超临界CO_2泡沫调驱技术研究
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摘要
CO_2作为气驱的一种驱替方式,除了具备一般气驱所具有的驱替机理之外,还具有因CO_2本身易溶于油和水的物理化学特性所带来的一些特殊的驱替机理。将CO_2气体与表面活性剂溶液混合形成CO_2泡沫体系,可以有效地控制CO_2的流度,同时发挥着泡沫驱和CO_2驱的提高采收率机理,大幅提高石油采收率。与此同时,CO_2气体作为使全球变暖的温室气体,控制CO_2的排放,并将其有效地埋存至地层,是各国政府面临的重大挑战。
本文从超临界CO_2的物理性质出发,实验观察了55°C不同压力(5~20MPa)下CO_2气体的状态变化,并发现不同压力范围下具有很大的差异;在55°C、9MPa条件下进行了超临界CO_2起泡实验,发现超临界CO_2泡沫是呈灰白色乳状液的状态,且稳定性不如同实验条件下的N2泡沫;实验研究了超临界CO_2在多孔介质中的运移规律,分析了渗透率、含油饱和度、含盐量等对其扩散平衡的影响;通过理论推导,结合CO_2泡沫PVT实验,将水中CO_2溶解度的概念引入当中,发展了CO_2泡沫的理论状态方程。
通过含水岩心的驱替实验研究了超临界CO_2泡沫的渗流规律。从超临界CO_2的物理特性上分析了渗透率、气液比和注入速度对其封堵性能的影响,解释了超临界CO_2泡沫的阻力因子变化规律异于N2泡沫的原因;定义了分流指数(Diversion Number)的概念用以表征并联岩心CO_2泡沫的分流效果,发现随渗透率级差的增大分流效果越好。通过稳态单相线性渗流的假设发展了泡沫分流理论,引入渗透率变差的概念研究了影响泡沫分流效果的本质因素,发展了三套半理论半经验方程。
通过微观驱替实验研究了超临界CO_2泡沫的微观渗流和驱油规律。从实验中观察到多孔介质中泡沫的产生机理和渗流规律,并通过理论分析了泡沫在多孔介质中的产生条件,发现存在泡沫产生的气流上限速度和下限速度,揭示了泡沫驱替宏观现象的微观机理;观察了CO_2泡沫的驱油过程,依靠大气泡占据孔道是其驱油的主要特征,并通过观察总结了CO_2泡沫的相关驱油机理。
通过对比实验和影响因素实验研究了CO_2泡沫调驱的提高采收率效果。结果表明,CO_2泡沫较水驱、气驱和水气交替驱能够大幅提高石油采收率;基于油藏水敏性的特点采用CO_2泡沫/CO_2交替(FAG)注入方式进行实验,研究了泡沫注入量、注入周期和注泡沫气液比对提高采收率效果的影响。实验结果表明,上述三个影响因素都在不同的程度上影响着CO_2泡沫调驱效果,其本质在于能否在高速通道中形成高强度的泡沫。
As a flooding method, CO_2 has not only the general flooding mechanisms like general gas flooding, but also the mechanisms of physical chemistry features due to dissolving in water and crude. Mixing CO_2 and surfactant into CO_2 foam system, can control the mobility of CO_2 effectively, and play the double role of CO_2 flooding and foam flooding which may enhance oil recovery dramatically. Moreover, as the greenhouse gas, controlling CO_2 discharge and realizing CO_2 geological buried storage effectively is a huge challenge in front of the governments.
This paper is starting from supercritical CO_2 physical features. Through the experiment, observed the state transformation of CO_2 under 55°C and different pressures (5~20MPa), found marked differences of CO_2 state during different ranges of pressure. Experimentized ScCO_2 foaming under 55°C and 9MPa situation, found that the state of ScCO_2 foam is like incanus emulsion, and stability is worse than N2 foam under the same experimental situation. Experimentized the migration law of ScCO_2 in porous media, analysed the impact of permeability, oil saturation, and saltness on diffusive equilibrium. Through theoretical derivation, combining the CO_2 foam state experiment, and bringing in the solubility in water of CO_2, gained a theoretical CO_2 foam state equation.
Researched flow law of CO_2 foam flooding in porous media by aqueous core experiments. Analysed the impact of permeability, gas liquid ratio, and inject velocity on the plugging performance of CO_2 foam based on the physical features of ScCO_2. Found and explained the reasons of the change law of CO_2 foam resistance factor is different from N2 foam. Due to describe the diversion effect of CO_2 foam in parallel system, defined a concept called diversion number, and found that diversion effect is increasing with the increasing of permeability differential. Developed foam diversion theory based on the steady, uniphase and linear assumption. Brought in a concept which is called permeability difference to investigate the essential impact on the foam diversion effect and developed three equations on the basis of combining theory with practice.
Researched flow law and oil displacement of CO_2 foam flooding in porous media by the microscopic experiments. Found foam generation mechanism and law of flow in porous clearly, and there is an upper limit and a lower limit velocity of gas for foam generation through theoretical analyzing, explained the microscopical mechanism in macroscopical phenomenon. Found the process of oil displacement by foam flooding, and the primary is that a huge bubble occupying the capillary tube, and summed up many mechanisms of CO_2 foam flooding.
Researched the EOR effect of CO_2 foam profile control and flooding by comparison and impact factor experiments. The results shows that CO_2 foam can enhance oil recovery dramatically than water flooding, CO_2 flooding and WAG. On the basis of the water sensitivity feature of reservoir, used CO_2 foam/CO_2 (FAG) alternate flooding in the experiment. Researched the impact of foam injectivity, inject period and gas-liquid ratio of foam on EOR effect. Results shows that the three impact factors above influenced on EOR effect of CO_2 foam to varying degrees, and the essence is that the high-strength foam whether generated or not in the high-speed channel.
本文从超临界CO_2的物理性质出发,实验观察了55°C不同压力(5~20MPa)下CO_2气体的状态变化,并发现不同压力范围下具有很大的差异;在55°C、9MPa条件下进行了超临界CO_2起泡实验,发现超临界CO_2泡沫是呈灰白色乳状液的状态,且稳定性不如同实验条件下的N2泡沫;实验研究了超临界CO_2在多孔介质中的运移规律,分析了渗透率、含油饱和度、含盐量等对其扩散平衡的影响;通过理论推导,结合CO_2泡沫PVT实验,将水中CO_2溶解度的概念引入当中,发展了CO_2泡沫的理论状态方程。
通过含水岩心的驱替实验研究了超临界CO_2泡沫的渗流规律。从超临界CO_2的物理特性上分析了渗透率、气液比和注入速度对其封堵性能的影响,解释了超临界CO_2泡沫的阻力因子变化规律异于N2泡沫的原因;定义了分流指数(Diversion Number)的概念用以表征并联岩心CO_2泡沫的分流效果,发现随渗透率级差的增大分流效果越好。通过稳态单相线性渗流的假设发展了泡沫分流理论,引入渗透率变差的概念研究了影响泡沫分流效果的本质因素,发展了三套半理论半经验方程。
通过微观驱替实验研究了超临界CO_2泡沫的微观渗流和驱油规律。从实验中观察到多孔介质中泡沫的产生机理和渗流规律,并通过理论分析了泡沫在多孔介质中的产生条件,发现存在泡沫产生的气流上限速度和下限速度,揭示了泡沫驱替宏观现象的微观机理;观察了CO_2泡沫的驱油过程,依靠大气泡占据孔道是其驱油的主要特征,并通过观察总结了CO_2泡沫的相关驱油机理。
通过对比实验和影响因素实验研究了CO_2泡沫调驱的提高采收率效果。结果表明,CO_2泡沫较水驱、气驱和水气交替驱能够大幅提高石油采收率;基于油藏水敏性的特点采用CO_2泡沫/CO_2交替(FAG)注入方式进行实验,研究了泡沫注入量、注入周期和注泡沫气液比对提高采收率效果的影响。实验结果表明,上述三个影响因素都在不同的程度上影响着CO_2泡沫调驱效果,其本质在于能否在高速通道中形成高强度的泡沫。
As a flooding method, CO_2 has not only the general flooding mechanisms like general gas flooding, but also the mechanisms of physical chemistry features due to dissolving in water and crude. Mixing CO_2 and surfactant into CO_2 foam system, can control the mobility of CO_2 effectively, and play the double role of CO_2 flooding and foam flooding which may enhance oil recovery dramatically. Moreover, as the greenhouse gas, controlling CO_2 discharge and realizing CO_2 geological buried storage effectively is a huge challenge in front of the governments.
This paper is starting from supercritical CO_2 physical features. Through the experiment, observed the state transformation of CO_2 under 55°C and different pressures (5~20MPa), found marked differences of CO_2 state during different ranges of pressure. Experimentized ScCO_2 foaming under 55°C and 9MPa situation, found that the state of ScCO_2 foam is like incanus emulsion, and stability is worse than N2 foam under the same experimental situation. Experimentized the migration law of ScCO_2 in porous media, analysed the impact of permeability, oil saturation, and saltness on diffusive equilibrium. Through theoretical derivation, combining the CO_2 foam state experiment, and bringing in the solubility in water of CO_2, gained a theoretical CO_2 foam state equation.
Researched flow law of CO_2 foam flooding in porous media by aqueous core experiments. Analysed the impact of permeability, gas liquid ratio, and inject velocity on the plugging performance of CO_2 foam based on the physical features of ScCO_2. Found and explained the reasons of the change law of CO_2 foam resistance factor is different from N2 foam. Due to describe the diversion effect of CO_2 foam in parallel system, defined a concept called diversion number, and found that diversion effect is increasing with the increasing of permeability differential. Developed foam diversion theory based on the steady, uniphase and linear assumption. Brought in a concept which is called permeability difference to investigate the essential impact on the foam diversion effect and developed three equations on the basis of combining theory with practice.
Researched flow law and oil displacement of CO_2 foam flooding in porous media by the microscopic experiments. Found foam generation mechanism and law of flow in porous clearly, and there is an upper limit and a lower limit velocity of gas for foam generation through theoretical analyzing, explained the microscopical mechanism in macroscopical phenomenon. Found the process of oil displacement by foam flooding, and the primary is that a huge bubble occupying the capillary tube, and summed up many mechanisms of CO_2 foam flooding.
Researched the EOR effect of CO_2 foam profile control and flooding by comparison and impact factor experiments. The results shows that CO_2 foam can enhance oil recovery dramatically than water flooding, CO_2 flooding and WAG. On the basis of the water sensitivity feature of reservoir, used CO_2 foam/CO_2 (FAG) alternate flooding in the experiment. Researched the impact of foam injectivity, inject period and gas-liquid ratio of foam on EOR effect. Results shows that the three impact factors above influenced on EOR effect of CO_2 foam to varying degrees, and the essence is that the high-strength foam whether generated or not in the high-speed channel.
引文
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