混合炸药爆轰与安全性能实验与理论研究
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摘要
本论文的主要研究内容如下：
分别加入氟化钾、表面活性剂对AN进行改性研究，结果表明，添加氟化钾能使硝酸铵的晶变温度大于95℃，但不利于AN吸湿性和结块性能的改善；添加表面活性剂可改善AN的防吸湿性和抗结快性，阳离子表面活性剂比阴离子表面活性剂效果好，而复合表面活性剂改性后的硝酸铵的防吸湿性和抗结快性效果最好。硝酸铵经过复合表面活性剂作用，制成自身具有雷管感度的膨化硝酸铵，取代了敏化剂TNT的敏化作用，使膨化硝铵炸药的起爆感度发生了质的变化。
用有机玻璃法测定了岩石膨化、煤矿膨化、铵梯以及乳化炸药的爆速和爆压，用VLWR爆轰程序计算了岩石膨化硝铵和铵梯炸药的爆轰参数及C-J产物的平衡组成，理论计算值和实验值比较接近；用波形测试法测定了φ100×100mm岩石膨化、煤矿膨化、铵梯以及乳化炸药柱的底面输出波形，经过对爆轰波底面波形处理后获得波形拟合函数，表明工业炸药具有低爆速和低爆压的非理想爆轰特征。
用有机玻璃法测试了含铝炸药的爆速和爆压：用VLWR爆轰程序计算铝粉反应度对含铝炸药爆轰参数的影响，结果表明，对含铝量一定的含铝炸药，随着在C-J面内铝粉反应度增加，含铝炸药的爆速D_(CJ)、爆压P_(CJ)和爆温T_(CJ)也随着增加。
用加速热量仪研究了TATB、TCTNB和TCDNB的绝热分解过程，得到了它们的绝热分解温度和压力随时间的变化曲线以及自热速率随温度变化曲线，对TATB样品计算了绝热分解的动力学参数表观活化能和指前因子；用热重法测得了TATB、TCTNB和TCDNB在不同升温速率的热重曲线，根据Ozawa方法计算得到了热分解活化能和指前因子，研究了热分解反应机理和动力学方程。
用1000s热爆炸临界温度测定试验、炸药柱非限定性和限定性热爆炸试验研究TATB对HMX热感度性能的影响，评价HMX／TATB高聚物粘结炸药的热安全性，结果表明，TATB含量对HMX的1000s热爆炸临界温度有较大影响。TATB含量增加，炸药柱非限定热爆炸临界温度增加，而且炸药柱几何尺寸越小，影响越明显。在限定性体系中，由于炸药柱限定在金属铝的反应器里，比在非限定性体系易达到热爆炸临界条件，使热爆炸临界温度降低。
用多种感度试验方法来综合评定炸药的安全性能，把炸药的各单个安全性能表征后分别相加、相乘就可以得到炸药的感度与安全性能综合表征结果；用模糊数学对
摘要
博士论文
JB一9002、TNT、TH4748、JOB一9003、RHT一902、JO一9159炸药的感度进行聚类分析，
比较被测炸药与基准炸药的贴近度来评价炸药的感度和安全性。
The main content of this dissertation is as follows:
The AN is modified by KF where in the crystal transition temperature of the modified AN is higher than 95 C, but the hygroscopicity and the anti-caking can not be improved. When AN is modified by surfactants the hygroscopicity and the anti-caking ability can be improved. The effect of cation surfactant is better than that of anion, the effect of composite surfactant is the best. When AN is modified by composite surfactants the expanded AN is sensitive to initiation and can replace TNT in the composition of AN explosives.
The detonation velocity and detonation pressure of rock expanded AN, colliery expanded AN, No.2 rock and emulsion explosives have been measured by PMMA method, and the detonation parameters and the equilibrium composition of detonation products at C-J state of rock expanded AN and No.2 rock explosives have been computed by means of the VLWR code, the calculated results were compared with experimental results. The detonation front of bottom for 100 100mm rock expanded AN , colliery expanded AN , No.2 rock and emulsion explosives have been measured by wave test method, and the simulate function of wave has been obtained by processing Detonation front of Bottom. This is showed that the above mentioned industry explosives have nonideal detonation character of low detonation velocity and low detonation pressure.
The detonation velocity and detonation pressure of aluminized explosive have been measured by PMMA method, and the influence of Al reaction degree on detonation parameters of aluminized explosive has been computed by means of the VLWR code. The results showed that the detonation velocity , detonation pressure and detonation temperature of aluminized explosive increase while increasing the Al reaction degree inside C-J.
The thermal decompositions of TATB and it's impurities are investigated by ARC. The curves of thermal decomposition temperature and pressure versus time, and curves of self-thermal velocity versus temperature for the systems are obtained. The kinetic parameters such as apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the thermal decompositions of TATB are calculated. The TG curves of TATB and it's impurities are given in this paper. The thermal decomposition activation energy and pre-exponential factor of TATB and it's impurities are calculated by Ozawa method. The reaction mechanism and kinetics equation of the thermal decomposition are studied.
The influence of TATB on the thermal sensitivity of HMX are studied and the thermal safety of polymer bonded HMX/TATB are evaluated by using critical temperature of thermal explosion measured at 1000s duration time, unconfined and confined thermal explosion experiments for explosive cylinder. The results showed that the critical temperature of unconfined thermal explosion for explosive cylinder increase while increasing the content of TATB, and the smaller size of the cylinder, the phenomena is more obvious. In the confined system, because the explosive cylinder in the Al case. It is easier to reach the thermal explosion critical condition than unconfined system, this decreases the thermal explosion critical temperature.
The safety of explosives is evaluated comprehensively by multifold sensitivity test method. The overall results of sensitivity and safety of explosives is characterized by addition and product of relevant data obtained in various tests. The sensitivity of JB-9001 , TNT, TH4748, JOB-9003, RHT-901 and JO-9159 are classified using fuzzy mathematics, sensitivity and safety of explosive are evaluated by comparing nearness of tested explosive with standard explosive.
分别加入氟化钾、表面活性剂对AN进行改性研究，结果表明，添加氟化钾能使硝酸铵的晶变温度大于95℃，但不利于AN吸湿性和结块性能的改善；添加表面活性剂可改善AN的防吸湿性和抗结快性，阳离子表面活性剂比阴离子表面活性剂效果好，而复合表面活性剂改性后的硝酸铵的防吸湿性和抗结快性效果最好。硝酸铵经过复合表面活性剂作用，制成自身具有雷管感度的膨化硝酸铵，取代了敏化剂TNT的敏化作用，使膨化硝铵炸药的起爆感度发生了质的变化。
用有机玻璃法测定了岩石膨化、煤矿膨化、铵梯以及乳化炸药的爆速和爆压，用VLWR爆轰程序计算了岩石膨化硝铵和铵梯炸药的爆轰参数及C-J产物的平衡组成，理论计算值和实验值比较接近；用波形测试法测定了φ100×100mm岩石膨化、煤矿膨化、铵梯以及乳化炸药柱的底面输出波形，经过对爆轰波底面波形处理后获得波形拟合函数，表明工业炸药具有低爆速和低爆压的非理想爆轰特征。
用有机玻璃法测试了含铝炸药的爆速和爆压：用VLWR爆轰程序计算铝粉反应度对含铝炸药爆轰参数的影响，结果表明，对含铝量一定的含铝炸药，随着在C-J面内铝粉反应度增加，含铝炸药的爆速D_(CJ)、爆压P_(CJ)和爆温T_(CJ)也随着增加。
用加速热量仪研究了TATB、TCTNB和TCDNB的绝热分解过程，得到了它们的绝热分解温度和压力随时间的变化曲线以及自热速率随温度变化曲线，对TATB样品计算了绝热分解的动力学参数表观活化能和指前因子；用热重法测得了TATB、TCTNB和TCDNB在不同升温速率的热重曲线，根据Ozawa方法计算得到了热分解活化能和指前因子，研究了热分解反应机理和动力学方程。
用1000s热爆炸临界温度测定试验、炸药柱非限定性和限定性热爆炸试验研究TATB对HMX热感度性能的影响，评价HMX／TATB高聚物粘结炸药的热安全性，结果表明，TATB含量对HMX的1000s热爆炸临界温度有较大影响。TATB含量增加，炸药柱非限定热爆炸临界温度增加，而且炸药柱几何尺寸越小，影响越明显。在限定性体系中，由于炸药柱限定在金属铝的反应器里，比在非限定性体系易达到热爆炸临界条件，使热爆炸临界温度降低。
用多种感度试验方法来综合评定炸药的安全性能，把炸药的各单个安全性能表征后分别相加、相乘就可以得到炸药的感度与安全性能综合表征结果；用模糊数学对
摘要
博士论文
JB一9002、TNT、TH4748、JOB一9003、RHT一902、JO一9159炸药的感度进行聚类分析，
比较被测炸药与基准炸药的贴近度来评价炸药的感度和安全性。
The main content of this dissertation is as follows:
The AN is modified by KF where in the crystal transition temperature of the modified AN is higher than 95 C, but the hygroscopicity and the anti-caking can not be improved. When AN is modified by surfactants the hygroscopicity and the anti-caking ability can be improved. The effect of cation surfactant is better than that of anion, the effect of composite surfactant is the best. When AN is modified by composite surfactants the expanded AN is sensitive to initiation and can replace TNT in the composition of AN explosives.
The detonation velocity and detonation pressure of rock expanded AN, colliery expanded AN, No.2 rock and emulsion explosives have been measured by PMMA method, and the detonation parameters and the equilibrium composition of detonation products at C-J state of rock expanded AN and No.2 rock explosives have been computed by means of the VLWR code, the calculated results were compared with experimental results. The detonation front of bottom for 100 100mm rock expanded AN , colliery expanded AN , No.2 rock and emulsion explosives have been measured by wave test method, and the simulate function of wave has been obtained by processing Detonation front of Bottom. This is showed that the above mentioned industry explosives have nonideal detonation character of low detonation velocity and low detonation pressure.
The detonation velocity and detonation pressure of aluminized explosive have been measured by PMMA method, and the influence of Al reaction degree on detonation parameters of aluminized explosive has been computed by means of the VLWR code. The results showed that the detonation velocity , detonation pressure and detonation temperature of aluminized explosive increase while increasing the Al reaction degree inside C-J.
The thermal decompositions of TATB and it's impurities are investigated by ARC. The curves of thermal decomposition temperature and pressure versus time, and curves of self-thermal velocity versus temperature for the systems are obtained. The kinetic parameters such as apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the thermal decompositions of TATB are calculated. The TG curves of TATB and it's impurities are given in this paper. The thermal decomposition activation energy and pre-exponential factor of TATB and it's impurities are calculated by Ozawa method. The reaction mechanism and kinetics equation of the thermal decomposition are studied.
The influence of TATB on the thermal sensitivity of HMX are studied and the thermal safety of polymer bonded HMX/TATB are evaluated by using critical temperature of thermal explosion measured at 1000s duration time, unconfined and confined thermal explosion experiments for explosive cylinder. The results showed that the critical temperature of unconfined thermal explosion for explosive cylinder increase while increasing the content of TATB, and the smaller size of the cylinder, the phenomena is more obvious. In the confined system, because the explosive cylinder in the Al case. It is easier to reach the thermal explosion critical condition than unconfined system, this decreases the thermal explosion critical temperature.
The safety of explosives is evaluated comprehensively by multifold sensitivity test method. The overall results of sensitivity and safety of explosives is characterized by addition and product of relevant data obtained in various tests. The sensitivity of JB-9001 , TNT, TH4748, JOB-9003, RHT-901 and JO-9159 are classified using fuzzy mathematics, sensitivity and safety of explosive are evaluated by comparing nearness of tested explosive with standard explosive.
引文
1 孙业斌，惠君明．军用混合炸药，北京：兵器工业出版社，1995
2 吕春绪，刘祖亮．工业炸药，兵器工业出版社，1994
3 吕春绪．膨化硝铵炸药，兵器工业出版社，2001
4 陈天云．硝酸铵的自敏化及其应用研究，南京理工大学，博士学位论文，2000
5 陈天云等．膨化硝酸铵防结块性能研究．南京理工大学学报，1995(5)：464～467
6 陈天云，吕春绪，蔡敏敏．抗结块硝酸铵的制备及性能测试．化学通报，2000，7：34～36
7 董海山，周芬芬．高能炸药及相关物性能，北京：科学出版社，1989
8 王守道等．美国钝感高能炸药的安全性能鉴定试验．炸药通讯，1988(3)：57～63
9 Mader C L. Detonation properties of condensed explosives computed using the BKW equation of states, LA-2900, 1963
10 吴雄．兵工学报．应用VLW状态方程计算炸药的爆轰参数，1985，(3)
11 Feng K K. etal., The Eignth Symposium(International) on Detonation, 139～147, 1985
12 田中克己．根据分子间势能模型研究爆轰特性．工业火药，Vol．46，No．3，1985
13 E James. UCRL-7898, 1964
14 M A Cook. The Science of Industrial Explosives. 1974
15 L C Smith. ON The Problem of Evaluation The Safety of an Explosive, University of California LASL New Mexico: AD-A044783
16 江澜．TATB标准物质研制，1995
17 DE-83007004, DE-83007094
18 王耕，冯长根，郑娆．含能材料热安全性的预测方法．含能材料，2000，8(3)：119～121
19 ASTM E-27. Standard Guide for Assessing the Thermal Stability of Materials by Methods of Accelerat ing Rate Calorimeter. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1999. 2
20 楚士晋．炸药热分析，北京：科学出版社，1992
21 冯长根．热爆炸理论，北京：科学出版社，1988．
2 吕春绪，刘祖亮．工业炸药，兵器工业出版社，1994
3 吕春绪．膨化硝铵炸药，兵器工业出版社，2001
4 陈天云．硝酸铵的自敏化及其应用研究，南京理工大学，博士学位论文，2000
5 陈天云等．膨化硝酸铵防结块性能研究．南京理工大学学报，1995(5)：464～467
6 陈天云，吕春绪，蔡敏敏．抗结块硝酸铵的制备及性能测试．化学通报，2000，7：34～36
7 董海山，周芬芬．高能炸药及相关物性能，北京：科学出版社，1989
8 王守道等．美国钝感高能炸药的安全性能鉴定试验．炸药通讯，1988(3)：57～63
9 Mader C L. Detonation properties of condensed explosives computed using the BKW equation of states, LA-2900, 1963
10 吴雄．兵工学报．应用VLW状态方程计算炸药的爆轰参数，1985，(3)
11 Feng K K. etal., The Eignth Symposium(International) on Detonation, 139～147, 1985
12 田中克己．根据分子间势能模型研究爆轰特性．工业火药，Vol．46，No．3，1985
13 E James. UCRL-7898, 1964
14 M A Cook. The Science of Industrial Explosives. 1974
15 L C Smith. ON The Problem of Evaluation The Safety of an Explosive, University of California LASL New Mexico: AD-A044783
16 江澜．TATB标准物质研制，1995
17 DE-83007004, DE-83007094
18 王耕，冯长根，郑娆．含能材料热安全性的预测方法．含能材料，2000，8(3)：119～121
19 ASTM E-27. Standard Guide for Assessing the Thermal Stability of Materials by Methods of Accelerat ing Rate Calorimeter. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1999. 2
20 楚士晋．炸药热分析，北京：科学出版社，1992
21 冯长根．热爆炸理论，北京：科学出版社，1988．
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