大麻纤维“闪爆”处理技术的研究
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摘要
到目前为止，“大麻脱胶是实现大麻纺纱织布的关键工序”已成为国内外纺织科研、生产工作人员的共识。传统的脱胶方法费时、费力，而且效率低、质量差，近几年采用的化学法、生物法、生物一化学联合法等脱胶方法也仍未能理想地解决大麻脱胶这一难题。根据爆破原理、爆破技术在造纸行业中的应用，本文采用“闪爆”技术来处理大麻原麻。闪爆技术是在释压瞬间，纤维周围及内部具有高能量的水蒸汽及液态水将热能转化为其它形式的能时，会以冲击波的形式冲向四周，冲击波遇到界面或其它阻碍，将会产生剪切作用，对大麻组分和纤维结构产生影响。同时，由于原麻中胶质等非纤维素成分大多包覆在纤维的外面，因此，高温高压的条件首先作用于非纤维素，使之在闪爆之前发生一定的化学变化，半纤维素降解成可溶性糖，木质素软化并且部分降解，从而减弱它们与纤维素间的连接，有利于以后的机械和化学方法的处理。
研究表明，“闪爆”处理可以使原麻中依靠胶质复合体粘和在一起的束纤维实现有效的分离；单纤维表面的微孔隙增大，有利于染料等化学药剂的渗入和吸收，纤维的理化性能发生了明显变化；半纤维素、木质素、果胶、脂蜡质等发生了某些变化，闪爆处理直接用水浸以后，失重率显著增加，纤维素的比例明显提高，特别是木质素的比例显著降低；与未闪爆处理的大麻纤维相比，使用化学法脱胶，闪爆处理后的大麻脱胶时间大大缩短，残胶率更低；在含水率30%、2.0MPa、134℃条件下处理的大麻，其精干麻的综合质量指标为最好。
采用棉纺和毛纺设备工艺相结合的方式试纺纯大麻纱，其纺纱工艺流程为：精干麻、给湿加油、分束剪麻、开松、上油、梳理、并条、二道并条、细纱。经此次工艺路线试纺，给我们一个很好的证明，即闪爆处理后的大麻纤维能够比较容易地进行纺纱，纺纱条件也较目前纺纱容易的多，这有可能是改善大麻成纱质量的一个有效途径。
By far, all the textile's researchers and producers in China and other countries have common realized that the de-gumming is a necessary process to spin yarns and weave cloth. The traditional de-gumming ways are time-consuming, laborious, ineffective and poor quality, and some ways recently adopted such as chemical, enzymatic and chemical-enzymatic and so on don't completely resolve the de-gumming question. According to the utilization of the explosive principle and technique in the field of paper making, in this trial the raw hemp is treated with the explosive technique. That is to say, the internal water molecules of the fibers, which have absorbed high energy under the high temperature and high pressure, conduct the adiabatic expansion in the transient period of pressure release, and apply work outside meanwhile. Then the expanding gas acts on the big molecule chains of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin etc. in the form of shock wave, which enables them to produce the shear force under the condition of
batching. Because the deformation speed of fibers is much slow than that of shear wave, a repeat function of shear force is created, leading to disbranch and microstructure deformation of hemp fibers. In addition, the thermal function under the high temperature and high pressure probably decomposes hemi-cellulose into soluble candy, promote the softness and partly degradation of lignin, contributing to the looser linkage among fibers, which is beneficial to treat the hemp in ways of the mechanical and chemical.
The research shows that the hemp fiber bundle, which are adhered together with the gum, is effectively separated. The micro-hole of single fiber's surface becomes bigger, which is beneficial to absorb easily chemical reagents, and the fiber's physical-chemical properties have apparently changed. After the explosive treated hemp is directly immersed into water and dried in oven, the weight loss rate and cellulose content obviously raise while the lignin content declines especially. With the comparison of the untreated sample, the chemical de-gumming's time obviously becomes shorter, and the residual gum content is also smaller. Under the condition of 30%(moisture content), 2.0Mpa(pressure) and
134℃ (temperature), the best degummed hemp fibers can be obtained.
With the combined of cotton spinning machine and wool spinning machine, the pure hemp yarns can be made in our trial. And the spinning process is: degummed hemp , opener for wool, oil, fearnaught machine, oil, woollen card, drawframe, ring-spinning frame. Through this trial, it verifies that the hemp spinning is realized easily after the explosive treatment and the spinning condition also becomes simplied, which shows that the explosive treatment is an effective method in order to better improve the hemp yarns' quality.
研究表明，“闪爆”处理可以使原麻中依靠胶质复合体粘和在一起的束纤维实现有效的分离；单纤维表面的微孔隙增大，有利于染料等化学药剂的渗入和吸收，纤维的理化性能发生了明显变化；半纤维素、木质素、果胶、脂蜡质等发生了某些变化，闪爆处理直接用水浸以后，失重率显著增加，纤维素的比例明显提高，特别是木质素的比例显著降低；与未闪爆处理的大麻纤维相比，使用化学法脱胶，闪爆处理后的大麻脱胶时间大大缩短，残胶率更低；在含水率30%、2.0MPa、134℃条件下处理的大麻，其精干麻的综合质量指标为最好。
采用棉纺和毛纺设备工艺相结合的方式试纺纯大麻纱，其纺纱工艺流程为：精干麻、给湿加油、分束剪麻、开松、上油、梳理、并条、二道并条、细纱。经此次工艺路线试纺，给我们一个很好的证明，即闪爆处理后的大麻纤维能够比较容易地进行纺纱，纺纱条件也较目前纺纱容易的多，这有可能是改善大麻成纱质量的一个有效途径。
By far, all the textile's researchers and producers in China and other countries have common realized that the de-gumming is a necessary process to spin yarns and weave cloth. The traditional de-gumming ways are time-consuming, laborious, ineffective and poor quality, and some ways recently adopted such as chemical, enzymatic and chemical-enzymatic and so on don't completely resolve the de-gumming question. According to the utilization of the explosive principle and technique in the field of paper making, in this trial the raw hemp is treated with the explosive technique. That is to say, the internal water molecules of the fibers, which have absorbed high energy under the high temperature and high pressure, conduct the adiabatic expansion in the transient period of pressure release, and apply work outside meanwhile. Then the expanding gas acts on the big molecule chains of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin etc. in the form of shock wave, which enables them to produce the shear force under the condition of
batching. Because the deformation speed of fibers is much slow than that of shear wave, a repeat function of shear force is created, leading to disbranch and microstructure deformation of hemp fibers. In addition, the thermal function under the high temperature and high pressure probably decomposes hemi-cellulose into soluble candy, promote the softness and partly degradation of lignin, contributing to the looser linkage among fibers, which is beneficial to treat the hemp in ways of the mechanical and chemical.
The research shows that the hemp fiber bundle, which are adhered together with the gum, is effectively separated. The micro-hole of single fiber's surface becomes bigger, which is beneficial to absorb easily chemical reagents, and the fiber's physical-chemical properties have apparently changed. After the explosive treated hemp is directly immersed into water and dried in oven, the weight loss rate and cellulose content obviously raise while the lignin content declines especially. With the comparison of the untreated sample, the chemical de-gumming's time obviously becomes shorter, and the residual gum content is also smaller. Under the condition of 30%(moisture content), 2.0Mpa(pressure) and
134℃ (temperature), the best degummed hemp fibers can be obtained.
With the combined of cotton spinning machine and wool spinning machine, the pure hemp yarns can be made in our trial. And the spinning process is: degummed hemp , opener for wool, oil, fearnaught machine, oil, woollen card, drawframe, ring-spinning frame. Through this trial, it verifies that the hemp spinning is realized easily after the explosive treatment and the spinning condition also becomes simplied, which shows that the explosive treatment is an effective method in order to better improve the hemp yarns' quality.
引文
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2 Ryszard Kozlowski and Stefunia Manys. Latest Bast Fiber Achievements. Textile Asia, 1997, 28(8): 55～58
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7 J. Gale. Hemp—A Fiber for the Future. Textile Magazine, 1994, 3: 15～16
8 Row Gluckman. Cannabis is Cool. Asia Week, 1997/8/15:53
9 陈维稷．中国纺织科学技术史．(古代部分)．第一版．北京：科学出版社，1984
10 Nancy Kerr and Stanford F. Blade. Characteristics of Hemp Fiber from Low THC Hemp Varieties. Canadian Textile Journal, 2000, 5: 23～27
11 肖亮生．大麻．山东纺织科技，1989(3)：61～64
12 Nancy Kerr. Evaluating Textile Properties of Alberta Hemp. Canadian Textile Journal, 1999, 116(1): 36～38
13 Patrick Girouard and Bano Mebdi. Re-experimenting with Hemp in Quebec. Canadian Textile Journal, 1999, 116(1): 39～40
14 Authur Hanks. Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Hemp Fiber. Canadian Textile Journal, 2001, 3: 27～30
15 Mackie G. Hemp: the acceptable of cannabis.... Textile Month, 1998, 10:49～51
16 E. Gross. Hemp: Historic Fiber Remains Controversial. Textile World, 1997, 147(11): 42～48
17 Anon. More European Mills Using Ecologically-Friendly Fibers. Wool Record, 1996, 155(3616): 17～19
18 Dr. Michael Ryder. Renewed European Interest in Growing Hemp and Flax. Wool Record, 1995, 154(3613): 29
19 周明倞 王侠．大麻纺纱工艺路线研究．纺织学报，1998(6)：24～28
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21 周明倞 李学亮．大麻帆布的设计与生产．国际纺织品动态，1997(5)：29～30
22 高月琴．大麻脱胶及助剂选用．印染助剂，1992(4)：23～25
23 陆筱斋．大麻纤维理化性能和脱胶纺纱工艺原理及特征的初步探讨．第二届陈维稷优秀论文奖论文汇编，1992：116～120
24 张长礼．大麻脱胶工艺探讨．棉纺织技术，1987(5)：38～40
25 张昌英[译]．韧皮纤维会成为未来的纤维代替物或基本纤维原料吗?国外纺织技术，2001，(3)：7～9
26 J. Mussig, R. Martens and H. Harig. Hemp Fiber as a Textile Resource. Textile Asia, 1998, 29(5): 39～50
27 刘自镕 任建平 冯瑞良等．大麻酶法脱胶研究．纺织学报，1999(5)：26～28
28 程海 刘自镕 冯瑞良等．大麻脱胶高酶活菌株的诱变选育．东华大学学报(自然科学版)，2001(2)：91～95
29 温桂清 孙小寅 郝凤鸣．大麻生物酶—化学联合脱胶工艺研究．广西纺织科技，2001(4)：8～10
30 陈洪章 陈继贞 刘健等．麦草蒸汽爆碎处理的研究Ⅰ．影响麦草蒸汽爆碎处理因素及其过程分析．纤维素科学与技术，1999(2)：60～67
31 陈洪章 李佐虎．草蒸汽爆破处理的研究Ⅱ．麦草蒸汽爆破处理作用机制分析．纤维素科学与技术，1999(4)：14～21
32 廖双泉 邵自强 马凤国等．剑麻纤维蒸汽爆破处理研究．纤维素科学与技术，2002(1)：45～49
33 廖双泉 马凤国 邵自强等．不同预处理对剑麻纤维组分和结构的影响．纤维素科学与技术，2002(2)：37～41
34 Mason W. H. Apparatus and Process of Explosion Fibration of Lignocellulosic Material. U. S. Patent, No. 1655618 (1928-01-10)
35 Delong E. A. Method of Rendering Lignin Separable from Cellulose and Hemicellulose in Lignocellulosic Material and the Product so Produced. Canadian Patent, No.1096374 (1981-02-24)
36 Muzzy J. D. Roberts R. S. Fieber C. A. et al. Pretreatment of Hardwood by Continuous Steam Hydrolysis. In: J. Sotlesed. Wood and Agricultural Residues. New York: Academic Press, 351～368
37 胡健 詹怀宇 黄干强．杨木爆破法制高的率纸浆．北方造纸，1996(3)：33～36
38 李卫 吕福荫 陆熙娴．落叶松蒸汽爆破法制浆的研究．中国造纸，1996(3)：25～30
39 沙建勋 范德忻．纤维检验．第一版．北京：中国纺织出版社，1996
40 朱红 邵福麟 韩丽云等．纺织材料学．第一版．北京：纺织工业出版社，1992
41 R. W. Kessler U. Becker R. Kohler. Steam Explosion of Flax—A Superior Technique for Upgrading Fiber Value. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 14(3): 237～249
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55 张百祥．转杯纺开发麻类产品的探讨．棉纺织技术，1998(9)：11～14
56 郁崇文 张元明 姜繁昌．苎麻纱线生产工艺与质量控制．第一版．上海：中国纺织大学出版社，1997
57 赵金芳．纺纱比较教程．第一版．北京：中国纺织出版社，1994
2 Ryszard Kozlowski and Stefunia Manys. Latest Bast Fiber Achievements. Textile Asia, 1997, 28(8): 55～58
3 马海青．发展中的生态纺织品—大麻纺织品．新纺织，1999(5)：14～15
4 杨红穗 张元亮．大麻纺织应用前景及研究现状．纺织学报，1999(4)：62～64
5 周明倞．中国大麻纺织的现状与发展之我见．北京纺织，2001(4)：6～10
6 Anon. Canadian Clothing. Textile Horizons, 1995, 5. 48～49
7 J. Gale. Hemp—A Fiber for the Future. Textile Magazine, 1994, 3: 15～16
8 Row Gluckman. Cannabis is Cool. Asia Week, 1997/8/15:53
9 陈维稷．中国纺织科学技术史．(古代部分)．第一版．北京：科学出版社，1984
10 Nancy Kerr and Stanford F. Blade. Characteristics of Hemp Fiber from Low THC Hemp Varieties. Canadian Textile Journal, 2000, 5: 23～27
11 肖亮生．大麻．山东纺织科技，1989(3)：61～64
12 Nancy Kerr. Evaluating Textile Properties of Alberta Hemp. Canadian Textile Journal, 1999, 116(1): 36～38
13 Patrick Girouard and Bano Mebdi. Re-experimenting with Hemp in Quebec. Canadian Textile Journal, 1999, 116(1): 39～40
14 Authur Hanks. Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Hemp Fiber. Canadian Textile Journal, 2001, 3: 27～30
15 Mackie G. Hemp: the acceptable of cannabis.... Textile Month, 1998, 10:49～51
16 E. Gross. Hemp: Historic Fiber Remains Controversial. Textile World, 1997, 147(11): 42～48
17 Anon. More European Mills Using Ecologically-Friendly Fibers. Wool Record, 1996, 155(3616): 17～19
18 Dr. Michael Ryder. Renewed European Interest in Growing Hemp and Flax. Wool Record, 1995, 154(3613): 29
19 周明倞 王侠．大麻纺纱工艺路线研究．纺织学报，1998(6)：24～28
20 王德骥．苎麻纤维素化学与工艺学—脱胶和改性．第一版．北京：科学出版社，2001
21 周明倞 李学亮．大麻帆布的设计与生产．国际纺织品动态，1997(5)：29～30
22 高月琴．大麻脱胶及助剂选用．印染助剂，1992(4)：23～25
23 陆筱斋．大麻纤维理化性能和脱胶纺纱工艺原理及特征的初步探讨．第二届陈维稷优秀论文奖论文汇编，1992：116～120
24 张长礼．大麻脱胶工艺探讨．棉纺织技术，1987(5)：38～40
25 张昌英[译]．韧皮纤维会成为未来的纤维代替物或基本纤维原料吗?国外纺织技术，2001，(3)：7～9
26 J. Mussig, R. Martens and H. Harig. Hemp Fiber as a Textile Resource. Textile Asia, 1998, 29(5): 39～50
27 刘自镕 任建平 冯瑞良等．大麻酶法脱胶研究．纺织学报，1999(5)：26～28
28 程海 刘自镕 冯瑞良等．大麻脱胶高酶活菌株的诱变选育．东华大学学报(自然科学版)，2001(2)：91～95
29 温桂清 孙小寅 郝凤鸣．大麻生物酶—化学联合脱胶工艺研究．广西纺织科技，2001(4)：8～10
30 陈洪章 陈继贞 刘健等．麦草蒸汽爆碎处理的研究Ⅰ．影响麦草蒸汽爆碎处理因素及其过程分析．纤维素科学与技术，1999(2)：60～67
31 陈洪章 李佐虎．草蒸汽爆破处理的研究Ⅱ．麦草蒸汽爆破处理作用机制分析．纤维素科学与技术，1999(4)：14～21
32 廖双泉 邵自强 马凤国等．剑麻纤维蒸汽爆破处理研究．纤维素科学与技术，2002(1)：45～49
33 廖双泉 马凤国 邵自强等．不同预处理对剑麻纤维组分和结构的影响．纤维素科学与技术，2002(2)：37～41
34 Mason W. H. Apparatus and Process of Explosion Fibration of Lignocellulosic Material. U. S. Patent, No. 1655618 (1928-01-10)
35 Delong E. A. Method of Rendering Lignin Separable from Cellulose and Hemicellulose in Lignocellulosic Material and the Product so Produced. Canadian Patent, No.1096374 (1981-02-24)
36 Muzzy J. D. Roberts R. S. Fieber C. A. et al. Pretreatment of Hardwood by Continuous Steam Hydrolysis. In: J. Sotlesed. Wood and Agricultural Residues. New York: Academic Press, 351～368
37 胡健 詹怀宇 黄干强．杨木爆破法制高的率纸浆．北方造纸，1996(3)：33～36
38 李卫 吕福荫 陆熙娴．落叶松蒸汽爆破法制浆的研究．中国造纸，1996(3)：25～30
39 沙建勋 范德忻．纤维检验．第一版．北京：中国纺织出版社，1996
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41 R. W. Kessler U. Becker R. Kohler. Steam Explosion of Flax—A Superior Technique for Upgrading Fiber Value. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1998, 14(3): 237～249
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