无线传感器网络节点能耗建模与仿真
摘要
无线传感器网络集成了传感器、嵌入式计算、网络和无线通信四大技术,它在军事、医疗、家用等多个领域均有广泛的应用,被认为是21世纪最重要的技术之一。
无线传感器网络通常运行在人无法接近的恶劣环境中,电池能量有限且能源无法替换或补充,网络中的传感器经常由于能量不足失效,影响整个网络的运行。能量问题是无线传感器网络的核心问题,因此建立一个准确反应传感器节点能耗情况的模型非常重要,本文将围绕节点能耗建模问题进行研究。
当前的节点能耗建模多数是从通信模块或处理器角度考虑,根据理论模型来推演节点的能耗状况,缺少对系统能耗情况进行整体分析与评估。本文通过各模块运行时的工作状态转换模型,分析了在状态运行以及状态变迁时的能耗情况,建立了处理器模块能耗模型、通信模块能耗模型、感知模块能耗模型,揭示了节点各耗能设备的能量变化规律。然后基于事件触发的机制,明确三种能耗模型之间的关联,建立起节点整体的能耗模型。
本文使用OPNET搭建了网络协议层次模型,对节点能耗模型进行了仿真,详细介绍了模型的实现方法。通过实验比较了不同处理器模块能耗、不同通信模块能耗,得出了能耗相对较低的处理器和通信设备,对感知模块在不同感知周期下的能耗也进行了比较,验证了感知周期与能耗成反比的结论。本文还分析了处理器及通信模块在各种状态下的能耗情况,找出了节省能量的关键状态。此外还对节点的能耗组成进行了分析,研究发现通信模块占节点能耗比重最大,对节点的影响最大。最后文章比较了AODV路由协议及DSR路由协议下的各模块能耗及节点整体能耗,得出了相同条件下DSR协议更为节约能量的结论。
The wireless sensor network has integrated four kinds of technologies, included the sensors, the inserted computation, the network and wireless communication, it has the broad application market in many domains, such as the military, the medical service, home use and so on and is considered as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century.
Wireless sensor network usually works under the severe environment which we can’t arrive at, battery power is limited and can’t be replaced and supplied, node in the network becomes invalid because of energy deficiency, affects the operation of the entire network. Energy problem is the key problem of wireless sensor networks, so it’s important to build a model that can measure the energy of sensor node accurately, this paper will research on node energy modeling.
Currently, most node energy models consider communication module or processor module, deduce node energy consumption according to the theoretical model, they lack analysis for overall energy consumption. This paper analyzes energy situation of operating state and state transition by work state transition model of each module, builds energy consumption model of processor module、energy consumption model of communication module、energy consumption model of sensor module, shows energy variation regular of each module. After that, it makes clear associate of three energy consumption and builds energy consumption model of entire node based on event trigger mechanism.
This paper simulates energy consumption model and network protocol stack with OPNET, gives the realization of the method in detail. We compare energy consumption of different processor module and different communication module to find out lower energy consumption equipment. Energy consumption of sensor module is simulated under different work period, and the result verifies it is inversely proportional to work period. This paper analyzes each state’s energy consumption of processor module and communication module, then find out the key state to save energy. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the composition of node energy consumption, the experiment shows that communication module has the biggest percentage and has affect result most. Finally, we compare node energy consumption of two on-demand routing protocols, AODV and DSR, the result demonstrates that DSR consume fewer energy than AODV.
无线传感器网络通常运行在人无法接近的恶劣环境中,电池能量有限且能源无法替换或补充,网络中的传感器经常由于能量不足失效,影响整个网络的运行。能量问题是无线传感器网络的核心问题,因此建立一个准确反应传感器节点能耗情况的模型非常重要,本文将围绕节点能耗建模问题进行研究。
当前的节点能耗建模多数是从通信模块或处理器角度考虑,根据理论模型来推演节点的能耗状况,缺少对系统能耗情况进行整体分析与评估。本文通过各模块运行时的工作状态转换模型,分析了在状态运行以及状态变迁时的能耗情况,建立了处理器模块能耗模型、通信模块能耗模型、感知模块能耗模型,揭示了节点各耗能设备的能量变化规律。然后基于事件触发的机制,明确三种能耗模型之间的关联,建立起节点整体的能耗模型。
本文使用OPNET搭建了网络协议层次模型,对节点能耗模型进行了仿真,详细介绍了模型的实现方法。通过实验比较了不同处理器模块能耗、不同通信模块能耗,得出了能耗相对较低的处理器和通信设备,对感知模块在不同感知周期下的能耗也进行了比较,验证了感知周期与能耗成反比的结论。本文还分析了处理器及通信模块在各种状态下的能耗情况,找出了节省能量的关键状态。此外还对节点的能耗组成进行了分析,研究发现通信模块占节点能耗比重最大,对节点的影响最大。最后文章比较了AODV路由协议及DSR路由协议下的各模块能耗及节点整体能耗,得出了相同条件下DSR协议更为节约能量的结论。
The wireless sensor network has integrated four kinds of technologies, included the sensors, the inserted computation, the network and wireless communication, it has the broad application market in many domains, such as the military, the medical service, home use and so on and is considered as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century.
Wireless sensor network usually works under the severe environment which we can’t arrive at, battery power is limited and can’t be replaced and supplied, node in the network becomes invalid because of energy deficiency, affects the operation of the entire network. Energy problem is the key problem of wireless sensor networks, so it’s important to build a model that can measure the energy of sensor node accurately, this paper will research on node energy modeling.
Currently, most node energy models consider communication module or processor module, deduce node energy consumption according to the theoretical model, they lack analysis for overall energy consumption. This paper analyzes energy situation of operating state and state transition by work state transition model of each module, builds energy consumption model of processor module、energy consumption model of communication module、energy consumption model of sensor module, shows energy variation regular of each module. After that, it makes clear associate of three energy consumption and builds energy consumption model of entire node based on event trigger mechanism.
This paper simulates energy consumption model and network protocol stack with OPNET, gives the realization of the method in detail. We compare energy consumption of different processor module and different communication module to find out lower energy consumption equipment. Energy consumption of sensor module is simulated under different work period, and the result verifies it is inversely proportional to work period. This paper analyzes each state’s energy consumption of processor module and communication module, then find out the key state to save energy. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the composition of node energy consumption, the experiment shows that communication module has the biggest percentage and has affect result most. Finally, we compare node energy consumption of two on-demand routing protocols, AODV and DSR, the result demonstrates that DSR consume fewer energy than AODV.
引文
1 I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci. Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey. Computer Networks.2002,(38):393-422
2 Sameer Tilak, Nael B, Abu-Ghazaleh and Wendi Heinzelman. A Taxonomy of Wireless Micro-sensor Network Models. Mobile Computing and Communications Review.2002, 6(2):28-36
3 Akyildiz I F, Pompili D, Melodia T. Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges. Elsevier Journal of Ad Hoc Networks, 2005,3(3):257-279
4 Ivan Howitt and Jing Wang, Energy Efficient Power Control Policies for the Low Rate WPAN. Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004,(10):49-52
5邹旸.一种基于无线传感器网络的混合MAC协议的研究.中南大学硕士学位论文. 2009:6-7
6 Estrin D, Govindan R, Heidemann J. Next century challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Network. Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 1999,(5):55-58
7 Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, Pister K S J. Smart dust: Communicating with a cubic millimeter computer. IEEE Computer Magazine. 2001,34(1):44-51
8景博,张劼,张宗麟等.分布式无线传感器网络及其应用核心技术研究.测试与技术学报. 2005, 19(2): 181-185
9 Perrig A, Szewczyk R.SPINS: Security protocols for sensor networks. Wireless Networks. 2002, 8(5):521-534
10 Yao Y, Gehrke J. The cougar approach to in-network query processing in sensor networks. SIGMOD Record, 2002, 31(3):9-18
11石军锋.无线传感器网络动态休眠通信协议研究.重庆大学博士学位论文.2008: 2-3
12 Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2002 ,(8): 102-114
13 Arisha K A, Youssef M A, Younis M Y. Energy-aware TDMA-based MAC for sensor networks. Computer Networks Journal, Dec. 2003,43(5):539-694
14 Wang Z. Qos Routing for Supporting Resource Reservation. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 1996,(9):1228-1234
15 Charles E.Perkins and Pravin Bhagwat. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. Proceedings of the SIGCOMM’94 Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications. 1994, (8) 234 - 244
16 Shree Murthy, J.J. Carcia-Luna-Aceves, An Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Networks, ACM Mobile Networks and Applications.1996,10(1): 193 - 197
17 Gupta P, Kumar P, A system and traffic dependent adaptive routing algorithm for ad hoc networks. The 36th Conference on Decision and Control, San Diego, 1997, California:825-830
18郑相全等.无线自组网技术实用教程.清华大学出版社. 2004:163-179
19 C.E.Perkins and E.M.Royer, Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing, Mobile Computer System and Applications.1996,(9):332-343
20 Yingji Zhong, Dongfeng Yuan. Dynamic source routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks in special scenario using location information. Communication Technology Proceedings. 2003(2),1287-1290
21苏静.移动Ad Hoc网中多信道AODV路由协议研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2005: 14-15
22 Andrew S.Tanenbaum.计算机网络.潘爱民译.第四版.清华大学出版社.2007:317-320
23 A. El-Hoiydi, J. D. Decotignie. An Ultra Low Power MAC Protocol for the Downlink of Infrastructure Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE Symposum on Computers and Communication, Alexandria, 2004,(6):244-251
24马晓燕.基于IEEE802_11无线接入的研究和实现.南京理工大学硕士学位论文. 16-19
25 Joseph A. Paradiso and Thad Starner. Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2005, 4(1):18-27
26张大踪.无线传感器网络的低功耗设计技术研究.西南科技大学硕士学位论文. 2007: 5-6
27 Raghunathan V, Schurgers C,Park S, Srivastava MB. Energy aware wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Signal Processing. 2002,19(2):40-50
28 Bin Han, Dazong Zhang, Tao Yang. Energy Consumption Analysis and Energy Management Strategy for Sensor Node. International Conference on Information and Automation, Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE.2008,(6):211-214
29 Rex Min, Manish Bhardwaj, Seong-Hwan Cho, Nathan Ickes, Eugene Shih, Amit Sinha, Alice Wang, Anantha Chandrakasan. Energy-Centric Enabling Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2002, (8):28-39
30鲁飞,徐国治,应忍冬.基于Intel PXA250处理器工作状态的功耗仿真模型及分析.嵌入式应用. 2005, 21(1):131-132
31王先峰,项军,胡斌杰.一种无线传感器网络能量模型的评估及改进.传感技术学报. 2009,22(9):1319-1321
32杨宏宇,谢丽霞,王兴隆.网络仿真软件的应用与实践.计算机工程与应用. 2005(10):118-120
33 Yu Bin, Sun Bin. Modify AODV For MANET/INTERNET connection through multiple mobile gateways. Advanced Communication Technology, 2009, 11(3):1519-1523
34李馨. OPNET Modeler网络建模与仿真.西安电子科技大学出版社. 2006:1-15
35戴国强. AdHoc网络AODV协议在无线传感器网络上的仿真与实现.武汉理工大学硕士学位论文. 2007: 41-42
36汪小兰.移动Ad hoc网络多播路由协议及OPNET仿真研究.武汉理工大学硕士学位论文. 2006: 46-48
37黄伟,李腊元,孙强. MANET路由协议DSR的OPNET实现及仿真.武汉理工大学学报. 2005,29(2):182-185
38陈敏,韦岗. IEEE 802.11无线局域网OPNET建模与性能测试.计算机工程. 2004,20(21):14-15
39续蕾. RISC架构下的ARM微处理器应用研究.计算机与信息技术. 2008(7):67-69
40杨琦,陈辉煌,石江宏.低功耗无线传感器网络终端节点设计.厦门大学学报. 2008,47(3):357-358
41 V. Tsiatsis, S. Zimbeck, M.Srivastava. Architecural strategies for energy efficient packet forwarding in wireless sensor networks. Proc.ISLPED, 2001,(3):25-31
42江太辉,邓展威.DS18B20数字式温度传感器的特性与应用.电子技术. 2003(12):46-49
2 Sameer Tilak, Nael B, Abu-Ghazaleh and Wendi Heinzelman. A Taxonomy of Wireless Micro-sensor Network Models. Mobile Computing and Communications Review.2002, 6(2):28-36
3 Akyildiz I F, Pompili D, Melodia T. Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges. Elsevier Journal of Ad Hoc Networks, 2005,3(3):257-279
4 Ivan Howitt and Jing Wang, Energy Efficient Power Control Policies for the Low Rate WPAN. Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004,(10):49-52
5邹旸.一种基于无线传感器网络的混合MAC协议的研究.中南大学硕士学位论文. 2009:6-7
6 Estrin D, Govindan R, Heidemann J. Next century challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Network. Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 1999,(5):55-58
7 Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, Pister K S J. Smart dust: Communicating with a cubic millimeter computer. IEEE Computer Magazine. 2001,34(1):44-51
8景博,张劼,张宗麟等.分布式无线传感器网络及其应用核心技术研究.测试与技术学报. 2005, 19(2): 181-185
9 Perrig A, Szewczyk R.SPINS: Security protocols for sensor networks. Wireless Networks. 2002, 8(5):521-534
10 Yao Y, Gehrke J. The cougar approach to in-network query processing in sensor networks. SIGMOD Record, 2002, 31(3):9-18
11石军锋.无线传感器网络动态休眠通信协议研究.重庆大学博士学位论文.2008: 2-3
12 Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2002 ,(8): 102-114
13 Arisha K A, Youssef M A, Younis M Y. Energy-aware TDMA-based MAC for sensor networks. Computer Networks Journal, Dec. 2003,43(5):539-694
14 Wang Z. Qos Routing for Supporting Resource Reservation. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 1996,(9):1228-1234
15 Charles E.Perkins and Pravin Bhagwat. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. Proceedings of the SIGCOMM’94 Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications. 1994, (8) 234 - 244
16 Shree Murthy, J.J. Carcia-Luna-Aceves, An Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Networks, ACM Mobile Networks and Applications.1996,10(1): 193 - 197
17 Gupta P, Kumar P, A system and traffic dependent adaptive routing algorithm for ad hoc networks. The 36th Conference on Decision and Control, San Diego, 1997, California:825-830
18郑相全等.无线自组网技术实用教程.清华大学出版社. 2004:163-179
19 C.E.Perkins and E.M.Royer, Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing, Mobile Computer System and Applications.1996,(9):332-343
20 Yingji Zhong, Dongfeng Yuan. Dynamic source routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks in special scenario using location information. Communication Technology Proceedings. 2003(2),1287-1290
21苏静.移动Ad Hoc网中多信道AODV路由协议研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文.2005: 14-15
22 Andrew S.Tanenbaum.计算机网络.潘爱民译.第四版.清华大学出版社.2007:317-320
23 A. El-Hoiydi, J. D. Decotignie. An Ultra Low Power MAC Protocol for the Downlink of Infrastructure Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE Symposum on Computers and Communication, Alexandria, 2004,(6):244-251
24马晓燕.基于IEEE802_11无线接入的研究和实现.南京理工大学硕士学位论文. 16-19
25 Joseph A. Paradiso and Thad Starner. Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2005, 4(1):18-27
26张大踪.无线传感器网络的低功耗设计技术研究.西南科技大学硕士学位论文. 2007: 5-6
27 Raghunathan V, Schurgers C,Park S, Srivastava MB. Energy aware wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Signal Processing. 2002,19(2):40-50
28 Bin Han, Dazong Zhang, Tao Yang. Energy Consumption Analysis and Energy Management Strategy for Sensor Node. International Conference on Information and Automation, Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE.2008,(6):211-214
29 Rex Min, Manish Bhardwaj, Seong-Hwan Cho, Nathan Ickes, Eugene Shih, Amit Sinha, Alice Wang, Anantha Chandrakasan. Energy-Centric Enabling Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2002, (8):28-39
30鲁飞,徐国治,应忍冬.基于Intel PXA250处理器工作状态的功耗仿真模型及分析.嵌入式应用. 2005, 21(1):131-132
31王先峰,项军,胡斌杰.一种无线传感器网络能量模型的评估及改进.传感技术学报. 2009,22(9):1319-1321
32杨宏宇,谢丽霞,王兴隆.网络仿真软件的应用与实践.计算机工程与应用. 2005(10):118-120
33 Yu Bin, Sun Bin. Modify AODV For MANET/INTERNET connection through multiple mobile gateways. Advanced Communication Technology, 2009, 11(3):1519-1523
34李馨. OPNET Modeler网络建模与仿真.西安电子科技大学出版社. 2006:1-15
35戴国强. AdHoc网络AODV协议在无线传感器网络上的仿真与实现.武汉理工大学硕士学位论文. 2007: 41-42
36汪小兰.移动Ad hoc网络多播路由协议及OPNET仿真研究.武汉理工大学硕士学位论文. 2006: 46-48
37黄伟,李腊元,孙强. MANET路由协议DSR的OPNET实现及仿真.武汉理工大学学报. 2005,29(2):182-185
38陈敏,韦岗. IEEE 802.11无线局域网OPNET建模与性能测试.计算机工程. 2004,20(21):14-15
39续蕾. RISC架构下的ARM微处理器应用研究.计算机与信息技术. 2008(7):67-69
40杨琦,陈辉煌,石江宏.低功耗无线传感器网络终端节点设计.厦门大学学报. 2008,47(3):357-358
41 V. Tsiatsis, S. Zimbeck, M.Srivastava. Architecural strategies for energy efficient packet forwarding in wireless sensor networks. Proc.ISLPED, 2001,(3):25-31
42江太辉,邓展威.DS18B20数字式温度传感器的特性与应用.电子技术. 2003(12):46-49