水稻基因型和土壤条件对其吸收总汞和甲基汞的影响
|
摘要
水稻（Oryza sativa L.）对甲基汞（Methylmercury, MeHg）（一种神经毒素）具有很强的积累能力，人为活动造成越来越多的稻田受到汞(Mercury, Hg)污染，从而使得稻米遭受Hg/MeHg污染，影响人类健康。如何管理和利用受Hg污染的稻田，减少水稻地上部（尤其是米粒）总汞(Total Mercury, THg)和MeHg的积累是亟需解决的粮食安全和生产问题。目前尚未有一种廉价高效的修复方法适用于大面积受Hg污染的水稻田。已有室内实验显示，不同基因型水稻对Hg的吸收有很大差异，这暗示可通过Hg低积累基因型的选用来达成减少水稻对THg/MeHg积累的目的。但目前相关研究，尤其是机理的研究鲜有报道。因此，本论文在野外调查的基础上，通过野外大田和室内盆栽实验相结合，比较不同基因型水稻对THg/MeHg的吸收差异及其稳定性，并从外部因素（土壤因子）和内部因素（水稻渗氧—铁膜）去揭示这些差异形成的原因。研究结果将为筛选和培育对THg/MeHg低积累、高耐性的水稻基因型去解决Hg污染稻田的利用和保证稻米安全提供理论依据和方法。主要研究结果如下：
1、调查了贵州、湖南和广东三省16个地区的稻田（13个为矿区，3个为非矿区），其中，13个矿区的稻田全部遭受不同程度Hg污染，最严重的贵州铜仁Hg矿区稻田THg浓度达到136.5mg kg~(-1)。从三个省的污染区来看，贵州省调查区稻米THg平均浓度为28.6ng g~(-1)，湖南省为20.5ng g~(-1)，广东省为5.98ng g~(-1)，其中，稻米THg浓度最高达到54.4ng g~(-1)（贵州丹寨Hg矿区），是食品安全标准（20ng g~(-1)）的2倍以上。
2、在贵州万山、湖南新晃和广东凡口Hg污染稻田种植26个水稻基因型，研究其对THg和MeHg的吸收特征（首次在野外开展这方面研究）。结果发现，在三块实验田，大米对THg和MeHg的积累都存在显著（p <0.01）的基因型差异。在万山、新晃和凡口，大米THg平均浓度分别为25.8ng g~(-1)、28.6ng g~(-1)和14.5ng g~(-1)；大米MeHg平均浓度分别为9.4ng g~(-1)、11.4ng g~(-1)和1.2ng g~(-1)。在污染比较严重的万山和新晃实验田，中花11、日本晴、越光、老黄稻、南丰糯和苏玉糯6个基因型THg浓度是低于国家食品安全标准限量的。在凡口实验田，有19个基因型大米THg浓度是在安全标准之下的。大米THg浓度在万山和新晃（r=0.81, p <0.0001），万山和凡口（r=0.64, p <0.001），凡口和新晃（r=0.76,p <0.0001）都呈现一个极显著的正相关；同样，谷粒产量在这三个实验田也呈现两两显著（p <0.05~0.01）正相关；大米MeHg浓度在万山和新晃（r=0.67, p<0.001）呈现极显著正相关。日本晴和南丰糯这两个基因型同时低积累THg和MeHg。
3、在广东凡口实验田，存在严重的复合重金属污染。因此，本次工作也研究了种植在凡口实验田的32个水稻基因型对毒性元素镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和矿质营养元素铁（Fe）、锌（Zn）、镍（Ni）和锰（Mn）的吸收情况及其相互影响。结果发现：水稻对这6种元素的吸收都存在显著（p <0.001）的基因型差异。大米中Fe和Mn浓度随着Cd浓度的增加而显著降低；Fe、 Mn和Ni浓度随着Pb浓度的升高而增加，Ni和Cd也存在相同的趋势。五丰优2168、天优196和桂农占这三个基因型能同时低积累Cd和Pb，且有较高的矿质元素含量和谷粒产量。
4、利用来自11个地方（贵州5个：万山四坑、万山五坑、铜仁、丹寨和三都；湖南5个：新晃、保靖、机建、茶树喇和牛斗坪；广东1个：凡口）的Hg污染稻田土，研究4个水稻基因型对THg和MeHg的吸收情况及土壤因子对其吸收THg和MeHg的影响。结果发现，种植在不同土壤的同一基因型水稻组织对THg和MeHg吸收存在显著（p <0.01）差异。种植在相同土壤的不同基因型水稻组织对THg和MeHg的吸收也存在显著（p <0.01）差异，即水稻对THg和MeHg的吸收同时受到基因型和不同来源土壤（具有不同性质）的影响，此外，还受到二者交互作用（p <0.001）的影响。土壤因子中，有机碳（TOC）、土壤Fe和Ni浓度与水稻THg浓度呈显著（p <0.05~0.01）负相关；而土壤总钾（TK）和THg浓度与水稻THg浓度呈显著（p <0.05~0.001）正相关。土壤pH和水稻MeHg浓度呈显著（p <0.05~0.01）负相关。
5、采用贵州万山Hg污染稻田土结合河砂进行根际袋土培实验，研究4个水稻基因型在不同生长期（分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期）水稻根系渗氧和根表铁膜的动态变化，水稻组织对THg和MeHg的吸收变化及其相互作用。结果发现，4个基因型在不同生长期根系渗氧率和根表铁膜（Fe浓度）都存在显著性差异（p <0.001）。天优196、华优广抗占、南粳35和紫香糯生长期平均渗氧率分别为5.92mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)、5.27mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)、8.48mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)和3.4mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)；根表铁膜平均Fe浓度分别为20474mg kg~(-1)、16979mg kg~(-1)、24224mg kg~(-1)和14952mg kg~(-1)。4个基因型都呈现根系渗氧率随着水稻的生长逐渐降低的趋势。在水稻生长前三个阶段（分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期），根表铁膜随着时间显著增加；到后三个阶段（扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期），根表铁膜变化较小。4个基因型茎叶THg和MeHg浓度都是随着生长逐渐降低，根THg浓度在前四个时期是逐渐增加，后两个时期变化幅度不大；根MeHg浓度从分蘖期到拔节期有微弱的上升后就逐渐降低；相关分析发现，4个水稻基因型根系渗氧率和根表铁膜呈现显著（p<0.01~0.0001）正相关。水稻根系渗氧率、根表铁膜与茎叶、根THg浓度都呈显著（p <0.05~0.0001）负相关。扬花期的花序，灌浆期的谷粒、成熟期的谷壳和糙米THg浓度与相应时期和分蘖期的根系渗氧率和根表铁膜都是呈现显著（p<0.01~0.0001）负相关。虽然不同基因型水稻在不同生长期其组织MeHg浓度都存在显著性差异，但是MeHg浓度与根系渗氧和根表铁膜都没有显著相关性。
以上野外大田实验和室内盆栽实验结果都显示水稻对THg和MeHg的吸收都存在显著的基因型差异，在严重的Hg污染稻田中，依然存在稻米THg和MeHg浓度是在食品安全限量以下的基因型。且水稻对THg的吸收具有基因型稳定性，对MeHg的吸收虽然受到环境的影响程度高于THg，但在土壤污染程度相似的贵州万山和湖南新晃依然具有同步的吸收特征。一些基因型（日本晴和南丰糯）能同时低积累THg和MeHg；同样也存在对复合重金属（如Cd、Pb）同时低积累的水稻基因型。本研究还表明，土壤TOC、Fe、Ni和K浓度能显著影响水稻对THg的吸收；土壤pH能显著影响水稻对MeHg的吸收；土壤Hg污染程度是影响水稻吸收THg和MeHg的重要因素。说明水稻对THg和MeHg的吸收是受到土壤因子（外部因素）和基因型（内部因素）共同影响的。对水稻内部因素—渗氧的研究表明，在不同生长期，不同基因型水稻根系渗氧能力显著不同，且与水稻组织THg浓度呈显著负相关，说明水稻渗氧能力不同是导致水稻对THg吸收存在显著基因型差异的内部因素之一。此外，孕穗期是水稻对Hg（尤其是MeHg）吸收的一个关键时期，一些潜在的可降低水稻对THg/MeHg积累的方法（如水分管理）如果在该时期进行，可能效果会更好。总的来说，本研究表明通过筛选基因型和改变土壤因素能降低水稻对THg和MeHg的积累，这是一种潜在的解决Hg污染稻田的利用和保证稻米安全的有效且可行的方法。
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic element, and is now considered a key global pollutant. Incertain environmental conditions (e.g. paddy field), Hg was methylated tomethylmercury (MeHg) which is more toxic (neurotoxin) than the inorganic form.Nowadays, more and more paddy fields have been contaminated by Hg due toanthropogenic Hg emission, resulting elevated Hg levels in rice and subsequently inhumans foods posing human health threat. Recent studies have demonstrated that riceseed has the highest ability to accumulate MeHg compared to other tissues. There istherefore urgency in management and utilization these paddy fields contaminated byHg, to develop mitigation measures to reduce total mercury (THg) and MeHg in ricegrain and to ensure food safety. However, cost-effective methods are not available toremediate large areas of Hg-polluted paddy fields. Prevoius studies reported that therewere significant differences in THg and MeHg uptake and tolerance among ricegenotypes grown in soils added with Hg under greenhouse conditions. The resultssuggest that it is possible to screen rice genotypes to ensure rice safety inHg-contaminated fields. However, currently the genetic controls of THg and MeHg accumulation in rice remain largely unknown. In this study, field and greenhouseexperiments have been conducted to investigate the genotype variation and stablity ofrice in THg and MeHg accumulation, and to explore the mechanisms of this variationfrom the aspects of radial oxygen loss (ROL) and iron plaque. The effects of edaphicfactors in THg and MeHg accumulation in rice genotyes were also investested inpresented study. The major results and conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, THg concentration in soils of paddy fields and rice grains collected from13mines sites and3control sites across Guizhou, Hunan and Guangdong Provinces wereinvestigated. The results showed that (1) the paddy fields in the13mines sites havebeen seriously contaminated by Hg, up to136.5mg kg~(-1)in paddy soils at Tongren(TR) Hg mine site in Guizhou Province;(2) the rice was also polluted by Hg, meanTHg concentrations of rice grain in Guizhou, Hunan and Guangdong were28.6ng g~(-1),20.5ng g~(-1)and5.98ng g~(-1), respectively. The highest concentration of THg in ricegrain was54.4ng g~(-1)(Danzhan Hg mine of Guizhou) which is exceed the permissablelimit (20ng g~(-1)) of the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods of China (MLCFGB2762-2005).
Secondly, twenty-six rice genotypes were cultivated in three paddy fieldscontaminated Hg across Guizhou (Wanshan Hg mine), Hunan (Xinhuang Hg mine)and Guangdong (Fankou Pb/Zn mine) Provinces. Results showed that there wassignificant genotype variation (p <0.01) for grain THg and MeHg at the three fieldsites. The mean THg and MeHg concentrations of rice grain in Wanshan, Xinhuangand Fankou were25.8ng g~(-1),28.6ng g~(-1)and14.5ng g~(-1);9.4ng g~(-1),11.4ng g~(-1)and1.2ng g~(-1), respectively. At Wanshan and Xinhuang field sites (paddy soil THgexceeded40mg kg~(-1)in the two sites), there were6genotypes (Zhonghua11,Ribenqing, Yueguang, Laohuangdao, Nanfengnuo and Suyunuo) with the lower grainTHg which were under the permissable limit of MLCF. At Fankou site, concentrationsof THg in grains of19genotypes were lower than the permissable limit of MLCF. Forthe26genotypes at the three sites there were highly significant correlation betweenthe concentrations of THg between Wanshan and Xinhuang (r=0.81, p <0.0001), Wanshan and Fankou (r=0.64, p <0.001), Fankou and Xinhuang (r=0.76, p <0.0001). Moreover, there were also significant positive correlations (p <0.05~0.01)between grain yields at the three field sites. A significant positive correlation betweenthe concentrations of MeHg between Wanshan and Xinhuang (r=0.67, p <0.001).Two rice genotypes (Ribenqing and Nanfengnuo) were identified with a combinationof low grain THg and MeHg.
Thirdly, the paddy fields in Fankou Pb/Zn mining area were co-contaminated by acocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (Hg, Cd and Pb). This study indentified ricegenotypes with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminatedfield conditions, and the interactions of toxic elements Cd and Pb with micronutrientelements iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and nickel (Ni) were also studied.Among32rice genotypes tested, there were significant differences (p <0.001) inconcentrations of6elements of brown rice. Significant decreases in concentrations ofFe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significantelevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result wasalso shown by Cd and Ni. Three genotypes were identified with a combination of lowbrown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou2168, Tianyou196and Guinongzhan).
Fourthly, four rice genotypes were cultivated in11soils contaminated by Hgcollected from different paddy sites (10Hg mine and1Pb/Zn mine across threeprovinces). The pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition toinvestigate effect of genotypes and edaphic factors on THg and MeHg accumulationin rice. Results indicated that genotypes as well as locations (soil sources) had asignificant effect on grain THg and MeHg. Moreover, there was also a significantgenotype by location interaction for rice THg and MeHg. There were significantnegative correlations between rice THg and concentrations of total organic carbon(TOC), Fe and Ni in soil; a significant positive correlation was observed between riceTHg and soil total potassium (TK). There was a negative correlation between riceMeHg and soil pH.
Finally, a pot trial was conducted using soil-sand combination rhizosbag systemwith four rice genotypes, to study dynamic variation of radial oxygen loss (ROL) andiron plaque on root surface, and THg/MeHg uptake in six rice growing stages(tillering, elongation stage, booting, flowering, filling stage and mature stage). Resultsshowed that there were significant differences (p <0.01) in rates of ROL amongdifferent rice genotypes, and among different growing stages. There were alsosignificant variations for degree of iron plaque formation on root surface amongdifferent genotypes and different growing stages. The mean rates of ROL in the fourgenotypes (Tianyou196, Huayouguangkangzhan, Nanjing35and Zixiangnuo) were5.92mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)、5.27mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)、8.48mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)and3.4mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)in six rice growing stages,respectively. The mean concentrations of Fe on root surface (DCB-Fe) of the fourgenotypes were20474mg kg~(-1)、16979mg kg~(-1)、24224mg kg~(-1)and14952mg kg~(-1),respectively. Straw THg/MeHg and root MeHg were gradually decline in rice growingperiod. However, root THg was gradually increased from tillering to flowering.There was a significant negative correlation (p <0.05~0.0001) between rate of ROLand rice THg, similarly, a significant negative correlation (p <0.05~0.0001) betweeniron concentration on root surface and rice THg was also found. However, there wereno significant correlations between rice MeHg and rate of ROL, iron concentration onroot surface.
In summary, present results showed that there were significant genotype variationsfor rice THg and MeHg concentrations under both field and greenhouse conditions.Some rice genotypes accumulated lower THg and MeHg in grains (under thepermissable limit of food safety) even if they were cultivated the paddy fieldsseriously contaminated by Hg. Moreover, rice genotypes tended to stabilize in THgaccumulation under different field conditions, and in MeHg uptake in similarenvironment conditions. Ribenqin and Nanfengnuo were potential useful genotypeswith simultaneously low grain THg and MeHg. Similarly, Wufengyou2168, Tianyou196and Guinongzhan were identified with a combination of low grain mixed toxic heavy metals (Cd and Pb). The degree of soil Hg-contamination is an important factorfor THg and MeHg accumulation in rice. Some edaphic factors (e.g., TOC, Fe, Ni andK) had significant effects on rice THg, and soil pH on rice MeHg accumulation. Theresults from rhizobag trial suggest that ROL-iron palque combination play animportant effect on THg accumulation in rice. Booting is a key stage for Hg(especially MeHg) accumulation in rice growing period, imply that some measures(e.g. water management) could be carry out to mitigate THg and MeHg accumulationin rice at this stage. As a whole, present results indicate that selection of rice genotypeand control of edaphic factor were effective ways in reducing THg and MeHgaccumulation in rice, this may have potential to be applied in Hg-contaminatedregions.
1、调查了贵州、湖南和广东三省16个地区的稻田（13个为矿区，3个为非矿区），其中，13个矿区的稻田全部遭受不同程度Hg污染，最严重的贵州铜仁Hg矿区稻田THg浓度达到136.5mg kg~(-1)。从三个省的污染区来看，贵州省调查区稻米THg平均浓度为28.6ng g~(-1)，湖南省为20.5ng g~(-1)，广东省为5.98ng g~(-1)，其中，稻米THg浓度最高达到54.4ng g~(-1)（贵州丹寨Hg矿区），是食品安全标准（20ng g~(-1)）的2倍以上。
2、在贵州万山、湖南新晃和广东凡口Hg污染稻田种植26个水稻基因型，研究其对THg和MeHg的吸收特征（首次在野外开展这方面研究）。结果发现，在三块实验田，大米对THg和MeHg的积累都存在显著（p <0.01）的基因型差异。在万山、新晃和凡口，大米THg平均浓度分别为25.8ng g~(-1)、28.6ng g~(-1)和14.5ng g~(-1)；大米MeHg平均浓度分别为9.4ng g~(-1)、11.4ng g~(-1)和1.2ng g~(-1)。在污染比较严重的万山和新晃实验田，中花11、日本晴、越光、老黄稻、南丰糯和苏玉糯6个基因型THg浓度是低于国家食品安全标准限量的。在凡口实验田，有19个基因型大米THg浓度是在安全标准之下的。大米THg浓度在万山和新晃（r=0.81, p <0.0001），万山和凡口（r=0.64, p <0.001），凡口和新晃（r=0.76,p <0.0001）都呈现一个极显著的正相关；同样，谷粒产量在这三个实验田也呈现两两显著（p <0.05~0.01）正相关；大米MeHg浓度在万山和新晃（r=0.67, p<0.001）呈现极显著正相关。日本晴和南丰糯这两个基因型同时低积累THg和MeHg。
3、在广东凡口实验田，存在严重的复合重金属污染。因此，本次工作也研究了种植在凡口实验田的32个水稻基因型对毒性元素镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和矿质营养元素铁（Fe）、锌（Zn）、镍（Ni）和锰（Mn）的吸收情况及其相互影响。结果发现：水稻对这6种元素的吸收都存在显著（p <0.001）的基因型差异。大米中Fe和Mn浓度随着Cd浓度的增加而显著降低；Fe、 Mn和Ni浓度随着Pb浓度的升高而增加，Ni和Cd也存在相同的趋势。五丰优2168、天优196和桂农占这三个基因型能同时低积累Cd和Pb，且有较高的矿质元素含量和谷粒产量。
4、利用来自11个地方（贵州5个：万山四坑、万山五坑、铜仁、丹寨和三都；湖南5个：新晃、保靖、机建、茶树喇和牛斗坪；广东1个：凡口）的Hg污染稻田土，研究4个水稻基因型对THg和MeHg的吸收情况及土壤因子对其吸收THg和MeHg的影响。结果发现，种植在不同土壤的同一基因型水稻组织对THg和MeHg吸收存在显著（p <0.01）差异。种植在相同土壤的不同基因型水稻组织对THg和MeHg的吸收也存在显著（p <0.01）差异，即水稻对THg和MeHg的吸收同时受到基因型和不同来源土壤（具有不同性质）的影响，此外，还受到二者交互作用（p <0.001）的影响。土壤因子中，有机碳（TOC）、土壤Fe和Ni浓度与水稻THg浓度呈显著（p <0.05~0.01）负相关；而土壤总钾（TK）和THg浓度与水稻THg浓度呈显著（p <0.05~0.001）正相关。土壤pH和水稻MeHg浓度呈显著（p <0.05~0.01）负相关。
5、采用贵州万山Hg污染稻田土结合河砂进行根际袋土培实验，研究4个水稻基因型在不同生长期（分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期）水稻根系渗氧和根表铁膜的动态变化，水稻组织对THg和MeHg的吸收变化及其相互作用。结果发现，4个基因型在不同生长期根系渗氧率和根表铁膜（Fe浓度）都存在显著性差异（p <0.001）。天优196、华优广抗占、南粳35和紫香糯生长期平均渗氧率分别为5.92mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)、5.27mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)、8.48mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)和3.4mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)；根表铁膜平均Fe浓度分别为20474mg kg~(-1)、16979mg kg~(-1)、24224mg kg~(-1)和14952mg kg~(-1)。4个基因型都呈现根系渗氧率随着水稻的生长逐渐降低的趋势。在水稻生长前三个阶段（分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期），根表铁膜随着时间显著增加；到后三个阶段（扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期），根表铁膜变化较小。4个基因型茎叶THg和MeHg浓度都是随着生长逐渐降低，根THg浓度在前四个时期是逐渐增加，后两个时期变化幅度不大；根MeHg浓度从分蘖期到拔节期有微弱的上升后就逐渐降低；相关分析发现，4个水稻基因型根系渗氧率和根表铁膜呈现显著（p<0.01~0.0001）正相关。水稻根系渗氧率、根表铁膜与茎叶、根THg浓度都呈显著（p <0.05~0.0001）负相关。扬花期的花序，灌浆期的谷粒、成熟期的谷壳和糙米THg浓度与相应时期和分蘖期的根系渗氧率和根表铁膜都是呈现显著（p<0.01~0.0001）负相关。虽然不同基因型水稻在不同生长期其组织MeHg浓度都存在显著性差异，但是MeHg浓度与根系渗氧和根表铁膜都没有显著相关性。
以上野外大田实验和室内盆栽实验结果都显示水稻对THg和MeHg的吸收都存在显著的基因型差异，在严重的Hg污染稻田中，依然存在稻米THg和MeHg浓度是在食品安全限量以下的基因型。且水稻对THg的吸收具有基因型稳定性，对MeHg的吸收虽然受到环境的影响程度高于THg，但在土壤污染程度相似的贵州万山和湖南新晃依然具有同步的吸收特征。一些基因型（日本晴和南丰糯）能同时低积累THg和MeHg；同样也存在对复合重金属（如Cd、Pb）同时低积累的水稻基因型。本研究还表明，土壤TOC、Fe、Ni和K浓度能显著影响水稻对THg的吸收；土壤pH能显著影响水稻对MeHg的吸收；土壤Hg污染程度是影响水稻吸收THg和MeHg的重要因素。说明水稻对THg和MeHg的吸收是受到土壤因子（外部因素）和基因型（内部因素）共同影响的。对水稻内部因素—渗氧的研究表明，在不同生长期，不同基因型水稻根系渗氧能力显著不同，且与水稻组织THg浓度呈显著负相关，说明水稻渗氧能力不同是导致水稻对THg吸收存在显著基因型差异的内部因素之一。此外，孕穗期是水稻对Hg（尤其是MeHg）吸收的一个关键时期，一些潜在的可降低水稻对THg/MeHg积累的方法（如水分管理）如果在该时期进行，可能效果会更好。总的来说，本研究表明通过筛选基因型和改变土壤因素能降低水稻对THg和MeHg的积累，这是一种潜在的解决Hg污染稻田的利用和保证稻米安全的有效且可行的方法。
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic element, and is now considered a key global pollutant. Incertain environmental conditions (e.g. paddy field), Hg was methylated tomethylmercury (MeHg) which is more toxic (neurotoxin) than the inorganic form.Nowadays, more and more paddy fields have been contaminated by Hg due toanthropogenic Hg emission, resulting elevated Hg levels in rice and subsequently inhumans foods posing human health threat. Recent studies have demonstrated that riceseed has the highest ability to accumulate MeHg compared to other tissues. There istherefore urgency in management and utilization these paddy fields contaminated byHg, to develop mitigation measures to reduce total mercury (THg) and MeHg in ricegrain and to ensure food safety. However, cost-effective methods are not available toremediate large areas of Hg-polluted paddy fields. Prevoius studies reported that therewere significant differences in THg and MeHg uptake and tolerance among ricegenotypes grown in soils added with Hg under greenhouse conditions. The resultssuggest that it is possible to screen rice genotypes to ensure rice safety inHg-contaminated fields. However, currently the genetic controls of THg and MeHg accumulation in rice remain largely unknown. In this study, field and greenhouseexperiments have been conducted to investigate the genotype variation and stablity ofrice in THg and MeHg accumulation, and to explore the mechanisms of this variationfrom the aspects of radial oxygen loss (ROL) and iron plaque. The effects of edaphicfactors in THg and MeHg accumulation in rice genotyes were also investested inpresented study. The major results and conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, THg concentration in soils of paddy fields and rice grains collected from13mines sites and3control sites across Guizhou, Hunan and Guangdong Provinces wereinvestigated. The results showed that (1) the paddy fields in the13mines sites havebeen seriously contaminated by Hg, up to136.5mg kg~(-1)in paddy soils at Tongren(TR) Hg mine site in Guizhou Province;(2) the rice was also polluted by Hg, meanTHg concentrations of rice grain in Guizhou, Hunan and Guangdong were28.6ng g~(-1),20.5ng g~(-1)and5.98ng g~(-1), respectively. The highest concentration of THg in ricegrain was54.4ng g~(-1)(Danzhan Hg mine of Guizhou) which is exceed the permissablelimit (20ng g~(-1)) of the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods of China (MLCFGB2762-2005).
Secondly, twenty-six rice genotypes were cultivated in three paddy fieldscontaminated Hg across Guizhou (Wanshan Hg mine), Hunan (Xinhuang Hg mine)and Guangdong (Fankou Pb/Zn mine) Provinces. Results showed that there wassignificant genotype variation (p <0.01) for grain THg and MeHg at the three fieldsites. The mean THg and MeHg concentrations of rice grain in Wanshan, Xinhuangand Fankou were25.8ng g~(-1),28.6ng g~(-1)and14.5ng g~(-1);9.4ng g~(-1),11.4ng g~(-1)and1.2ng g~(-1), respectively. At Wanshan and Xinhuang field sites (paddy soil THgexceeded40mg kg~(-1)in the two sites), there were6genotypes (Zhonghua11,Ribenqing, Yueguang, Laohuangdao, Nanfengnuo and Suyunuo) with the lower grainTHg which were under the permissable limit of MLCF. At Fankou site, concentrationsof THg in grains of19genotypes were lower than the permissable limit of MLCF. Forthe26genotypes at the three sites there were highly significant correlation betweenthe concentrations of THg between Wanshan and Xinhuang (r=0.81, p <0.0001), Wanshan and Fankou (r=0.64, p <0.001), Fankou and Xinhuang (r=0.76, p <0.0001). Moreover, there were also significant positive correlations (p <0.05~0.01)between grain yields at the three field sites. A significant positive correlation betweenthe concentrations of MeHg between Wanshan and Xinhuang (r=0.67, p <0.001).Two rice genotypes (Ribenqing and Nanfengnuo) were identified with a combinationof low grain THg and MeHg.
Thirdly, the paddy fields in Fankou Pb/Zn mining area were co-contaminated by acocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (Hg, Cd and Pb). This study indentified ricegenotypes with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminatedfield conditions, and the interactions of toxic elements Cd and Pb with micronutrientelements iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and nickel (Ni) were also studied.Among32rice genotypes tested, there were significant differences (p <0.001) inconcentrations of6elements of brown rice. Significant decreases in concentrations ofFe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significantelevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result wasalso shown by Cd and Ni. Three genotypes were identified with a combination of lowbrown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou2168, Tianyou196and Guinongzhan).
Fourthly, four rice genotypes were cultivated in11soils contaminated by Hgcollected from different paddy sites (10Hg mine and1Pb/Zn mine across threeprovinces). The pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition toinvestigate effect of genotypes and edaphic factors on THg and MeHg accumulationin rice. Results indicated that genotypes as well as locations (soil sources) had asignificant effect on grain THg and MeHg. Moreover, there was also a significantgenotype by location interaction for rice THg and MeHg. There were significantnegative correlations between rice THg and concentrations of total organic carbon(TOC), Fe and Ni in soil; a significant positive correlation was observed between riceTHg and soil total potassium (TK). There was a negative correlation between riceMeHg and soil pH.
Finally, a pot trial was conducted using soil-sand combination rhizosbag systemwith four rice genotypes, to study dynamic variation of radial oxygen loss (ROL) andiron plaque on root surface, and THg/MeHg uptake in six rice growing stages(tillering, elongation stage, booting, flowering, filling stage and mature stage). Resultsshowed that there were significant differences (p <0.01) in rates of ROL amongdifferent rice genotypes, and among different growing stages. There were alsosignificant variations for degree of iron plaque formation on root surface amongdifferent genotypes and different growing stages. The mean rates of ROL in the fourgenotypes (Tianyou196, Huayouguangkangzhan, Nanjing35and Zixiangnuo) were5.92mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)、5.27mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)、8.48mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)and3.4mmol O2kg~(-1)root d. w. h~(-1)in six rice growing stages,respectively. The mean concentrations of Fe on root surface (DCB-Fe) of the fourgenotypes were20474mg kg~(-1)、16979mg kg~(-1)、24224mg kg~(-1)and14952mg kg~(-1),respectively. Straw THg/MeHg and root MeHg were gradually decline in rice growingperiod. However, root THg was gradually increased from tillering to flowering.There was a significant negative correlation (p <0.05~0.0001) between rate of ROLand rice THg, similarly, a significant negative correlation (p <0.05~0.0001) betweeniron concentration on root surface and rice THg was also found. However, there wereno significant correlations between rice MeHg and rate of ROL, iron concentration onroot surface.
In summary, present results showed that there were significant genotype variationsfor rice THg and MeHg concentrations under both field and greenhouse conditions.Some rice genotypes accumulated lower THg and MeHg in grains (under thepermissable limit of food safety) even if they were cultivated the paddy fieldsseriously contaminated by Hg. Moreover, rice genotypes tended to stabilize in THgaccumulation under different field conditions, and in MeHg uptake in similarenvironment conditions. Ribenqin and Nanfengnuo were potential useful genotypeswith simultaneously low grain THg and MeHg. Similarly, Wufengyou2168, Tianyou196and Guinongzhan were identified with a combination of low grain mixed toxic heavy metals (Cd and Pb). The degree of soil Hg-contamination is an important factorfor THg and MeHg accumulation in rice. Some edaphic factors (e.g., TOC, Fe, Ni andK) had significant effects on rice THg, and soil pH on rice MeHg accumulation. Theresults from rhizobag trial suggest that ROL-iron palque combination play animportant effect on THg accumulation in rice. Booting is a key stage for Hg(especially MeHg) accumulation in rice growing period, imply that some measures(e.g. water management) could be carry out to mitigate THg and MeHg accumulationin rice at this stage. As a whole, present results indicate that selection of rice genotypeand control of edaphic factor were effective ways in reducing THg and MeHgaccumulation in rice, this may have potential to be applied in Hg-contaminatedregions.
引文
常洋,董娜,何剑斌.汞的危害及防治.畜禽业,2008,12:53-54.
杜心.汞砷复合污染及铁膜对水稻吸收汞的影响.吉林农业大学硕士学位论文,2004.
冯新斌,仇广乐,付学吾,何天容,李平,王少锋.环境汞污染.化学进展,2009,21(2-3):436-457.
郭伟,林咸永,程旺大,不同地区土壤中分蘖期水稻根表铁氧化物的形成及其对砷吸收的影响.环境科学,2010,31(2):496-501.
郭咏梅,段延碧,李少明,黄平,涂建,李华慧,萧凤回,谭学林.有色稻米Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量及与种皮颜色相关分析.植物遗传资源学报,2011,12(6):971-974,981.
胡月红.国内外汞污染分布状况研究综述.环境保护科学,2008,34(1):38-41.
黄慧玲.广东凡口铅锌矿床伴生汞的赋存特征.广东地质,1990,5(1):14-21.
李冰,张朝晖.贵州烂泥沟金矿区苔藓植物及其生态修复潜力分析.热带亚热带植物学报,2008,16(6):511-515.
李花粉,张福锁,李春俭,毛达如. Fe对不同品种水稻吸收Cd的影响.应用生态学报,1998,9(1):110-112.
李俊芳.南宁市郊区土壤中汞污染状况调查.广西农业生物科学,1999,18(1):85-88.
李永华,孙宏飞,杨林生,李海蓉.湖南凤凰茶田汞矿区土壤-水稻系统中汞的传输及其健康风险.地理研究,2012,31(1):63-70.
李永华,王五一,杨林生,李海蓉.湘西多金属矿区汞铅污染土壤的环境质量.环境科学,2005,26(5):187-191.
林齐维,李庆新,瞿丽雅,张海燕,何锦林,谭红.丹寨汞矿冶炼厂土壤汞污染的初步研究.贵州环保科技,1998,4(2):23-26.
刘侯俊,张俊伶,韩晓日,张福锁.根表铁膜对元素吸收的效应及其影响因素.土壤,2009,41(3):335-343.
刘家彦.贵州省环境污染对农业生态环境的影响.贵州环保科技,1998,4(4):40-44.
刘鹂,瞿丽雅,罗勇,胡平,赖莉.汞采冶对周边土壤及农作物影响的探讨.贵州环保科技,2004,10(3):43-45.
刘敏超,李花粉,夏立江,杨林书.不同基因型水稻吸镉差异及其与根表铁氧化物胶膜的关系.环境科学学报,2000,20(5):592-596.
刘敏超,李花粉,夏立江,杨林书.根表铁锰氧化物胶膜对不同品种水稻吸镉的影响.生态学报,2001,21(4):598-602.
刘平,仇广乐,商立海.汞污染土壤植物修复技术研究进展.生态学杂志,2007,26(6):933-937.
刘小林.矿区水稻土壤重金属污染及其施肥调控技术.湖北农业科学,2010,49(2):487-490.
刘艳菊,朱永官,丁辉,郭伟,陈正,刘文菊.水稻根表铁膜对水稻根吸收铅的影响.环境化学,2007,26(3):327-330.
彭红云,杨肖娥.香薷植物修复铜污染土壤的研究进展.水土保持学报,2005,19(5):197-201.
瞿丽雅.贵州汞污染防治研究.贵阳：贵州人民出版社，2004.
仇广乐,冯新斌,王少锋,商立海.贵州汞矿矿区不同位置土壤中总汞和甲基汞污染特征的研究.环境科学,2006,27(3):3550-3555.
邵国胜.水稻镉耐性和积累的基因型差异与机理研究.浙江大学博士学位论文,2005.
孙宏飞，李永华，姬艳芳，杨林生，王五一.湘西汞矿区土壤中重金属的空间分布特征及其生态环境意义.环境科学，2009,30(4):1159-1165.
谭红,何锦林,何听涛.用Moss Bag富集研究汞矿附近元素汞的沉降.环境科学,1997,18(6):71-72.
童继平,李素敏,刘学军,韩傲男.有色稻米研究进展.植物遗传资源学报,2011,12(1):13-18.
万双秀,王俊东.汞对人体神经的毒性及其危害.微量元素与健康研究,2005,22(2):67-69.
王茂意.水稻根系渗氧和铁膜对其Cd、Pb吸收和耐性的影响及机理研究.广州中山大学硕士学位论文,2010.
王新,吴燕玉.不同作物对重金属复合污染物吸收特性的研究.农业环境保护,1998,17(5):193-196.
卫生部食品卫生监督检验所.食品中总汞及有机汞的测定,国家质检总局, GB/T5009.17-2003..
邬杨善.城市污水处理—投资与决策.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992.
吴启堂,陈卢,王广寿.水稻不同品种对Cd吸收累积的差异和机理研究.生态学报,1999,19(1):106-109.
谢景千,雷梅,陈同斌,李晓燕,顾明华,刘晓海.蜈蚣草对污染土壤中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的原位去除效果.环境科学学报,2010,30(1):165-171.
徐燕玲,陈能场,徐胜光,周健民,谢志宜,李志安.低镉累积水稻品种的筛选方法研究——品种与类型.农业环境科学学报,2009,28(7):1346-1352.
殷敬峰,李华兴,卢维盛,谢斯斯,骆海雄,黄杏媛.不同品种水稻糙米对Cd Cu Zn积累特性的研究.农业环境科学学报,2010,29(5):844-850.
游月华.紫黑稻米色素和营养成分研究现状.辽宁农业科学,2006(4):39-41.
余有见.不同基因型水稻耐汞性差异基因的遗传分析.浙江师范大学硕士学位论文,2009.
余有见,胡海涛,施瑶佳,王晓丹,杨玲.不同基因型水稻耐汞性及汞积累差异比较.安徽农业科学,2009,37(2):492-493.
张超,仇广乐,冯新斌.汞矿山环境汞污染研究进展.生态学杂志,2011,30(5):865-873.
张西科,尹君,刘文菊,张福锁,毛达如.根系氧化力不同的水稻品种磷锌营养状况的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(1):54-57.
郑娆.浅谈汞的危害与自我防护.计量与测试技术,2011,1:69-71.
周建民,党志，司徒粤，刘丛强.大宝山矿区周围土壤重金属污染分布特征研究.农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1172-1176.
中华人民共和国国家标准.土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995),1995, pp.1-4.
中华人民共和国国家标准.食品中污染物限量(GB2762-2005),2005, pp.1-11.
Adomako EE, Williams PN, Deacon C, Meharg AA. Inorganic arsenic and trace elements inGhanaian grain staples. Environmental Pollution，2011,159(10):2435-2442.
Akielaszek JJ, Haines TA. Mercury in the muscle tissue of fish from three northern Maine lakes.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1981,27(1):201-208.
Al-Saleh I, Shinwari, N. Report on the levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury in imported ricegrain samples. Biological Trace Element Research,2001,83(1):91-96.
Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Afonso SAV. Incineration of different types of medical wastes: emissionfactors for particulate matter and heavy metals. Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(14):3152-3157.
An YJ, Kim YM, Kwon TI, Jeong SW. Combined effect of copper, cadmium, and lead uponCucumis sativus growth and bioaccumulation. Science of the Total Environment,2004,326(1-3):85-93.
Antoniadis V, Robinson JS, Alloway BJ. Effects of short-term pH fluctuations on cadmium, nickel,lead, and zinc availability to ryegrass in a sewage sludge-amended field. Chemosphere,2008,71(4):759-764.
Arao T, Ae N. Genotypic variations in cadmium levels of rice grain. Soil Science and PlantNutrition,2003,49(4):473-479.
Armstrong J, Armstrong W. Rice and Phragmites: effects of organic acids on growth, rootpermeability, and radial oxygen loss to the rhizosphere. American Journal of Botany,2001,88(8):1359-1370.
Armstrong J, Armstrong W. Rice: sulfide-induced barriers to root radial oxygen loss, Fe2+andwater uptake, and lateral root emergence. Annals of Botany,2005,96(4):625-638.
Armstrong J, Armstrong W, Beckett PM. Phragmites australis: Venturi‐and humidity‐inducedpressure flows enhance rhizome aeration and rhizosphere oxidation. New Phytologist,1992,120(2):197-207.
Armstrong W. Aeration in higher plants. Advances in Botanical Research,1980,7:225-332.
Armstrong W. Mechanisms of flood tolerance in plants. Acta Botany Neerl,1994,43:307-358.
Ahmed ZU, Panaullah GM, Gauch H, McCouch SR, Tyagi W, Kabir MS, Duxbury JM. Genotypeand environment effects on rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain arsenic concentration in Bangladesh.Plant Soil,2011,338,(1),367-382.
Badawy SH, Helal M, Chaudri AM, Lawlor K, McGrath SP. Soil solid-phase controls lead activityin soil solution. Joural Environmental Quality,2002,31(1):162-167.
Bang J, Hesterberg D. Dissolution of trace element contaminants from two coastal plain soils asaffected by pH. Joural Environmental Quality,2004,33(3):891-901.
Begg C, Kirk G, Mackenzie AF, Neue HU. Root-induced iron oxidation and pH changes in thelowland rice rhizosphere. New Phytologist,1994,128(3):469-477.
Bert V, Seuntjens P, Dejonghe W, Lacherez S, Thuy HTT, Vandecasteele B. Phytoremediation asa management option for contaminated sediments in tidal marshes, flood control areas anddredged sediment landfill sites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2009,16(7):745-764.
Bizily SP, Rugh CL, Summers AO, Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of methylmercury pollution:merB expression in Arabidopsis thaliana confers resistance to organomercurials. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences,1999,96(12):6808-6813.
Burzynski M. The influence of lead and cadmium on the absorption and distribution of potassium,calcium, magnesium and iron in cucumber seedlings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,1987,9:229-238.
Carpi A. Mercury from combustion sources: a review of the chemical species emitted and theirtransport in the atmosphere. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,1997,98(3):241-254.
Cataldo DA, Garland TR, Wildung RE. Cadmium uptake kinetics in intact soybean plants. PlantPhysiology,1983,73(3):844-848.
Chabbi A, McKee KL, Mendelssohn IA. Fate of oxygen losses from Typha domingensis(Typhaceae) and Cladium jamaicense (Cyperaceae) and consequences for root metabolism.American Journal of Botany,2000,87(8):1081-1090.
Chen Z, Zhu YG, Liu WJ, Meharg AA. Direct evidence showing the effect of root surface ironplaque on arsenite and arsenate uptake into rice (Oryza sativa) roots. New Phytologist,2005,165(1):91-97.
Cheng SP. Heavy metals in plants and phytoremediation. Environmental Science and PollutionResearch,2002,10(5):335-340.
Cheng W, Zhang G, Yao H, Wu W, Xu M. Genotypic and environmental variation in cadmium,chromium, arsenic, nickel, and lead concentrations in rice grains. Journal of ZhejiangUniversity-Science B,2006,7(7):565-571.
Cheng FM, Zhao NC, Xu HM, Li Y, Zhang WF, Zhu ZW, Chen MX. Cadmium and leadcontamination in japonica rice grains and its variation among the different locations insoutheast China. Science of the Total Environment,2006,359(1-3):156-166.
Clarkson TW, Magos L. The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds. Critical Reviewsin Toxicology,2006,36(8):609-662.
Colmer TD. Long‐distance transport of gases in plants: a perspective on internal aeration andradial oxygen loss from roots. Plant, Cell&Environment,2003,26(1):17-36.
Crowder AA, St-Cyr L. Iron oxide plaque on wetland roots. Trends Soil Science,1991,1(3):15-329.
Cui YJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that producewhite or dark grains. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China,2004,16(6):962-967.
Cunningham SD, Ow DW. Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. Plant Physiology,1996,110(3):715-719.
Dai J, Becquer T, Rouiller JH, Reversat G, Bernhard-Reversat F, Lavelle P. Influence of heavymetals on C and N mineralisation and microbial biomass in Zn-, Pb-, Cu-, andCd-contaminated soils. Applied Soil Ecology,2004,25(2):99-109.
DeLaune RD, Patrick WH, Kludze HK. A colorimetric method for assaying dissolved oxygen lossfrom container-grown rice roots. Agronomy Journal,1994,86(3):483-487.
Deng H, Ye ZH, Wong MH. Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by12wetland plantspecies thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China. Environmental Pollution,2004,132(1):29-40.
Du Laing G, Vanthuyne D, Vandecasteele B, Tack F, Verloo MG. Influence of hydrologicalregime on pore water metal concentrations in a contaminated sediment-derived soil.Environmental Pollution,2007,147(3):615-625.
Dwivedi S, Tripathi RD, Srivastava S, Singh R, Kumar A, Tripathi P, Dave R, Rai UN,Chakrabarty D, Trivedi PK. Arsenic affects mineral nutrients in grains of various Indian rice(Oryza sativa L.) genotypes grown on arsenic-contaminated soils of West Bengal. Protoplasma,2010,245(1-4):113-124.
Ebbs SD, Kochian LV. Toxicity of zinc and copper to Brassica species: implications forphytoremediation. Journal of Environmental Quality,1997,26(3):776-781.
EPA. Mercury in sediment and tissue samples by atomic fluorescence spectrometry, revisionO.U.S. EPA,2007.
EPA. Mercury study report to Congress. Volume1. Executive summary. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States). Office of Air QualityPlanning and Standards,1997.
Ericksen JA, Gustin MS. Foliar exchange of mercury as a function of soil and air mercuryconcentrations. Science of the Total Environment,2004,324(1-3):271-279.
Fagerstr m T, Jernel v A. Some aspects of the quantitative ecology of mercury. Water Research1972,6(10):1193-1202.
Feng XB, Li GH, Qiu GL. A preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environmentfrom artisanal zinc smelting using indigenous methods in Hezhang County, Guizhou,China--Part1. Mercury emission from zinc smelting and its influences on the surface waters.Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(36):6223-6230.
Feng XB, Li GH, Qiu GL. A preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environmentfrom artisanal zinc smelting using indigenous methods in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China:Part2. Mercury contaminations to soil and crop. Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(1):47-55.
Feng XB, Li P, Qiu GL, Wang SF, Li GH, Shang LH, Meng B, Jiang HM, Bai WY, Li ZG, FuXW. Human exposure to methylmercury through rice intake in mercury mining areas,Guizhou Province, China. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(1):326-332.
Feng XB, Qiu GL. Mercury pollution in Guizhou, Southwestern China--An overview. Science ofthe Total Environment,2008,400(1-3):227-237.
Feng XB, Sommar J, Lindqvist O, Hong YT. Occurrence, emissions and deposition of mercuryduring coal combustion in the province Guizhou, China. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,2002139(1-4),311-324.
Feng XB, Wang SF, Qiu GL, Hou YM, Tang SL. Total gaseous mercury emissions from soil inGuiyang, Guizhou, China. Journal of Geophysical Research,2005,110, D14306, doi:10.1029/2004JD005643.
Feng XB, Yan HY, Wang SF, Qiu GL, Tang SL, Shang LH, Dai QJ, Hou YM. Seasonal variationof gaseous mercury exchange rate between air and water surface over Baihua reservoir,Guizhou, China. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(28):4721-4732.
Fernández AJ, Ternero M, Barragán FJ, Jiménez JC. An approach to characterization of sources ofurban airborne particles through heavy metal speciation. Chemosphere-Global Change Science,2000,2(2):123-136.
Ferrara R, Maserti BE, Andersson M, Edner H, Ragnarson P, Svanberg S. Mercury degassing ratefrom mineralized areas in the Mediterranean basin. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,1997,93(1-4):59-66.
Ferrara R, Mazzolai B, Lanzillotta E, Nucaro E, Pirrone N. Volcanoes as emission sources ofatmospheric mercury in the Mediterranean basin. Science of the Total Environment,2000,259(1-3):115-121.
Fitz WJ, Wenzel WW. Arsenic transformations in the soil–rhizosphere–plant system:fundamentals and potential application to phytoremediation. Journal of Biotechnology,2002,99(3):259-278.
Fu JJ, Zhou QF, Liu JM, Liu W, Wang T, Zhang QH, Jiang GB. High levels of heavy metals inrice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and itspotential risk to human health. Chemosphere,2008,71(7):1269-1275.
Goyer RA. Toxic and essential metal interactions. Annual Review of Nutrition,1997,17:37-50.
Graham R, Senadhira D, Beebe S, Iglesias C, Monasterio I.. Breeding for micronutrient density inedible portions of staple food crops: conventional approaches. Field Crops Research,1999,60(1-2):57-80.
Grandjean P, Weihe P, White RF. Milestone development in infants exposed to methylmercuryfrom human milk. Neurotoxicology,1995,16(1):27.
Grant CA, Clarke JM, Duguid S, Chaney RL. Selection and breeding of plant cultivars tominimize cadmium accumulation. Science of the Total Environment,2008,390(2-3):301-310.
Greipsson S. Effects of iron plaque on roots of rice on growth and metal concentration of seedsand plant tissues when cultivated in excess copper. Communications in Soil Science&PlantAnalysis,1994,25(15-16):2761-2769.
Gustin MS, Lindberg S, Marsik F, Casimir A, Ebinghaus R, Edwards G, Hubble-Fitzgerald C,Kemp R, Kock H, Leonard T. Nevada STORMS project: Measurement of mercury emissionsfrom naturally enriched surfaces. Journal of Geophysical Research1999,104(D17):831–844.
Harada M. The global lessons of Minamata disease: an introduction to Minamata studies.Advances in Bioethics,2005,8:299-355.
Harris HH, Pickering IJ, George GN. The chemical form of mercury in fish. Science,2003,301:1203.
Hassett DJ, Heebink LV, Pflughoeft-Hassett DF. Potential for mercury vapor release from coalcombustion by-products. Fuel Processing Technology,2004,85(6-7):613-620.
Heaton ACP, Rugh CL, Wang NJ, Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of mercury-andmethylmercury-polluted soils using genetically engineered plants. Journal of SoilContamination1998,7(4):497-509.
Heikens A, Panaullah GM, Meharg AA. Arsenic behaviour from groundwater and soil to crops:Impacts on agriculture and food safety. Reviews of Environmental Contamination andToxicology,2007,189:43-87.
Henry JR. An overview of the phytoremediation of lead and mercury. National Network ofEnvironmental Management Studies (NNEMS),2000.
Horvat M, Nolde N, Fajon V, Jereb V, Logar M, Lojen S, Jacimovic R, Falnoga I, Qu LY,Faganeli J. Total mercury, methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in theprovince Guizhou, China. Science of the Total Environment,2003,304(1-3):231-256.
Hotz C, Brown KH. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for itscontrol. International nutrition foundation: for UNU,2004.
Huang JW, Chen J, Berti WR, Cunningham SD. Phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soils: roleof synthetic chelates in lead phytoextraction. Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(3):800-805.
Hylander LD, Goodsite ME. Environmental costs of mercury pollution. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2006,368(1):352-370.
Iskandar IK, Adriano DC. Remediation of soils contaminated with metals-a review of currentpractices in the USA. Science Reviews Ltd,1997, pp.1-26.
Jackson MB, Armstrong W. Formation of aerenchyma and the processes of plant ventilation inrelation to soil flooding and submergence. Plant Biology,1999,1(3):274-287.
Jackson RM, Gelpi JL, Cortes A, Emery DC, Wilks HM, Moreton KM, Halsall DJ, Sleigh RN,Behan-Martin M. Construction of a stable dimer of Bacillus stearothermophilus lactatedehydrogenase. Biochemistry,1992,31(35):8307-8314.
Jiang FY, Chen X, Luo AC. Iron plaque formation on wetland plants and its influence onphosphorus, calcium and metal uptake. Aquatic Ecology2009,43(4):879-890.
Jiang GB, Shi JB, Feng XB. Mercury pollution in China. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(12):3672-3678.
Jiang SL, Wu JG, Thang NB, Feng Y, Yang XE, Shi CH. Genotypic variation of mineral elementscontents in rice (Oryza sativa L.). European Food Research and Technology,2008,228(1),115-122.
Johansson K, Bergb ck B, Tyler G. Impact of atmospheric long range transport of lead, mercuryand cadmium on the Swedish forest environment. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution: Focus,2001,1(3-4):279-297.
Kashem MA, Singh BR. Metal availability in contaminated soils: I. Effects of floodingand organicmatter on changes in Eh, pH and solubility of Cd, Ni and Zn. Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems2001,61(3):247-255.
Kelly CA, Rudd J, Bodaly RA, Roulet NP, Louis VLS, Heyes A, Moore TR, Schiff S, Aravena R,Scott KJ. Increases in fluxes of greenhouse gases and methyl mercury following flooding of anexperimental reservoir. Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(5):1334-1344.
Kerin EJ, Gilmour CC, Roden E, Suzuki MT, Coates JD, Mason RP. Mercury methylation bydissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2006,72(12):7919-7921.
Krishnamurti G, Huang PM, Kozak LM. Sorption and desorption kinetics of cadmium from soils:influence of phosphate. Soil Science,1999,164(12):888-898.
Krupp EM, Mestrot A, Wielgus J, Meharg AA, Feldmann J. The molecular form of mercury inbiota: identification of novel mercury peptide complexes in plants. Chemical Communications,2009,28:4257-4259.
Kuo S, Lai MS, Lin CW. Influence of solution acidity and CaCl2concentration on the removal ofheavy metals from metal-contaminated rice soils. Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):918-925.
Kuo TH, Chang CF, Urba A, Kvietkus K. Atmospheric gaseous mercury in Northern Taiwan.Science of the Total Environment,2006.368(1):10-18.
Lamborg CH, Fitzgerald WF, O'Donnell J, Torgersen T. A non-steady-state compartmental modelof global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2002,66(7):1105-1118.
Landis MS, Keeler GJ, Al-Wali KI, Stevens RK. Divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercuryemissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant and its impact on near-field atmospheric drydeposition. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(4):613-622.
Lee YH, Hultberg H. Methylmercury in some Swedish surface waters. Environmental Toxicologyand Chemistry,1990,9(7):833-841.
Li GH, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Bi XY, Li ZG, Zhang C, Wang DY, Shang LH, Guo YN.Environmental mercury contamination of an artisanal zinc smelting area in Weining County,Guizhou, China. Environmental Pollution,2008,154(1):21-31.
Li L, Wang FY, Meng B, Lemes M, Feng XB, Jiang GB. Speciation of methylmercury in ricegrown from a mercury mining area. Environmental Pollution,2010,158(10):3103-3107.
Li P, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Li ZG, Fu XW, Sakamoto M, Liu XJ, Wang DY. Mercury exposures andsymptoms in smelting workers of artisanal mercury mines in Wuchuan, Guizhou, China.Environmental Research,2008,107(1):108-114.
Li P, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Shang LH, Wang SF. Mercury exposure in the population from Wuchuanmercury mining area, Guizhou, China. Science of the Total Environment,2008,395(2-3):72-79.
Li P, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Shang LH, Li ZG. Mercury pollution in Asia: a review of thecontaminated sites. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168(2-3):591-601.
Li RY, Stroud JL, Ma JF, McGrath SP, Zhao FJ. Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice withwater management and silicon fertilization. Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(10):3778-3783.
Li YH, Yang LS, Ji YF, Sun HF, Wang WY. Quantification and fractionation of mercury in soilsfrom the Chatian mercury mining deposit, southwestern China. Environmental Geochemistryand Health,2009,31(6):617-628.
Li ZW, Xiong J, Qi XH, Wang JY, Chen HF, Zhang ZX, Huang JW, Liang YY, Lin WX.Differential expression and function analysis of proteins in flag leaves of rice during grainfilling. Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(1):132-139.
Liu HJ, Zhang JL, Zhang FS. Role of iron plaque in Cd uptake by and translocation within rice(Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown in solution culture. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2007,59(3):314-320.
Liu JG, Zhu QS, Zhang ZJ, Xu JK, Yang JC, Wong MH. Variations in cadmium accumulationamong rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2005,85(1):147-153.
Liu JU, Li KQ, Xu JK, Zhang ZJ, Ma TB, Lu XL, Yang JC, Zhu QS. Lead toxicity, uptake, andtranslocation in different rice cultivars. Plant Science,2003,165(4):793-802.
Liu WJ, Zhu YG, Hu Y, Williams PN, Gault AG, Meharg AA, Charnock JM, Smith FA. Arsenicsequestration in iron plaque, its accumulation and speciation in mature rice plants (Oryzasativa L.). Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(18):5730-5736.
Liu WJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. Do iron plaque and genotypes affect arsenate uptake andtranslocation by rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) grown in solution culture? Journal ofExperimental Botany,2004a,55(403):1707-1713.
Liu WJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. Do phosphorus nutrition and iron plaque alter arsenate (As)uptake by rice seedlings in hydroponic culture? New Phytologist,2004b,162(2):481-488.
Loppi S. Environmental distribution of mercury and other trace elements in the geothermal area ofBagnore (Mt. Amiata, Italy). Chemosphere,2001,45(6-7):991-995.
Lyubun YV, Kosterin PV, Zakharova EA, Shcherbakov AA, Fedorov EE. Arsenic-contaminatedsoils phytotoxicity studies with sunflower and sorghum. Journal of Soils and Sediments,2006,2(3):143-147.
Maclean JL, Dawe DC, Hardy B, Hettel GP. Rice Almanac (水稻知识大全)（第三版）杨仁催，汤圣祥译.福建科学技术出版社，2000.
Ma LQ, Komar KM, Tu C, Zhang W, Cai Y, Kennelley ED. A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic.Nature,2001,409:579.
Mason RP, Lawson NM, Sheu GR. Mercury in the Atlantic Ocean: factors controlling air-seaexchange of mercury and its distribution in the upper waters. Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2001,48(13):2829-2853.
Mason RP, Sheu GR. Role of the ocean in the global mercury cycle. Global BiogeochemicalCycles,2002,16(4):1093.
McCauley A, Jones C, Jacobsen J. Soil pH and organic matter. Nutrient Management–a self studycourse from the MSU extension service continuing education series,2003,8:1-12.
McIntyre T. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from soils. Phytoremediation,2003,78:97-123.
Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Current Opinion inPlant Biology,2000,3(2):153-162.
Mehrotra AS, Horne AJ, Sedlak DL. Reduction of net mercury methylation by iron inDesulfobulbus propionicus (1pr3) cultures: Implications for engineered wetlands.Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(13):3018-3023.
Mehrotra AS, Sedlak DL. Decrease in net mercury methylation rates following iron amendment toanoxic wetland sediment slurries. Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(8):2564-2570.
Mei XQ, Ye ZH, Wong MH. The relationship of root porosity and radial oxygen loss on arsenictolerance and uptake in rice grains and straw. Environmental Pollution,2009,157(8-9),2550-2557.
Mei XQ, Wong MH, Yang Y, Dong HY, Qiu RL, Ye ZH. The effects of radial oxygen loss onarsenic tolerance and uptake in rice and on its rhizosphere. Environmental Pollution,2012,165:109-117.
Meng B, Feng, XB, Qiu GL, Cai Y, Wang DY, Li P, Shang LH, Sommar J. Distribution patternsof inorganic mercury and methylmercury in tissues of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants andpossible bioaccumulation pathways. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58(8):4951-4958.
Meng B, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Liang P, Li P, Chen CX, Shang LH. The process of methylmercuryaccumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(7):2711-2717.
Method1630. Methylmercury in Water by Distillation, Aqueous Ethylation, Purge and Trap, andCVAFS. EPA-821-R-01-020; U.S. EPA: Washington, DC,2001.
Miskimmin BM, Rudd JWM, Kelly CA. Influence of dissolved organic carbon, pH, and microbialrespiration rates on mercury methylation and demethylation in lake water. Canadian Journal ofFisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1992,49(1):17-22.
Mukherjee AB, Zevenhoven R, Brodersen J, Hylander LD, Bhattacharya P. Mercury in waste inthe European Union: sources, disposal methods and risks. Resources, Conservation andRecycling,2004,42(2):155-182.
Murata K, Weihe P, Budtz-J rgensen E, J rgensen PJ, Grandjean P. Delayed brainstem auditoryevoked potential latencies in14-year-old children exposed to methylmercury. The Journal ofPediatrics,2004,144(2):177-183.
Ninomiya T, Ohmori H, Hashimoto K, Tsuruta K, Ekino S. Expansion of methylmercurypoisoning outside of Minamata: an epidemiological study on chronic methylmercurypoisoning outside of Minamata. Environmental Research,1995,70(1):47-50.
Norton GJ, Dasgupta T, Islam MR, Islam S, Deacon CM, Zhao FJ, Stroud JL, McGrath SP,Feldmann J, Price AH. Arsenic influence on genetic variation in grain trace-element nutrientcontent in Bengal Delta grown rice. Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(21):8284-8288.
Norton GJ, Duan GL, Dasgupta T, Islam MR, Lei M, Zhu YG, Deacon CM, Moran AC, Islam S,Zhao FJ, Stroud JL, McGrath SP, Feldmann J, Price AH, Meharg AA. Environmental andgenetic control of arsenic accumulation and speciation in rice grain: comparing a range ofcommon cultivars grown in contaminated sites across Bangladesh, China, and India.Environmental Science&Technology,2009a,43(21):8381-8386.
Norton GJ, Islam MR, Deacon CM, Zhao FJ, Stroud JL, McGrath SP, Islam S, Jahiruddin M,Feldmann J, Price AH, Meharg AA. Identification of low inorganic and total grain arsenic ricecultivars from Bangladesh. Environmental Science&Technology,2009b,43(15):6070-6075.
Norton GJ, Pinson SRM, Alexander J, Mckay S, Hansen H, Duan GL, Rafiqul Islam M, Islam S,Stroud JL, Zhao FJ. Variation in grain arsenic assessed in a diverse panel of rice (Oryza sativa)grown in multiple sites. New Phytologist,2011,193(3):650-664.
Nriagu J, Becker C. Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: global and regionalinventories. Science of the Total Environment,2003,304(1-3):3-12.
Ogawa M, Tanaka K, Kasai Z. Accumulation of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium indeveloping rice grains: followed by electron microprobe X-ray analysis focusing on thealeurone layer. Plant and Cell Physiology,1979,20(1):19-27.
Olivieri G, Novakovic M, Savaskan E, Meier F, Baysang G, Brockhaus M, Müller-Spahn F. Theeffects of beta-estradiol on SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells during heavy metal inducedoxidative stress, neurotoxicity and beta-amyloid secretion. Neuroscience,2002,113(4):849-855.
Otte ML, Dekkers I, Rozema J, Broekman RA. Uptake of arsenic by Aster tripolium in relation torhizosphere oxidation. Canadian Journal of Botany,1991,69(12):2670-2677.
Otte ML, Rozema J, Koster L, Haarsma MS, Broekman RA. Iron plaque on roots of Astertripolium L.: interaction with zinc uptake. New Phytologist,1989,111(2):309-317.
Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM, Steenhuisen F, Wilson S. Global anthropogenic mercury emissioninventory for2000. Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(22):4048-4063.
Patra M, Sharma A. Mercury toxicity in plants. The Botanical Review,2000,66(3):379-422.
Peng XY, Liu FJ, Wang WX, Ye ZH. Reducing total mercury and methylmercury accumulation inrice grains through water management and deliberate selection of rice cultivars. EnvironmentalPollution,2012,162:202-208.
Pilon-Smits EAH, Freeman JL. Environmental cleanup using plants: biotechnological advancesand ecological considerations. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2006,4:203-210.
Qi XF, Lin YH, Chen JH, Ye YZ. An evaluation of mercury emissions from the chlor-alkaliindustry in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2000,12(supplement):24-30.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Li P, Wang SF, Li GH, Shang LH, Fu XW. Methylmercury accumulation inrice (Oryza sativa L.) grown at abandoned mercury mines in Guizhou, China. Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry,2008,56(7):2465-2468.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Wang SF, Fu XW, Shang LH. Mercury distribution and speciation in water andfish from abandoned Hg mines in Wanshan, Guizhou province, China. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2009,407(18):5162-5168.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Wang SF, Shang LH. Environmental contamination of mercury fromHg-mining areas in Wuchuan, northeastern Guizhou, China. Environmental Pollution,2006a,142(3):549-558.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Wang SF, Xiao TF. Mercury contaminations from historic mining to water,soil and vegetation in Lanmuchang, Guizhou, southwestern China. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2006b,368(1):56-68.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Wang SF, Shang LH. Mercury and methylmercury in riparian soil, sediments,mine-waste calcines, and moss from abandoned Hg mines in east Guizhou province,southwestern China. Applied Geochemistry,2005,20(3):627-638.
Ramadan MAE, Al-Ashkar EA. The effect of different fertilizers on the heavy metals in soil andtomato plant. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2007,1(3):300-306.
Raskin I, Ensley BD. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment.John Wiley&Sons, Inc.2000.
Rothenberg SE, Feng XB, Li P. Low-level maternal methylmercury exposure through riceingestion and potential implications for offspring health. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(4):1017-1022.
Salt DE, Blaylock M, Kumar NPBA, Dushenkov V, Ensley BD, Chet I, Raskin I.Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment usingplants. Nature Biotechnology,1995,13:468-474.
Salt DE, Smith RD, Raskin I. Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Biology,1998,49:643-668.
Sastre J, Hernández E, Rodríguez R, AlcobéX, Vidal M, Rauret G. Use of sorption and extractiontests to predict the dynamics of the interaction of trace elements in agricultural soilscontaminated by a mine tailing accident. Science of the Total Environment,2004,329(1-3):261-281.
Scheider WA, Cox C, Hayton A, Hitchin G, Vaillancourt A. Current status and temporal trends inconcentrations of persistent toxic substances in sport fish and juvenile forage fish in theCanadian waters of the Great Lakes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1998,53(1):57-76.
Schroeder WH, Jackson RA. Environmental measurements with an atmospheric mercury monitorhaving speciation capabilities. Chemosphere,1987,16(1):183-199.
Schroeder WH, Munthe J. Atmospheric mercury--an overview. Atmospheric Environment1998,32(5):809-822.
Schwesig D, Ilgen G, Matzner E. Mercury and methylmercury in upland and wetland acid forestsoils of a watershed in NE-Bavaria, Germany. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,1999,113(1-4):141-154.
Schwesig D, Krebs O. The role of ground vegetation in the uptake of mercury and methylmercuryin a forest ecosystem. Plant and Soil,2003,253(2):445-455.
Selin NE. Global biogeochemical cycling of mercury: a review. Annual Review of Environmentand Resources,2009,34:43-63.
Shi J, Li LQ, Pan GX. Variation of grain Cd and Zn concentrations of110hybrid rice cultivarsgrown in a low-Cd paddy soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(2):168-172.
Shia RL, Seigneur C, Pai P, Ko M, Sze ND. Global simulation of atmospheric mercuryconcentrations and deposition fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104(D19):23723-23747,760.
Sigler JM, Lee X, Munger W. Emission and long-range transport of gaseous mercury from alarge-scale Canadian boreal forest fire. Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(19):4343-4347.
Streets DG, Hao JM, Wu Y, Jiang JK, Chan M, Tian HZ, Feng XB. Anthropogenic mercuryemissions in China. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(40):7789-7806.
Sukreeyapongse O, Holm PE, Strobel BW, Panichsakpatana S, Magid J, Hansen HCB.pH-dependent release of cadmium, copper, and lead from natural and sludge-amended soils.Joural of Environmental Quality,2002,31(6):1901-1909.
Sun WH, Lo JB, Robert FM, Ray C, Tang C. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons intropical coastal soils I. selection of promising woody plants. Environmental Science andPollution Research,2004,11(4):206-266.
Smith GC, Brennan EG. Cadmium-zinc interactionship in tomato plants. Phytopathology,1983.73:879-882.
Tan H, He JL, Liang L, Lazoff S, Sommer J, Xiao ZF, Lindqvist O. Atmospheric mercurydeposition in Guizhou, China. Science of the Total Environment,2000,259(1-3):223-230.
Tang SL, Feng XB, Qiu JR, Yin GX, Yang, ZC. Mercury speciation and emissions from coalcombustion in Guiyang, southwest China. Environmental Research,2007,105(2):175-182.
Taylor GJ, Crowder AA. Use of the DCB technique for extraction of hydrous iron oxides fromroots of wetland plants. American Journal of Botany,1983,70(8):1254-1257.
Trasande L, Landrigan PJ, Schechter C. Public health and economic consequences of methylmercury toxicity to the developing brain. Environmental Health Perspectives,2005,113(5):590-596.
Tu C, Zheng CR, Chen HM. Effect of applying chemical fertilizers on forms of lead and cadmiumin red soil. Chemosphere,2000,41(1-2):133-138.
Ullrich SM, Tanton TW, Abdrashitova SA. Mercury in the aquatic environment: a review offactors affecting methylation. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2001,31(3):241-293.
Usman A, Kuzyakov Y, Stahr K. Sorption, Desorption, and Immobilization of Heavy Metals byArtificial Soil. University of Hohenhiem, Stuttgart,2008.
Uversky VN, Li J, Fink AL. Metal-triggered structural transformations, aggregation, andfibrillation of human α-synuclein. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(23):44284-44296.
Ventura DF, Sim es AL, Tomaz S, Costa MF, Lago M, Costa M, Canto-Pereira L, De Souza JM,Faria M, Silveira L. Colour vision and contrast sensitivity losses of mercury intoxicatedindustry workers in Brazil. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2005,19(3):523-529.
Wang HY. Assessment and prediction of overall environmental quality of Zhuzhou City, HunanProvince, China. Journal of Environmental Management,2002,66(3):329-340.
Wang HY, Arne OS. Heavy metal pollution in air-water-soil-plant system of Zhuzhou City,Hunan Province, China. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,2003,147(1-4):79-107.
Wang AS, Angle JS, Chaney RL, Delorme TA, Reeves RD. Soil pH effects on uptake of Cd andZn by Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant and Soil,2006,281(1-2):325-337.
Wang MY, Chen AK, Wong MH, Qiu RL, Cheng H, Ye ZH. Cadmium accumulation in andtolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties with different rates of radial oxygen loss.Environmental Pollution,2011,159(6):1730-1736.
Wang QC, Shen WG, Ma ZW. Estimation of mercury emission from coal combustion in China.Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(13):2711-2713.
Wang YG. Clonal differences in mercury tolerance, accumulation, and distribution in willow.Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(5):1779-1785.
Weis JS, Weis P. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications forphytoremediation and restoration. Environment International,2004,30(5):685-700.
Welch RM, Graham RD. Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutritionperspective. Journal of Experimental Botany,2004,55(396):353-364.
WHO. UN committee recommends new dietary intake limits for mercury; available at http://www.who. int/mediacentre/news/notes/2003/np20/en/index.html; cited Oct17,2003.
Williams PN, Islam S, Islam R, Jahiruddin M, Adomako E, Soliaman A, Rahman G, Lu Y,Deacon C, Zhu YG, Meharg AA. Arsenic limits trace mineral nutrition (selenium, zinc, andnickel) in Bangladesh rice grain. Environmental Science&Technology,2009a,43(21):8430-8436.
Williams PN, Lei M, Sun GX, Huang Q, Lu Y, Deacon C, Meharg AA, Zhu YG. Occurrence andpartitioning of cadmium, arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice: Hunan, China.Environmental Science&Technology,2009b,43(3):637-642.
Williams PN, Price AH, Raab A, Hossain SA, Feldmann J, Meharg AA. Variation in arsenicspeciation and concentration in paddy rice related to dietary exposure. Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(15):5531-5540.
Williams PN, Villada A, Deacon C, Raab A, Figuerola J, Green AJ, Feldmann J, Meharg AA.Greatly enhanced arsenic shoot assimilation in rice leads to elevated grain levels compared towheat and barley. Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(19):6854-6859.
Wu Y, Wang SX, Streets DG, Hao JM, Chan M, Jiang JK. Trends in anthropogenic mercuryemissions in China from1995to2003. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(17):5312-5318.
Xu SB, Li T, Deng ZY, Chong K, Xue Y, Wang T. Dynamic proteomic analysis reveals a switchbetween central carbon metabolism and alcoholic fermentation in rice filling grains. PlantPhysiology,2008,148(2):908-925.
Xun LY, Campbell N, Rudd JWM. Measurements of specific rates of net methyl mercuryproduction in the water column and surface sediments of acidified and circumneutral lakes.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1987,44(4):750-757.
Yang QW, Shu WS, Qiu JW, Wang HB, Lan CY. Lead in paddy soils and rice plants and itspotential health risk around Lechang lead/zinc Mine, Guangdong, China. EnvironmentInternational,2004,30(7):883-889.
Yang X, Ye ZQ, Shi CH, Zhu ML, Graham RD. Genotypic differences in concentrations of iron,manganese, copper, and zinc in polished rice grains. Journal of Plant Nutrition,1998,21(7):1453-1462.
Ye ZH, Baker AJM, Wong MH, Willis AJ. Zinc, lead and cadmium accumulation and tolerance inTypha latifolia as affected by iron plaque on the root surface. Aquatic Botany,1998,61(1):55-67.
Ye ZH, Baker AJM, Wong MH, Willis AJ. Zinc, lead and cadmium tolerance, uptake andaccumulation by Typha latifolia. New Phytologist,1997,136(3):469-480.
Yu H, Wang JL, Fang W, Yuan JG, Yang ZY. Cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivarsand screening for pollution-safe cultivars of rice. Science of the Total Environment,2006,370(2-3):302-309.
Zahir F, Rizwi SJ, Haq SK, Khan RH. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health.Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2005,20(2):351-360.
Zehnder AJ, Wuhrmann K. Titanium (III) citrate as a nontoxic oxidation-reduction bufferingsystem for the culture of obligate anaerobes. Science,1976,194:1165-1166.
Zeng FR, Mao Y, Cheng WD, Wu FB, Zhang GP. Genotypic and environmental variation inchromium, cadmium and lead concentrations in rice. Environmental Pollution,2008,153(2):309-314.
Zhang H, Feng XB, Larssen T, Qiu GL, Vogt RD. In inland China, rice, rather than fish, is themajor pathway for methylmercury exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives,2010,118(9):1183-1188.
Zhang H, Lindberg SE. Air/water exchange of mercury in the Everglades I: the behavior ofdissolved gaseous mercury in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2000,259(1-3):123-133.
Zhang L, Wong MH. Environmental mercury contamination in China: sources and impacts.Environment International,2007,33(1):108-121.
Zhang XK, Zhang FS, Mao DR. Effect of iron plaque outside roots on nutrient uptake by rice(Oryza sativa L.). Zinc uptake by Fe-deficient rice. Plant and Soil,1998,202(1):33-39.
Zhao FJ, McGrath SP, Meharg AA. Arsenic as a food chain contaminant: mechanisms of plantuptake and metabolism and mitigation strategies. Annual Review of Plant Biology,2010,61:535-559.
Zhao YC, Xu XH, Sun WX, Huang B, Darilek JL, Shi XZ. Uncertainty assessment of mappingmercury contaminated soils of a rapidly industrializing city in the Yangtze River Delta ofChina using sequential indicator co-simulation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,138(1-3):343-355.
Zhou JM, Dang Z, Cai MF, Liu CQ. Soil heavy metal pollution around the Dabaoshan mine,Guangdong Province, China. Pedosphere,2007,17(5):588-594.
Zhu C, Shen GM, Yan YP, He JY. Genotypic variation in grain mercury accumulation of lowlandrice. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2008,171(2):281-285.
Zhuang P, McBride MB, Xia HP, Li NY, Li ZA. Health risk from heavy metals via consumptionof food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2009,407(5):1551-1561.
Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Improving iron, zinc and vitamin A nutrition through plantbiotechnology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology,2002,13(2):142-145.
杜心.汞砷复合污染及铁膜对水稻吸收汞的影响.吉林农业大学硕士学位论文,2004.
冯新斌,仇广乐,付学吾,何天容,李平,王少锋.环境汞污染.化学进展,2009,21(2-3):436-457.
郭伟,林咸永,程旺大,不同地区土壤中分蘖期水稻根表铁氧化物的形成及其对砷吸收的影响.环境科学,2010,31(2):496-501.
郭咏梅,段延碧,李少明,黄平,涂建,李华慧,萧凤回,谭学林.有色稻米Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量及与种皮颜色相关分析.植物遗传资源学报,2011,12(6):971-974,981.
胡月红.国内外汞污染分布状况研究综述.环境保护科学,2008,34(1):38-41.
黄慧玲.广东凡口铅锌矿床伴生汞的赋存特征.广东地质,1990,5(1):14-21.
李冰,张朝晖.贵州烂泥沟金矿区苔藓植物及其生态修复潜力分析.热带亚热带植物学报,2008,16(6):511-515.
李花粉,张福锁,李春俭,毛达如. Fe对不同品种水稻吸收Cd的影响.应用生态学报,1998,9(1):110-112.
李俊芳.南宁市郊区土壤中汞污染状况调查.广西农业生物科学,1999,18(1):85-88.
李永华,孙宏飞,杨林生,李海蓉.湖南凤凰茶田汞矿区土壤-水稻系统中汞的传输及其健康风险.地理研究,2012,31(1):63-70.
李永华,王五一,杨林生,李海蓉.湘西多金属矿区汞铅污染土壤的环境质量.环境科学,2005,26(5):187-191.
林齐维,李庆新,瞿丽雅,张海燕,何锦林,谭红.丹寨汞矿冶炼厂土壤汞污染的初步研究.贵州环保科技,1998,4(2):23-26.
刘侯俊,张俊伶,韩晓日,张福锁.根表铁膜对元素吸收的效应及其影响因素.土壤,2009,41(3):335-343.
刘家彦.贵州省环境污染对农业生态环境的影响.贵州环保科技,1998,4(4):40-44.
刘鹂,瞿丽雅,罗勇,胡平,赖莉.汞采冶对周边土壤及农作物影响的探讨.贵州环保科技,2004,10(3):43-45.
刘敏超,李花粉,夏立江,杨林书.不同基因型水稻吸镉差异及其与根表铁氧化物胶膜的关系.环境科学学报,2000,20(5):592-596.
刘敏超,李花粉,夏立江,杨林书.根表铁锰氧化物胶膜对不同品种水稻吸镉的影响.生态学报,2001,21(4):598-602.
刘平,仇广乐,商立海.汞污染土壤植物修复技术研究进展.生态学杂志,2007,26(6):933-937.
刘小林.矿区水稻土壤重金属污染及其施肥调控技术.湖北农业科学,2010,49(2):487-490.
刘艳菊,朱永官,丁辉,郭伟,陈正,刘文菊.水稻根表铁膜对水稻根吸收铅的影响.环境化学,2007,26(3):327-330.
彭红云,杨肖娥.香薷植物修复铜污染土壤的研究进展.水土保持学报,2005,19(5):197-201.
瞿丽雅.贵州汞污染防治研究.贵阳：贵州人民出版社，2004.
仇广乐,冯新斌,王少锋,商立海.贵州汞矿矿区不同位置土壤中总汞和甲基汞污染特征的研究.环境科学,2006,27(3):3550-3555.
邵国胜.水稻镉耐性和积累的基因型差异与机理研究.浙江大学博士学位论文,2005.
孙宏飞，李永华，姬艳芳，杨林生，王五一.湘西汞矿区土壤中重金属的空间分布特征及其生态环境意义.环境科学，2009,30(4):1159-1165.
谭红,何锦林,何听涛.用Moss Bag富集研究汞矿附近元素汞的沉降.环境科学,1997,18(6):71-72.
童继平,李素敏,刘学军,韩傲男.有色稻米研究进展.植物遗传资源学报,2011,12(1):13-18.
万双秀,王俊东.汞对人体神经的毒性及其危害.微量元素与健康研究,2005,22(2):67-69.
王茂意.水稻根系渗氧和铁膜对其Cd、Pb吸收和耐性的影响及机理研究.广州中山大学硕士学位论文,2010.
王新,吴燕玉.不同作物对重金属复合污染物吸收特性的研究.农业环境保护,1998,17(5):193-196.
卫生部食品卫生监督检验所.食品中总汞及有机汞的测定,国家质检总局, GB/T5009.17-2003..
邬杨善.城市污水处理—投资与决策.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992.
吴启堂,陈卢,王广寿.水稻不同品种对Cd吸收累积的差异和机理研究.生态学报,1999,19(1):106-109.
谢景千,雷梅,陈同斌,李晓燕,顾明华,刘晓海.蜈蚣草对污染土壤中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的原位去除效果.环境科学学报,2010,30(1):165-171.
徐燕玲,陈能场,徐胜光,周健民,谢志宜,李志安.低镉累积水稻品种的筛选方法研究——品种与类型.农业环境科学学报,2009,28(7):1346-1352.
殷敬峰,李华兴,卢维盛,谢斯斯,骆海雄,黄杏媛.不同品种水稻糙米对Cd Cu Zn积累特性的研究.农业环境科学学报,2010,29(5):844-850.
游月华.紫黑稻米色素和营养成分研究现状.辽宁农业科学,2006(4):39-41.
余有见.不同基因型水稻耐汞性差异基因的遗传分析.浙江师范大学硕士学位论文,2009.
余有见,胡海涛,施瑶佳,王晓丹,杨玲.不同基因型水稻耐汞性及汞积累差异比较.安徽农业科学,2009,37(2):492-493.
张超,仇广乐,冯新斌.汞矿山环境汞污染研究进展.生态学杂志,2011,30(5):865-873.
张西科,尹君,刘文菊,张福锁,毛达如.根系氧化力不同的水稻品种磷锌营养状况的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(1):54-57.
郑娆.浅谈汞的危害与自我防护.计量与测试技术,2011,1:69-71.
周建民,党志，司徒粤，刘丛强.大宝山矿区周围土壤重金属污染分布特征研究.农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1172-1176.
中华人民共和国国家标准.土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995),1995, pp.1-4.
中华人民共和国国家标准.食品中污染物限量(GB2762-2005),2005, pp.1-11.
Adomako EE, Williams PN, Deacon C, Meharg AA. Inorganic arsenic and trace elements inGhanaian grain staples. Environmental Pollution，2011,159(10):2435-2442.
Akielaszek JJ, Haines TA. Mercury in the muscle tissue of fish from three northern Maine lakes.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1981,27(1):201-208.
Al-Saleh I, Shinwari, N. Report on the levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury in imported ricegrain samples. Biological Trace Element Research,2001,83(1):91-96.
Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Afonso SAV. Incineration of different types of medical wastes: emissionfactors for particulate matter and heavy metals. Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(14):3152-3157.
An YJ, Kim YM, Kwon TI, Jeong SW. Combined effect of copper, cadmium, and lead uponCucumis sativus growth and bioaccumulation. Science of the Total Environment,2004,326(1-3):85-93.
Antoniadis V, Robinson JS, Alloway BJ. Effects of short-term pH fluctuations on cadmium, nickel,lead, and zinc availability to ryegrass in a sewage sludge-amended field. Chemosphere,2008,71(4):759-764.
Arao T, Ae N. Genotypic variations in cadmium levels of rice grain. Soil Science and PlantNutrition,2003,49(4):473-479.
Armstrong J, Armstrong W. Rice and Phragmites: effects of organic acids on growth, rootpermeability, and radial oxygen loss to the rhizosphere. American Journal of Botany,2001,88(8):1359-1370.
Armstrong J, Armstrong W. Rice: sulfide-induced barriers to root radial oxygen loss, Fe2+andwater uptake, and lateral root emergence. Annals of Botany,2005,96(4):625-638.
Armstrong J, Armstrong W, Beckett PM. Phragmites australis: Venturi‐and humidity‐inducedpressure flows enhance rhizome aeration and rhizosphere oxidation. New Phytologist,1992,120(2):197-207.
Armstrong W. Aeration in higher plants. Advances in Botanical Research,1980,7:225-332.
Armstrong W. Mechanisms of flood tolerance in plants. Acta Botany Neerl,1994,43:307-358.
Ahmed ZU, Panaullah GM, Gauch H, McCouch SR, Tyagi W, Kabir MS, Duxbury JM. Genotypeand environment effects on rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain arsenic concentration in Bangladesh.Plant Soil,2011,338,(1),367-382.
Badawy SH, Helal M, Chaudri AM, Lawlor K, McGrath SP. Soil solid-phase controls lead activityin soil solution. Joural Environmental Quality,2002,31(1):162-167.
Bang J, Hesterberg D. Dissolution of trace element contaminants from two coastal plain soils asaffected by pH. Joural Environmental Quality,2004,33(3):891-901.
Begg C, Kirk G, Mackenzie AF, Neue HU. Root-induced iron oxidation and pH changes in thelowland rice rhizosphere. New Phytologist,1994,128(3):469-477.
Bert V, Seuntjens P, Dejonghe W, Lacherez S, Thuy HTT, Vandecasteele B. Phytoremediation asa management option for contaminated sediments in tidal marshes, flood control areas anddredged sediment landfill sites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2009,16(7):745-764.
Bizily SP, Rugh CL, Summers AO, Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of methylmercury pollution:merB expression in Arabidopsis thaliana confers resistance to organomercurials. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences,1999,96(12):6808-6813.
Burzynski M. The influence of lead and cadmium on the absorption and distribution of potassium,calcium, magnesium and iron in cucumber seedlings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,1987,9:229-238.
Carpi A. Mercury from combustion sources: a review of the chemical species emitted and theirtransport in the atmosphere. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,1997,98(3):241-254.
Cataldo DA, Garland TR, Wildung RE. Cadmium uptake kinetics in intact soybean plants. PlantPhysiology,1983,73(3):844-848.
Chabbi A, McKee KL, Mendelssohn IA. Fate of oxygen losses from Typha domingensis(Typhaceae) and Cladium jamaicense (Cyperaceae) and consequences for root metabolism.American Journal of Botany,2000,87(8):1081-1090.
Chen Z, Zhu YG, Liu WJ, Meharg AA. Direct evidence showing the effect of root surface ironplaque on arsenite and arsenate uptake into rice (Oryza sativa) roots. New Phytologist,2005,165(1):91-97.
Cheng SP. Heavy metals in plants and phytoremediation. Environmental Science and PollutionResearch,2002,10(5):335-340.
Cheng W, Zhang G, Yao H, Wu W, Xu M. Genotypic and environmental variation in cadmium,chromium, arsenic, nickel, and lead concentrations in rice grains. Journal of ZhejiangUniversity-Science B,2006,7(7):565-571.
Cheng FM, Zhao NC, Xu HM, Li Y, Zhang WF, Zhu ZW, Chen MX. Cadmium and leadcontamination in japonica rice grains and its variation among the different locations insoutheast China. Science of the Total Environment,2006,359(1-3):156-166.
Clarkson TW, Magos L. The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds. Critical Reviewsin Toxicology,2006,36(8):609-662.
Colmer TD. Long‐distance transport of gases in plants: a perspective on internal aeration andradial oxygen loss from roots. Plant, Cell&Environment,2003,26(1):17-36.
Crowder AA, St-Cyr L. Iron oxide plaque on wetland roots. Trends Soil Science,1991,1(3):15-329.
Cui YJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that producewhite or dark grains. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China,2004,16(6):962-967.
Cunningham SD, Ow DW. Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. Plant Physiology,1996,110(3):715-719.
Dai J, Becquer T, Rouiller JH, Reversat G, Bernhard-Reversat F, Lavelle P. Influence of heavymetals on C and N mineralisation and microbial biomass in Zn-, Pb-, Cu-, andCd-contaminated soils. Applied Soil Ecology,2004,25(2):99-109.
DeLaune RD, Patrick WH, Kludze HK. A colorimetric method for assaying dissolved oxygen lossfrom container-grown rice roots. Agronomy Journal,1994,86(3):483-487.
Deng H, Ye ZH, Wong MH. Accumulation of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium by12wetland plantspecies thriving in metal-contaminated sites in China. Environmental Pollution,2004,132(1):29-40.
Du Laing G, Vanthuyne D, Vandecasteele B, Tack F, Verloo MG. Influence of hydrologicalregime on pore water metal concentrations in a contaminated sediment-derived soil.Environmental Pollution,2007,147(3):615-625.
Dwivedi S, Tripathi RD, Srivastava S, Singh R, Kumar A, Tripathi P, Dave R, Rai UN,Chakrabarty D, Trivedi PK. Arsenic affects mineral nutrients in grains of various Indian rice(Oryza sativa L.) genotypes grown on arsenic-contaminated soils of West Bengal. Protoplasma,2010,245(1-4):113-124.
Ebbs SD, Kochian LV. Toxicity of zinc and copper to Brassica species: implications forphytoremediation. Journal of Environmental Quality,1997,26(3):776-781.
EPA. Mercury in sediment and tissue samples by atomic fluorescence spectrometry, revisionO.U.S. EPA,2007.
EPA. Mercury study report to Congress. Volume1. Executive summary. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States). Office of Air QualityPlanning and Standards,1997.
Ericksen JA, Gustin MS. Foliar exchange of mercury as a function of soil and air mercuryconcentrations. Science of the Total Environment,2004,324(1-3):271-279.
Fagerstr m T, Jernel v A. Some aspects of the quantitative ecology of mercury. Water Research1972,6(10):1193-1202.
Feng XB, Li GH, Qiu GL. A preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environmentfrom artisanal zinc smelting using indigenous methods in Hezhang County, Guizhou,China--Part1. Mercury emission from zinc smelting and its influences on the surface waters.Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(36):6223-6230.
Feng XB, Li GH, Qiu GL. A preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environmentfrom artisanal zinc smelting using indigenous methods in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China:Part2. Mercury contaminations to soil and crop. Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(1):47-55.
Feng XB, Li P, Qiu GL, Wang SF, Li GH, Shang LH, Meng B, Jiang HM, Bai WY, Li ZG, FuXW. Human exposure to methylmercury through rice intake in mercury mining areas,Guizhou Province, China. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(1):326-332.
Feng XB, Qiu GL. Mercury pollution in Guizhou, Southwestern China--An overview. Science ofthe Total Environment,2008,400(1-3):227-237.
Feng XB, Sommar J, Lindqvist O, Hong YT. Occurrence, emissions and deposition of mercuryduring coal combustion in the province Guizhou, China. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,2002139(1-4),311-324.
Feng XB, Wang SF, Qiu GL, Hou YM, Tang SL. Total gaseous mercury emissions from soil inGuiyang, Guizhou, China. Journal of Geophysical Research,2005,110, D14306, doi:10.1029/2004JD005643.
Feng XB, Yan HY, Wang SF, Qiu GL, Tang SL, Shang LH, Dai QJ, Hou YM. Seasonal variationof gaseous mercury exchange rate between air and water surface over Baihua reservoir,Guizhou, China. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(28):4721-4732.
Fernández AJ, Ternero M, Barragán FJ, Jiménez JC. An approach to characterization of sources ofurban airborne particles through heavy metal speciation. Chemosphere-Global Change Science,2000,2(2):123-136.
Ferrara R, Maserti BE, Andersson M, Edner H, Ragnarson P, Svanberg S. Mercury degassing ratefrom mineralized areas in the Mediterranean basin. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,1997,93(1-4):59-66.
Ferrara R, Mazzolai B, Lanzillotta E, Nucaro E, Pirrone N. Volcanoes as emission sources ofatmospheric mercury in the Mediterranean basin. Science of the Total Environment,2000,259(1-3):115-121.
Fitz WJ, Wenzel WW. Arsenic transformations in the soil–rhizosphere–plant system:fundamentals and potential application to phytoremediation. Journal of Biotechnology,2002,99(3):259-278.
Fu JJ, Zhou QF, Liu JM, Liu W, Wang T, Zhang QH, Jiang GB. High levels of heavy metals inrice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and itspotential risk to human health. Chemosphere,2008,71(7):1269-1275.
Goyer RA. Toxic and essential metal interactions. Annual Review of Nutrition,1997,17:37-50.
Graham R, Senadhira D, Beebe S, Iglesias C, Monasterio I.. Breeding for micronutrient density inedible portions of staple food crops: conventional approaches. Field Crops Research,1999,60(1-2):57-80.
Grandjean P, Weihe P, White RF. Milestone development in infants exposed to methylmercuryfrom human milk. Neurotoxicology,1995,16(1):27.
Grant CA, Clarke JM, Duguid S, Chaney RL. Selection and breeding of plant cultivars tominimize cadmium accumulation. Science of the Total Environment,2008,390(2-3):301-310.
Greipsson S. Effects of iron plaque on roots of rice on growth and metal concentration of seedsand plant tissues when cultivated in excess copper. Communications in Soil Science&PlantAnalysis,1994,25(15-16):2761-2769.
Gustin MS, Lindberg S, Marsik F, Casimir A, Ebinghaus R, Edwards G, Hubble-Fitzgerald C,Kemp R, Kock H, Leonard T. Nevada STORMS project: Measurement of mercury emissionsfrom naturally enriched surfaces. Journal of Geophysical Research1999,104(D17):831–844.
Harada M. The global lessons of Minamata disease: an introduction to Minamata studies.Advances in Bioethics,2005,8:299-355.
Harris HH, Pickering IJ, George GN. The chemical form of mercury in fish. Science,2003,301:1203.
Hassett DJ, Heebink LV, Pflughoeft-Hassett DF. Potential for mercury vapor release from coalcombustion by-products. Fuel Processing Technology,2004,85(6-7):613-620.
Heaton ACP, Rugh CL, Wang NJ, Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of mercury-andmethylmercury-polluted soils using genetically engineered plants. Journal of SoilContamination1998,7(4):497-509.
Heikens A, Panaullah GM, Meharg AA. Arsenic behaviour from groundwater and soil to crops:Impacts on agriculture and food safety. Reviews of Environmental Contamination andToxicology,2007,189:43-87.
Henry JR. An overview of the phytoremediation of lead and mercury. National Network ofEnvironmental Management Studies (NNEMS),2000.
Horvat M, Nolde N, Fajon V, Jereb V, Logar M, Lojen S, Jacimovic R, Falnoga I, Qu LY,Faganeli J. Total mercury, methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in theprovince Guizhou, China. Science of the Total Environment,2003,304(1-3):231-256.
Hotz C, Brown KH. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for itscontrol. International nutrition foundation: for UNU,2004.
Huang JW, Chen J, Berti WR, Cunningham SD. Phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soils: roleof synthetic chelates in lead phytoextraction. Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(3):800-805.
Hylander LD, Goodsite ME. Environmental costs of mercury pollution. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2006,368(1):352-370.
Iskandar IK, Adriano DC. Remediation of soils contaminated with metals-a review of currentpractices in the USA. Science Reviews Ltd,1997, pp.1-26.
Jackson MB, Armstrong W. Formation of aerenchyma and the processes of plant ventilation inrelation to soil flooding and submergence. Plant Biology,1999,1(3):274-287.
Jackson RM, Gelpi JL, Cortes A, Emery DC, Wilks HM, Moreton KM, Halsall DJ, Sleigh RN,Behan-Martin M. Construction of a stable dimer of Bacillus stearothermophilus lactatedehydrogenase. Biochemistry,1992,31(35):8307-8314.
Jiang FY, Chen X, Luo AC. Iron plaque formation on wetland plants and its influence onphosphorus, calcium and metal uptake. Aquatic Ecology2009,43(4):879-890.
Jiang GB, Shi JB, Feng XB. Mercury pollution in China. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(12):3672-3678.
Jiang SL, Wu JG, Thang NB, Feng Y, Yang XE, Shi CH. Genotypic variation of mineral elementscontents in rice (Oryza sativa L.). European Food Research and Technology,2008,228(1),115-122.
Johansson K, Bergb ck B, Tyler G. Impact of atmospheric long range transport of lead, mercuryand cadmium on the Swedish forest environment. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution: Focus,2001,1(3-4):279-297.
Kashem MA, Singh BR. Metal availability in contaminated soils: I. Effects of floodingand organicmatter on changes in Eh, pH and solubility of Cd, Ni and Zn. Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems2001,61(3):247-255.
Kelly CA, Rudd J, Bodaly RA, Roulet NP, Louis VLS, Heyes A, Moore TR, Schiff S, Aravena R,Scott KJ. Increases in fluxes of greenhouse gases and methyl mercury following flooding of anexperimental reservoir. Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(5):1334-1344.
Kerin EJ, Gilmour CC, Roden E, Suzuki MT, Coates JD, Mason RP. Mercury methylation bydissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2006,72(12):7919-7921.
Krishnamurti G, Huang PM, Kozak LM. Sorption and desorption kinetics of cadmium from soils:influence of phosphate. Soil Science,1999,164(12):888-898.
Krupp EM, Mestrot A, Wielgus J, Meharg AA, Feldmann J. The molecular form of mercury inbiota: identification of novel mercury peptide complexes in plants. Chemical Communications,2009,28:4257-4259.
Kuo S, Lai MS, Lin CW. Influence of solution acidity and CaCl2concentration on the removal ofheavy metals from metal-contaminated rice soils. Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):918-925.
Kuo TH, Chang CF, Urba A, Kvietkus K. Atmospheric gaseous mercury in Northern Taiwan.Science of the Total Environment,2006.368(1):10-18.
Lamborg CH, Fitzgerald WF, O'Donnell J, Torgersen T. A non-steady-state compartmental modelof global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2002,66(7):1105-1118.
Landis MS, Keeler GJ, Al-Wali KI, Stevens RK. Divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercuryemissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant and its impact on near-field atmospheric drydeposition. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(4):613-622.
Lee YH, Hultberg H. Methylmercury in some Swedish surface waters. Environmental Toxicologyand Chemistry,1990,9(7):833-841.
Li GH, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Bi XY, Li ZG, Zhang C, Wang DY, Shang LH, Guo YN.Environmental mercury contamination of an artisanal zinc smelting area in Weining County,Guizhou, China. Environmental Pollution,2008,154(1):21-31.
Li L, Wang FY, Meng B, Lemes M, Feng XB, Jiang GB. Speciation of methylmercury in ricegrown from a mercury mining area. Environmental Pollution,2010,158(10):3103-3107.
Li P, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Li ZG, Fu XW, Sakamoto M, Liu XJ, Wang DY. Mercury exposures andsymptoms in smelting workers of artisanal mercury mines in Wuchuan, Guizhou, China.Environmental Research,2008,107(1):108-114.
Li P, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Shang LH, Wang SF. Mercury exposure in the population from Wuchuanmercury mining area, Guizhou, China. Science of the Total Environment,2008,395(2-3):72-79.
Li P, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Shang LH, Li ZG. Mercury pollution in Asia: a review of thecontaminated sites. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,168(2-3):591-601.
Li RY, Stroud JL, Ma JF, McGrath SP, Zhao FJ. Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice withwater management and silicon fertilization. Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(10):3778-3783.
Li YH, Yang LS, Ji YF, Sun HF, Wang WY. Quantification and fractionation of mercury in soilsfrom the Chatian mercury mining deposit, southwestern China. Environmental Geochemistryand Health,2009,31(6):617-628.
Li ZW, Xiong J, Qi XH, Wang JY, Chen HF, Zhang ZX, Huang JW, Liang YY, Lin WX.Differential expression and function analysis of proteins in flag leaves of rice during grainfilling. Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(1):132-139.
Liu HJ, Zhang JL, Zhang FS. Role of iron plaque in Cd uptake by and translocation within rice(Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown in solution culture. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2007,59(3):314-320.
Liu JG, Zhu QS, Zhang ZJ, Xu JK, Yang JC, Wong MH. Variations in cadmium accumulationamong rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2005,85(1):147-153.
Liu JU, Li KQ, Xu JK, Zhang ZJ, Ma TB, Lu XL, Yang JC, Zhu QS. Lead toxicity, uptake, andtranslocation in different rice cultivars. Plant Science,2003,165(4):793-802.
Liu WJ, Zhu YG, Hu Y, Williams PN, Gault AG, Meharg AA, Charnock JM, Smith FA. Arsenicsequestration in iron plaque, its accumulation and speciation in mature rice plants (Oryzasativa L.). Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(18):5730-5736.
Liu WJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. Do iron plaque and genotypes affect arsenate uptake andtranslocation by rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) grown in solution culture? Journal ofExperimental Botany,2004a,55(403):1707-1713.
Liu WJ, Zhu YG, Smith FA, Smith SE. Do phosphorus nutrition and iron plaque alter arsenate (As)uptake by rice seedlings in hydroponic culture? New Phytologist,2004b,162(2):481-488.
Loppi S. Environmental distribution of mercury and other trace elements in the geothermal area ofBagnore (Mt. Amiata, Italy). Chemosphere,2001,45(6-7):991-995.
Lyubun YV, Kosterin PV, Zakharova EA, Shcherbakov AA, Fedorov EE. Arsenic-contaminatedsoils phytotoxicity studies with sunflower and sorghum. Journal of Soils and Sediments,2006,2(3):143-147.
Maclean JL, Dawe DC, Hardy B, Hettel GP. Rice Almanac (水稻知识大全)（第三版）杨仁催，汤圣祥译.福建科学技术出版社，2000.
Ma LQ, Komar KM, Tu C, Zhang W, Cai Y, Kennelley ED. A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic.Nature,2001,409:579.
Mason RP, Lawson NM, Sheu GR. Mercury in the Atlantic Ocean: factors controlling air-seaexchange of mercury and its distribution in the upper waters. Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2001,48(13):2829-2853.
Mason RP, Sheu GR. Role of the ocean in the global mercury cycle. Global BiogeochemicalCycles,2002,16(4):1093.
McCauley A, Jones C, Jacobsen J. Soil pH and organic matter. Nutrient Management–a self studycourse from the MSU extension service continuing education series,2003,8:1-12.
McIntyre T. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from soils. Phytoremediation,2003,78:97-123.
Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Current Opinion inPlant Biology,2000,3(2):153-162.
Mehrotra AS, Horne AJ, Sedlak DL. Reduction of net mercury methylation by iron inDesulfobulbus propionicus (1pr3) cultures: Implications for engineered wetlands.Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(13):3018-3023.
Mehrotra AS, Sedlak DL. Decrease in net mercury methylation rates following iron amendment toanoxic wetland sediment slurries. Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(8):2564-2570.
Mei XQ, Ye ZH, Wong MH. The relationship of root porosity and radial oxygen loss on arsenictolerance and uptake in rice grains and straw. Environmental Pollution,2009,157(8-9),2550-2557.
Mei XQ, Wong MH, Yang Y, Dong HY, Qiu RL, Ye ZH. The effects of radial oxygen loss onarsenic tolerance and uptake in rice and on its rhizosphere. Environmental Pollution,2012,165:109-117.
Meng B, Feng, XB, Qiu GL, Cai Y, Wang DY, Li P, Shang LH, Sommar J. Distribution patternsof inorganic mercury and methylmercury in tissues of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants andpossible bioaccumulation pathways. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58(8):4951-4958.
Meng B, Feng XB, Qiu GL, Liang P, Li P, Chen CX, Shang LH. The process of methylmercuryaccumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(7):2711-2717.
Method1630. Methylmercury in Water by Distillation, Aqueous Ethylation, Purge and Trap, andCVAFS. EPA-821-R-01-020; U.S. EPA: Washington, DC,2001.
Miskimmin BM, Rudd JWM, Kelly CA. Influence of dissolved organic carbon, pH, and microbialrespiration rates on mercury methylation and demethylation in lake water. Canadian Journal ofFisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1992,49(1):17-22.
Mukherjee AB, Zevenhoven R, Brodersen J, Hylander LD, Bhattacharya P. Mercury in waste inthe European Union: sources, disposal methods and risks. Resources, Conservation andRecycling,2004,42(2):155-182.
Murata K, Weihe P, Budtz-J rgensen E, J rgensen PJ, Grandjean P. Delayed brainstem auditoryevoked potential latencies in14-year-old children exposed to methylmercury. The Journal ofPediatrics,2004,144(2):177-183.
Ninomiya T, Ohmori H, Hashimoto K, Tsuruta K, Ekino S. Expansion of methylmercurypoisoning outside of Minamata: an epidemiological study on chronic methylmercurypoisoning outside of Minamata. Environmental Research,1995,70(1):47-50.
Norton GJ, Dasgupta T, Islam MR, Islam S, Deacon CM, Zhao FJ, Stroud JL, McGrath SP,Feldmann J, Price AH. Arsenic influence on genetic variation in grain trace-element nutrientcontent in Bengal Delta grown rice. Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(21):8284-8288.
Norton GJ, Duan GL, Dasgupta T, Islam MR, Lei M, Zhu YG, Deacon CM, Moran AC, Islam S,Zhao FJ, Stroud JL, McGrath SP, Feldmann J, Price AH, Meharg AA. Environmental andgenetic control of arsenic accumulation and speciation in rice grain: comparing a range ofcommon cultivars grown in contaminated sites across Bangladesh, China, and India.Environmental Science&Technology,2009a,43(21):8381-8386.
Norton GJ, Islam MR, Deacon CM, Zhao FJ, Stroud JL, McGrath SP, Islam S, Jahiruddin M,Feldmann J, Price AH, Meharg AA. Identification of low inorganic and total grain arsenic ricecultivars from Bangladesh. Environmental Science&Technology,2009b,43(15):6070-6075.
Norton GJ, Pinson SRM, Alexander J, Mckay S, Hansen H, Duan GL, Rafiqul Islam M, Islam S,Stroud JL, Zhao FJ. Variation in grain arsenic assessed in a diverse panel of rice (Oryza sativa)grown in multiple sites. New Phytologist,2011,193(3):650-664.
Nriagu J, Becker C. Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: global and regionalinventories. Science of the Total Environment,2003,304(1-3):3-12.
Ogawa M, Tanaka K, Kasai Z. Accumulation of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium indeveloping rice grains: followed by electron microprobe X-ray analysis focusing on thealeurone layer. Plant and Cell Physiology,1979,20(1):19-27.
Olivieri G, Novakovic M, Savaskan E, Meier F, Baysang G, Brockhaus M, Müller-Spahn F. Theeffects of beta-estradiol on SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells during heavy metal inducedoxidative stress, neurotoxicity and beta-amyloid secretion. Neuroscience,2002,113(4):849-855.
Otte ML, Dekkers I, Rozema J, Broekman RA. Uptake of arsenic by Aster tripolium in relation torhizosphere oxidation. Canadian Journal of Botany,1991,69(12):2670-2677.
Otte ML, Rozema J, Koster L, Haarsma MS, Broekman RA. Iron plaque on roots of Astertripolium L.: interaction with zinc uptake. New Phytologist,1989,111(2):309-317.
Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM, Steenhuisen F, Wilson S. Global anthropogenic mercury emissioninventory for2000. Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(22):4048-4063.
Patra M, Sharma A. Mercury toxicity in plants. The Botanical Review,2000,66(3):379-422.
Peng XY, Liu FJ, Wang WX, Ye ZH. Reducing total mercury and methylmercury accumulation inrice grains through water management and deliberate selection of rice cultivars. EnvironmentalPollution,2012,162:202-208.
Pilon-Smits EAH, Freeman JL. Environmental cleanup using plants: biotechnological advancesand ecological considerations. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2006,4:203-210.
Qi XF, Lin YH, Chen JH, Ye YZ. An evaluation of mercury emissions from the chlor-alkaliindustry in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2000,12(supplement):24-30.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Li P, Wang SF, Li GH, Shang LH, Fu XW. Methylmercury accumulation inrice (Oryza sativa L.) grown at abandoned mercury mines in Guizhou, China. Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry,2008,56(7):2465-2468.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Wang SF, Fu XW, Shang LH. Mercury distribution and speciation in water andfish from abandoned Hg mines in Wanshan, Guizhou province, China. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2009,407(18):5162-5168.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Wang SF, Shang LH. Environmental contamination of mercury fromHg-mining areas in Wuchuan, northeastern Guizhou, China. Environmental Pollution,2006a,142(3):549-558.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Wang SF, Xiao TF. Mercury contaminations from historic mining to water,soil and vegetation in Lanmuchang, Guizhou, southwestern China. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2006b,368(1):56-68.
Qiu GL, Feng XB, Wang SF, Shang LH. Mercury and methylmercury in riparian soil, sediments,mine-waste calcines, and moss from abandoned Hg mines in east Guizhou province,southwestern China. Applied Geochemistry,2005,20(3):627-638.
Ramadan MAE, Al-Ashkar EA. The effect of different fertilizers on the heavy metals in soil andtomato plant. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2007,1(3):300-306.
Raskin I, Ensley BD. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment.John Wiley&Sons, Inc.2000.
Rothenberg SE, Feng XB, Li P. Low-level maternal methylmercury exposure through riceingestion and potential implications for offspring health. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(4):1017-1022.
Salt DE, Blaylock M, Kumar NPBA, Dushenkov V, Ensley BD, Chet I, Raskin I.Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment usingplants. Nature Biotechnology,1995,13:468-474.
Salt DE, Smith RD, Raskin I. Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Biology,1998,49:643-668.
Sastre J, Hernández E, Rodríguez R, AlcobéX, Vidal M, Rauret G. Use of sorption and extractiontests to predict the dynamics of the interaction of trace elements in agricultural soilscontaminated by a mine tailing accident. Science of the Total Environment,2004,329(1-3):261-281.
Scheider WA, Cox C, Hayton A, Hitchin G, Vaillancourt A. Current status and temporal trends inconcentrations of persistent toxic substances in sport fish and juvenile forage fish in theCanadian waters of the Great Lakes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1998,53(1):57-76.
Schroeder WH, Jackson RA. Environmental measurements with an atmospheric mercury monitorhaving speciation capabilities. Chemosphere,1987,16(1):183-199.
Schroeder WH, Munthe J. Atmospheric mercury--an overview. Atmospheric Environment1998,32(5):809-822.
Schwesig D, Ilgen G, Matzner E. Mercury and methylmercury in upland and wetland acid forestsoils of a watershed in NE-Bavaria, Germany. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,1999,113(1-4):141-154.
Schwesig D, Krebs O. The role of ground vegetation in the uptake of mercury and methylmercuryin a forest ecosystem. Plant and Soil,2003,253(2):445-455.
Selin NE. Global biogeochemical cycling of mercury: a review. Annual Review of Environmentand Resources,2009,34:43-63.
Shi J, Li LQ, Pan GX. Variation of grain Cd and Zn concentrations of110hybrid rice cultivarsgrown in a low-Cd paddy soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(2):168-172.
Shia RL, Seigneur C, Pai P, Ko M, Sze ND. Global simulation of atmospheric mercuryconcentrations and deposition fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104(D19):23723-23747,760.
Sigler JM, Lee X, Munger W. Emission and long-range transport of gaseous mercury from alarge-scale Canadian boreal forest fire. Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(19):4343-4347.
Streets DG, Hao JM, Wu Y, Jiang JK, Chan M, Tian HZ, Feng XB. Anthropogenic mercuryemissions in China. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(40):7789-7806.
Sukreeyapongse O, Holm PE, Strobel BW, Panichsakpatana S, Magid J, Hansen HCB.pH-dependent release of cadmium, copper, and lead from natural and sludge-amended soils.Joural of Environmental Quality,2002,31(6):1901-1909.
Sun WH, Lo JB, Robert FM, Ray C, Tang C. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons intropical coastal soils I. selection of promising woody plants. Environmental Science andPollution Research,2004,11(4):206-266.
Smith GC, Brennan EG. Cadmium-zinc interactionship in tomato plants. Phytopathology,1983.73:879-882.
Tan H, He JL, Liang L, Lazoff S, Sommer J, Xiao ZF, Lindqvist O. Atmospheric mercurydeposition in Guizhou, China. Science of the Total Environment,2000,259(1-3):223-230.
Tang SL, Feng XB, Qiu JR, Yin GX, Yang, ZC. Mercury speciation and emissions from coalcombustion in Guiyang, southwest China. Environmental Research,2007,105(2):175-182.
Taylor GJ, Crowder AA. Use of the DCB technique for extraction of hydrous iron oxides fromroots of wetland plants. American Journal of Botany,1983,70(8):1254-1257.
Trasande L, Landrigan PJ, Schechter C. Public health and economic consequences of methylmercury toxicity to the developing brain. Environmental Health Perspectives,2005,113(5):590-596.
Tu C, Zheng CR, Chen HM. Effect of applying chemical fertilizers on forms of lead and cadmiumin red soil. Chemosphere,2000,41(1-2):133-138.
Ullrich SM, Tanton TW, Abdrashitova SA. Mercury in the aquatic environment: a review offactors affecting methylation. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2001,31(3):241-293.
Usman A, Kuzyakov Y, Stahr K. Sorption, Desorption, and Immobilization of Heavy Metals byArtificial Soil. University of Hohenhiem, Stuttgart,2008.
Uversky VN, Li J, Fink AL. Metal-triggered structural transformations, aggregation, andfibrillation of human α-synuclein. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(23):44284-44296.
Ventura DF, Sim es AL, Tomaz S, Costa MF, Lago M, Costa M, Canto-Pereira L, De Souza JM,Faria M, Silveira L. Colour vision and contrast sensitivity losses of mercury intoxicatedindustry workers in Brazil. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2005,19(3):523-529.
Wang HY. Assessment and prediction of overall environmental quality of Zhuzhou City, HunanProvince, China. Journal of Environmental Management,2002,66(3):329-340.
Wang HY, Arne OS. Heavy metal pollution in air-water-soil-plant system of Zhuzhou City,Hunan Province, China. Water, Air,&Soil Pollution,2003,147(1-4):79-107.
Wang AS, Angle JS, Chaney RL, Delorme TA, Reeves RD. Soil pH effects on uptake of Cd andZn by Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant and Soil,2006,281(1-2):325-337.
Wang MY, Chen AK, Wong MH, Qiu RL, Cheng H, Ye ZH. Cadmium accumulation in andtolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties with different rates of radial oxygen loss.Environmental Pollution,2011,159(6):1730-1736.
Wang QC, Shen WG, Ma ZW. Estimation of mercury emission from coal combustion in China.Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(13):2711-2713.
Wang YG. Clonal differences in mercury tolerance, accumulation, and distribution in willow.Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(5):1779-1785.
Weis JS, Weis P. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications forphytoremediation and restoration. Environment International,2004,30(5):685-700.
Welch RM, Graham RD. Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutritionperspective. Journal of Experimental Botany,2004,55(396):353-364.
WHO. UN committee recommends new dietary intake limits for mercury; available at http://www.who. int/mediacentre/news/notes/2003/np20/en/index.html; cited Oct17,2003.
Williams PN, Islam S, Islam R, Jahiruddin M, Adomako E, Soliaman A, Rahman G, Lu Y,Deacon C, Zhu YG, Meharg AA. Arsenic limits trace mineral nutrition (selenium, zinc, andnickel) in Bangladesh rice grain. Environmental Science&Technology,2009a,43(21):8430-8436.
Williams PN, Lei M, Sun GX, Huang Q, Lu Y, Deacon C, Meharg AA, Zhu YG. Occurrence andpartitioning of cadmium, arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice: Hunan, China.Environmental Science&Technology,2009b,43(3):637-642.
Williams PN, Price AH, Raab A, Hossain SA, Feldmann J, Meharg AA. Variation in arsenicspeciation and concentration in paddy rice related to dietary exposure. Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(15):5531-5540.
Williams PN, Villada A, Deacon C, Raab A, Figuerola J, Green AJ, Feldmann J, Meharg AA.Greatly enhanced arsenic shoot assimilation in rice leads to elevated grain levels compared towheat and barley. Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(19):6854-6859.
Wu Y, Wang SX, Streets DG, Hao JM, Chan M, Jiang JK. Trends in anthropogenic mercuryemissions in China from1995to2003. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(17):5312-5318.
Xu SB, Li T, Deng ZY, Chong K, Xue Y, Wang T. Dynamic proteomic analysis reveals a switchbetween central carbon metabolism and alcoholic fermentation in rice filling grains. PlantPhysiology,2008,148(2):908-925.
Xun LY, Campbell N, Rudd JWM. Measurements of specific rates of net methyl mercuryproduction in the water column and surface sediments of acidified and circumneutral lakes.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1987,44(4):750-757.
Yang QW, Shu WS, Qiu JW, Wang HB, Lan CY. Lead in paddy soils and rice plants and itspotential health risk around Lechang lead/zinc Mine, Guangdong, China. EnvironmentInternational,2004,30(7):883-889.
Yang X, Ye ZQ, Shi CH, Zhu ML, Graham RD. Genotypic differences in concentrations of iron,manganese, copper, and zinc in polished rice grains. Journal of Plant Nutrition,1998,21(7):1453-1462.
Ye ZH, Baker AJM, Wong MH, Willis AJ. Zinc, lead and cadmium accumulation and tolerance inTypha latifolia as affected by iron plaque on the root surface. Aquatic Botany,1998,61(1):55-67.
Ye ZH, Baker AJM, Wong MH, Willis AJ. Zinc, lead and cadmium tolerance, uptake andaccumulation by Typha latifolia. New Phytologist,1997,136(3):469-480.
Yu H, Wang JL, Fang W, Yuan JG, Yang ZY. Cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivarsand screening for pollution-safe cultivars of rice. Science of the Total Environment,2006,370(2-3):302-309.
Zahir F, Rizwi SJ, Haq SK, Khan RH. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health.Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2005,20(2):351-360.
Zehnder AJ, Wuhrmann K. Titanium (III) citrate as a nontoxic oxidation-reduction bufferingsystem for the culture of obligate anaerobes. Science,1976,194:1165-1166.
Zeng FR, Mao Y, Cheng WD, Wu FB, Zhang GP. Genotypic and environmental variation inchromium, cadmium and lead concentrations in rice. Environmental Pollution,2008,153(2):309-314.
Zhang H, Feng XB, Larssen T, Qiu GL, Vogt RD. In inland China, rice, rather than fish, is themajor pathway for methylmercury exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives,2010,118(9):1183-1188.
Zhang H, Lindberg SE. Air/water exchange of mercury in the Everglades I: the behavior ofdissolved gaseous mercury in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2000,259(1-3):123-133.
Zhang L, Wong MH. Environmental mercury contamination in China: sources and impacts.Environment International,2007,33(1):108-121.
Zhang XK, Zhang FS, Mao DR. Effect of iron plaque outside roots on nutrient uptake by rice(Oryza sativa L.). Zinc uptake by Fe-deficient rice. Plant and Soil,1998,202(1):33-39.
Zhao FJ, McGrath SP, Meharg AA. Arsenic as a food chain contaminant: mechanisms of plantuptake and metabolism and mitigation strategies. Annual Review of Plant Biology,2010,61:535-559.
Zhao YC, Xu XH, Sun WX, Huang B, Darilek JL, Shi XZ. Uncertainty assessment of mappingmercury contaminated soils of a rapidly industrializing city in the Yangtze River Delta ofChina using sequential indicator co-simulation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,138(1-3):343-355.
Zhou JM, Dang Z, Cai MF, Liu CQ. Soil heavy metal pollution around the Dabaoshan mine,Guangdong Province, China. Pedosphere,2007,17(5):588-594.
Zhu C, Shen GM, Yan YP, He JY. Genotypic variation in grain mercury accumulation of lowlandrice. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2008,171(2):281-285.
Zhuang P, McBride MB, Xia HP, Li NY, Li ZA. Health risk from heavy metals via consumptionof food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Science of the TotalEnvironment,2009,407(5):1551-1561.
Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Improving iron, zinc and vitamin A nutrition through plantbiotechnology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology,2002,13(2):142-145.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |