原则和一般方法分析的基础上,给出了相应的分幅数学基础,并对制图区域、图幅尺寸、基准纬线和制图比例尺等不同因素制约下的分幅过程及图幅形式的机助设计进行了推演和实现。
6.自动制图综合历来是海图制图中最富创造性和挑战性的难题,综合方法的实验也为海图设计的重要组成部分。本着重点要素突破的思路,提出了以弯曲骨架线为化简指标的海岸线综合方法。该方法针对当前海岸线自动综合的不足,从模拟人在进行制图综合时的思维方式出发,首先根据曲线单调性对海岸线弯曲进行了识别,然后采用三角网构建基础上的弯曲骨架线提取方法,结合“扩陆缩海”的原则进行了海岸线自动综合实验与分析,验证了该方法在保持海岸线形态特征方面的有效性与可行性。
7.针对当前海图生产体系中重复环节多、数据更新繁杂、成套图和同一区域不同比例尺图的要素统一困难、管理体系落后的诸多问题,提出了构建主数据库支持下的海图生产新体系的构思。在对新体系的软件平台、数据模型与数据库、标准规范等构建方案研究的基础上,给出了新体系的生产流程与框架结构,并对新体系中需要解决的关键技术进行了具体分析。
Chart is the carrier of marine geo-information and the indispensable tool of marine activities. Also, it is an information channel between cartographers and chart users. The competence of chart design directly determines the quality and employment of the charts. Chart design, which is the most creative work, is the comprehensive definition for all the methods, processes and techniques in designing charts. It is not only includes producing a single piece of nautical chart, but also includes designing and organizing the whole chart production system. Currently, chart design's development still lags behind, though marine charts producing mode have gradually turned from manual operations into digital charting. As chart designing is still in the phase of relying on combination of traditional manual and computer-aided design, it significantly suspends advancing the progress of the marine charts auto-production system. Hence, this paper focuses on the thesis of chart design automation, standing on the current realistic situations and potential practical demands of chart design, and emphasizes on the research work of following key techniques, as material selection and processing, chart sheet design, automatic generalization of coastline and the construction of new production system. Main topics lie in following points:
(1) Define the detailed concepts, contents and processes of chart design. Introduce the spacial cognition theory, map information transmission theory and map visual perception theory into the research of chart design. On the basis of analysis the chart design's current situations and potential development, the paper points out discrepancies in the current chart design process and hence educed the focusing research contents.
(2) Accoring to the point of map information transmission theory, in the light of characteristics of the chart's information quantity changed resulting after the chart revision, specific measurement methods of chart elment semantics, positions and annotation information quantities can be induced. Also, the chart revision necessity assessment method which bases on changing information quantity variables is put forward. Hence, quantitative basis for decision making on current manual experience of chart revision is proposed.
(3) In regards of the current situation using manual analysis all along in chart material selection, visualizing analysis platform and knowledge rule based material selection method is proposed on the summarization of the chart material evaluation standards and methods. The method extracts and summarizes the chart material selection knowledge, and makes specific quantization on the major knowledge rules in material selection process, then realizing the automatic selection of the basic material according to quantized indexes by using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.
(4) In view of the discrepancies of tedious multiple work steps and poor multi-source data reusability in traditional chart design processing, multi-source data integration scheme for the purpose of digital chart design is presented. The specific integration method is proposed according to the scheme on following integration issues, as unification of spatial datum, data model and feature coding unification. Also, the integration experiment is carried out by means of data format conversion, which lays the foundation for digital chart production and further chart data fusion.
(5) Considering the free chart framing features in chart design, relative framing mathematics basis is put forward based on the chart framing principles and methods. Additionally, computer-aided framing design is realized regarding the different factors (including geographical area, chart size, reference latitude and chart scale) and map forms is deduced.
(6) Automatic generalization is the most creative and challenging process in charting, the experiment of cartographic generalization is also a very important part of chart design. On the basis of the thought breaking through elements, coastline generation method considering bend skeleton as simplised benchmarks is proposed. The method focuses on the discrepancies of the current automatic generalization and simulates the manual chart design thinking of cartographic generalization. First, identification on coastline bend based on curve monotone. Then, distilling bend skeleton based on triangular construction. Regarding principle of "enlarging land area and reducing sea area", automatic generalization experiment and analysis is carried out to verify the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method.
(7) Regarding the issues as too many duplicate work steps, multifarious data update, element unification difficulty for the series charts and the different scale charts, draggled management system, new chart production system is proposed under the support of construction of major database. By studying the new system's software platform, data model and database and standards, new system's production process and framework is advanced. And specific analysis on key techniques to solve issues on new system is also brought forward.
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