利用鲫鱼外周血细胞评价黄河白银段水质致毒效应
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摘要
近年来，随着黄河上游工、农业生产的发展，人口增多，大量的工业废水、生活污水在没有得到有效处理的情况下便直接排入黄河。同时，黄河上游地区水土流失严重，农田灌溉水回排现象也非常普遍，使得黄河白银段水质受到严重影响。故本实验选择鲫鱼为研究对象，以刘家峡(Reservoir Liujiiaxia，RL)为对照，于05年12月、06年4月、06年6月连续三次对两样地进行采样，主要研究了黄河白银段(Baiyin Section of the Yellow River，BSYR)水质对鲫鱼外周血细胞的影响，并对相应指标如红细胞计数、白细胞计数、红细胞微核及核异常、白细胞分类计数、红细胞大小等的变化进行了测定和比较，取得了如下结果：
红、白细胞计数及白细胞分类计数结果表明：与对照RL相比，BSYR样点红细胞数量三个月份均减少，且12月份、4月份均达到了显著水平(P＜0.05)；白细胞数量虽只有4月份增加达到显著水平(P＜0.05)，但总体表现为增加趋势，其中淋巴细胞总体有增多趋势，但只有6月份达到了显著水平(P＜0.05)，嗜中性细胞除6月份外显著减少(P＜0.05)，血栓细胞除4月份外显著增加(P＜0.05)，单核细胞变化不呈现规律性。总之，BSYR水污染已造成鲫鱼外周血细胞数量发生明显改变。
红细胞微核及核异常结果表明：BSYR的鲫鱼微核率显著高于RL(P＜0.05)，且06年4月达到了极显著水平(P＜0.01)，核异常率及总核异常率BSYR高于RL，但只有06年4月两样地有显著差异(P＜0.05)。因此，BSYR水质对鲫鱼机体具有明显的遗传毒性作用。
细胞大小测量结果表明：与对照RL相比，BSYR鲫鱼红细胞的细胞短径、细胞核短径变短，细胞核长径与细胞长径比值减小。表明BSYR污染已经对鲫鱼血细胞形态结构造成一定的影响。
形态学指标及脏器系数结果表明：与对照RL相比，BSYR样点鲫鱼头长／全长增大，尾长／全长、体重／全长减小；脾脏系数、肾脏系数和头肾系数减小，生殖腺系数增大。说明BSYR长期低浓度的水污染导致鲫鱼形态及其重要免疫器官脏器系数发生改变，从而可能影响到鲫鱼的免疫和造血功能，而这些变化也可能是机体对污染适应性的一种表现。
总之，黄河白银段水污染对鲫鱼外周血细胞具有明显的毒性效应，并已对鲫鱼机体的生理功能构成潜在威胁，提示BSYR水质污染较重，加强监测和防治势在必行。
In recent years, with the fast development of industry and agriculture and the rapid increase of the population, plenty of industrial sewage and domestic sewage was poured into the Yellow River without effective control, at the same time, there were prevalent phenomena in the upstream of the Yellow River, such as water loss, soil erosion and discharging back of irrigating water, which caused serious pollution of Baiyin Section of the Yellow River (BSYR). The paper mainly evaluated the effect of water pollution on the peripheral blood cell of Carassius auratus. The Reservoir Liujiaxia (RL) was devoid of any industry and had been reported to carry relatively little toxic substance, so it could be considered as a control between two sites under study. Some relative parameters like the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes, erythrocyte micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities, counts on various leucocytes, the size of erythrocytes and so on were assessed to strengthen the basis for the research. The results were as follows:
Compared to RL, in BSYR, the number of erythrocytes decreased in the three months (December in 2005, April and June in 2006) and reached the significant level (P<0.05) in December and April; Total number of leucocytes had the tendency to increase in the three months but reached the significant level only in April (P<0.05). The counting results showed that the number of lymphocytes had the tendency to increase in general, however reached the significant level only in June (P<0.05); Neutrophil numbers were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the three months except in June (P>0.05); and yet thrombocyte numbers were obviously increased in the three months but did not reach the significant level (P>0.05) in April; Monocyte numbers had no regular changes in the three months between the two studied areas. Thus, the number of peripheral blood cells was altered by the polluted water in BSYR.
The frequencies of erythrocyte micronuclei (P<0.05) were significant higher in BSYR than that in RL in the three months; The frequencies of nuclei abnormalities and total nuclei abnormalities were increased in the three months but reached to significant level only in April (P<0.05). The results showed that the water in BSYR had been causing the genotoxity to the C. auratus.
Comparative analysis of C. auratus erythrocytes and nuclei size showed that the short diameter of nuclei and cells became shorter, and the ratio of the long diameter of nuclei and cells was diminished in BSYR compared to RL. And all parameters showed that the shape of erythrocytes had been affected by the polluted water in BSYR.
Observation on C. auratus morphological characteristics showed that the ratio of head length and total length was increased, but the ratio of tail length and total length and the ratio of body weight and total length were decreased. And from comparing the organ index between the two sites, the results showed that spleen index, kidney index and head kidney index were much lower but the gonad index was much higher in BSYR than that in RL. Thus, the results suggested that the long period and low-concentration contamination of the BSYR had been causing the form and important immune organ indexes of C. auratus changed, thus likely to affect the immune and hematopoietic function of the fish, at the same time, that might be the signal that the body of C. auratus had somewhat adaptive alterations to protect against the water pollution.
In conclusion, the contamination at environmental level in BSYR had been causing obvious toxic effects to the peripheral blood cells and forming potential threat to the physiological function of C. auratus. In addition, the results demonstrated that the pollution of BSYR was rather serious, it was necessary to strengthen monitoring, prevention and cure to protect the water resource of the Yellow River.
红、白细胞计数及白细胞分类计数结果表明：与对照RL相比，BSYR样点红细胞数量三个月份均减少，且12月份、4月份均达到了显著水平(P＜0.05)；白细胞数量虽只有4月份增加达到显著水平(P＜0.05)，但总体表现为增加趋势，其中淋巴细胞总体有增多趋势，但只有6月份达到了显著水平(P＜0.05)，嗜中性细胞除6月份外显著减少(P＜0.05)，血栓细胞除4月份外显著增加(P＜0.05)，单核细胞变化不呈现规律性。总之，BSYR水污染已造成鲫鱼外周血细胞数量发生明显改变。
红细胞微核及核异常结果表明：BSYR的鲫鱼微核率显著高于RL(P＜0.05)，且06年4月达到了极显著水平(P＜0.01)，核异常率及总核异常率BSYR高于RL，但只有06年4月两样地有显著差异(P＜0.05)。因此，BSYR水质对鲫鱼机体具有明显的遗传毒性作用。
细胞大小测量结果表明：与对照RL相比，BSYR鲫鱼红细胞的细胞短径、细胞核短径变短，细胞核长径与细胞长径比值减小。表明BSYR污染已经对鲫鱼血细胞形态结构造成一定的影响。
形态学指标及脏器系数结果表明：与对照RL相比，BSYR样点鲫鱼头长／全长增大，尾长／全长、体重／全长减小；脾脏系数、肾脏系数和头肾系数减小，生殖腺系数增大。说明BSYR长期低浓度的水污染导致鲫鱼形态及其重要免疫器官脏器系数发生改变，从而可能影响到鲫鱼的免疫和造血功能，而这些变化也可能是机体对污染适应性的一种表现。
总之，黄河白银段水污染对鲫鱼外周血细胞具有明显的毒性效应，并已对鲫鱼机体的生理功能构成潜在威胁，提示BSYR水质污染较重，加强监测和防治势在必行。
In recent years, with the fast development of industry and agriculture and the rapid increase of the population, plenty of industrial sewage and domestic sewage was poured into the Yellow River without effective control, at the same time, there were prevalent phenomena in the upstream of the Yellow River, such as water loss, soil erosion and discharging back of irrigating water, which caused serious pollution of Baiyin Section of the Yellow River (BSYR). The paper mainly evaluated the effect of water pollution on the peripheral blood cell of Carassius auratus. The Reservoir Liujiaxia (RL) was devoid of any industry and had been reported to carry relatively little toxic substance, so it could be considered as a control between two sites under study. Some relative parameters like the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes, erythrocyte micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities, counts on various leucocytes, the size of erythrocytes and so on were assessed to strengthen the basis for the research. The results were as follows:
Compared to RL, in BSYR, the number of erythrocytes decreased in the three months (December in 2005, April and June in 2006) and reached the significant level (P<0.05) in December and April; Total number of leucocytes had the tendency to increase in the three months but reached the significant level only in April (P<0.05). The counting results showed that the number of lymphocytes had the tendency to increase in general, however reached the significant level only in June (P<0.05); Neutrophil numbers were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the three months except in June (P>0.05); and yet thrombocyte numbers were obviously increased in the three months but did not reach the significant level (P>0.05) in April; Monocyte numbers had no regular changes in the three months between the two studied areas. Thus, the number of peripheral blood cells was altered by the polluted water in BSYR.
The frequencies of erythrocyte micronuclei (P<0.05) were significant higher in BSYR than that in RL in the three months; The frequencies of nuclei abnormalities and total nuclei abnormalities were increased in the three months but reached to significant level only in April (P<0.05). The results showed that the water in BSYR had been causing the genotoxity to the C. auratus.
Comparative analysis of C. auratus erythrocytes and nuclei size showed that the short diameter of nuclei and cells became shorter, and the ratio of the long diameter of nuclei and cells was diminished in BSYR compared to RL. And all parameters showed that the shape of erythrocytes had been affected by the polluted water in BSYR.
Observation on C. auratus morphological characteristics showed that the ratio of head length and total length was increased, but the ratio of tail length and total length and the ratio of body weight and total length were decreased. And from comparing the organ index between the two sites, the results showed that spleen index, kidney index and head kidney index were much lower but the gonad index was much higher in BSYR than that in RL. Thus, the results suggested that the long period and low-concentration contamination of the BSYR had been causing the form and important immune organ indexes of C. auratus changed, thus likely to affect the immune and hematopoietic function of the fish, at the same time, that might be the signal that the body of C. auratus had somewhat adaptive alterations to protect against the water pollution.
In conclusion, the contamination at environmental level in BSYR had been causing obvious toxic effects to the peripheral blood cells and forming potential threat to the physiological function of C. auratus. In addition, the results demonstrated that the pollution of BSYR was rather serious, it was necessary to strengthen monitoring, prevention and cure to protect the water resource of the Yellow River.
引文
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