‘天皇’梨树体、果实生长发育特性及矿质营养研究
|
摘要
‘天皇’梨为从韩国引进的一个优良砂梨品种。本文采用田间试验观测、营养成分分析和石蜡切片解剖等方法,对‘天皇’梨的枝叶果生长发育动态变化过程、果肉的形成和发育、以及年发育周期中叶片和果实内含矿质成分等方面进行了系统的观察研究。主要结果如下：
(1)‘天皇’梨的枝稍生长特点为：1年生长枝一般较长,平均为70.29cm,芽发育饱满充实,但花芽率较低,只有34.18%,多位于中上部。树体花朵座果率较高,可达61.67%。短枝、中枝、长枝的总枝数及新梢总长差异非常大。在生长量方面,短枝以结果为主,生长量最少,而长枝的生长量最大,占所有新梢生长量的85.63%。‘天皇’梨的新梢生长分1次生长和2次生长。只有1次生长的新梢增长时间短,最终发育为短枝和中枝,有2次生长的新梢发育时间长,最终发育为长枝。树体叶幕的形成在5月初。新梢与叶片的生长间无相关性。
(2)‘天皇’梨的果实生长发育特点为：‘天皇’梨在株洲地区3月底进入盛花期,9月中上旬果实成熟,生长周期为150d至175d。‘天皇’梨纵、横径日增长量有3个生长高峰。第1个生长高峰正是果肉细胞快速分裂期,细胞数目大量增加,细胞较小,各部分细胞大小及形态无明显差异,排列紧密,体积和重量增长缓慢；第2个生长高峰期正是果肉细胞体积迅速膨大期,各部分细胞的体积膨大速度不同,由外向内逐渐增大,果实的体积、重量快速增加；第3个生长高峰时,果肉细胞体积继续膨大,内含物不断积累,果重和品质均达到较佳状态。果实表皮层在发育早期就分布有许多气孔,但很快被皮孔代替,并进而形成果点。果实石细胞的发育较早,在4月12日即有单个石细胞出现,至7月初石细胞团数目基本稳定。胚的发育从4月上旬开始,期间经历了2细胞原胚、棒状原胚、球形原胚等,到6月初,胚已基本成熟,具有完整的胚芽、胚根、胚轴、子叶。
(3)‘天皇’梨果实不同的生长发育时期与其体积、重量都呈极显著正相关,与其体积的线性回归方程为Y=-133.499+4.418X,与其重量的线性回归方程为Y=-134.138+4.435X。果实纵、横径与体积间也呈现极显著正相关,三者间的线性回归方程为Y=-155122+7651.395X1-907.398X2(横径为自变量X1,纵径为自变量X2,体积为因变量)。
(4)‘天皇’梨叶片中矿质元素的周年变化特点为：叶片中氮、磷、钾、镁的含量都是在幼果期最高,在果实成熟期降至最低。钙的含量则相反,在幼果期最低,在果实成熟期达到最高,氮与钙的变化幅度较大,其它元素变化平缓。到9月下旬果实采收时,叶片中这几中矿质元素含量的顺序为：钙>氮>钾>镁>磷。叶片中钙元素与氮、磷、钾、镁元素都呈极显著负相关,而其它几种矿质元素间均呈极显著正相关。6月底到7月中旬初步确定为‘天皇’梨叶片营养诊断的采样适期。
(5)‘天皇’梨果实中矿质元素的周年变化特点为：果实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的含量从幼果期到果实成熟期呈现逐渐递减的规律性变化。氮、钾的变化幅度较大,磷、钙、镁的变化平缓。果实成熟时这几种矿质元素含量的顺序为：钾>氮>磷>镁>钙。果实年周期内各矿质元素间都呈极显著正相关。单果中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁这5种矿质元素含量在一定阶段呈逐渐递增的趋势,在幼果期的累积量较小,在果实发育的中后期累积量较大。在整个生长发育期间,单果中钾元素的增长速率一直是正值,而其它的氮、磷、钙、镁元素在果实中都分别出现负增长的情况。花后75 d(6月14日)前后,是‘天皇’梨果实吸收氮、磷、钾、钙、镁这些元素的高峰期。
(6)‘天皇’梨叶片和果实的氮、磷、钾、镁元素间存在极显著正相关,钙元素间存在极显著负相关。不同的生长发育时期与叶片中的钙元素呈显著正相关,与果实和叶片中的氮、磷、钾、镁元素都呈显著负相关。叶片和果实中的矿质元素与单果重都呈显著性相关,且叶片中矿质元素与单果重的相关性更好。
'Tianhuang' pear is a new pear cultivar introduced from Korean.Through field test and observation,component analysis of mineral nutrition,paraffin section anatomise,the paper made a systematic observation and study on the process of 'Tianhuang' pear shoots, leaves and fruits,formation and development of flesh,contents changes of mineral elements in leaves and fruits in an annual cycle.The main results as follows:
(1) The growth fruits of 'tianhuang' pear shoot were:new long shoot was very long and averaged 70.29cm,bud was filled,but flower bud rate was rather low and had only34.18%, flower bud mostly located in the middle and top of shoot. Fruit setting percentage is 61.67%.The amounts of shoot and the whole length of new shoot among short-shoot,middle-shoot and long-shoot were greatly different. Short shoots which majored in fruiting had minimal growth increments,while long-shoots had maximum growth increments and accounted for 85.63% of the whole growth increments. 'Tianhuang' pear had two shoot growth types:one-time growth and two-time growth.The former growth duration was more shorter,and formed short and middle shoot finally; The later growth duration was more longer,and formed long shoot finally. The formatoin of leaf curtain was in early May.The correlation between new-shoot and leaf was no significant difference.
(2)The growth and development fruits of tianhuang'pear were:'tianhuang' pear came into full bloom stage in the end of March and the stage of fruit ripening was in early and middle September,and the growth cycle was about 150d to 175d in zhuzhou. The average daily diameter and length accumulated of 'tianhuang' pear had three growing tops.In first growing top,mesocarp cells rapidly divided and the number of cell increased widely,and cells were more smaller and densely arranged,each several part of cell was no significant difference,volume and weight of fruit increased slowly; In second growing top,volume of flesh cells expanded fastly at different speed.Flesh cells increased gradually from outer to inner. Volume and weight of fruit increased quickly; In third growing top, volume of flesh cells continued to expanded and inner contents accumulated. Weight and quality of fruit were at better state.Fruit sclereids began to develop early.and per sclereid appeared in 12,December,and the number of sclerid group retained stable in early July. Embryo began to develop in early April, and there were six stages during the development of embryo,including two celled proembryo, cdub-like proembryo, globularl proembryo,ect. Mature embryo formed in early June,which had germ,hypocotyl,randicleand cotyledons.
(3)The process of 'tianhuang' pear fruit growth and development and volume and weight of fruit were all significantly positive correlated. Equation of linear regression between the process of fruit growth and volume is Y=-133.499+4.418X, equation of linear regression between the process of fruit growth and weight is Y=-134.138+4.435X. Diameter and length of fruit and volume are significantly positive correlated,their equation of linear regression isY=-155122+7651.395X1-907.398X2(diameter is X1,length is X2, volume isY)
(4) Annual changes features of mineral elements in leaves of 'tianhuang' pear were:Contents of several mineral,including N,P,K,Mg in leaves were the maximum in small fruit stage, and reached the lowest level during ripening stage,while, Contents of Ca was the minimum in small fruit stage, and reached the highest level during ripening stage, N and Ca had larger variation and other minerals kept in a constant level.The sequence of 5 mineral elements contents in leaves was Ca>N>K>Mg>P in late September. There was very significant negative correlation between Ca and N,P,K and Mg in leaves, and there was significantly positive correlation between N,P,K and Mg. The optimal sampling period of leaf analysis was from the end of June to middle July.
(5) Annual changes features of mineral elements in fruits of 'tianhuang' pear were:Contents of N,P,K,Ca,Mg in fruit were gradually decreased from young fruit stage to ripening stage. N and K had larger variation,while P,Ca,Mg kept in a constant level.The sequence of 5 mineral elements contents in fruit was K>N>P>Mg>Ca in ripening stage.There was very significant positive correlation between N,P,K, Ca and Mg during the process of fruit growth. Contents of N,P,K,Ca and Mg in per fruit were gradually increased at certain stage,while their accumulation in small fruit stage were lower than it in middle and later fruit growth.Contents of K in per fruit always increased positively and other four mineral elements had negative increase during the process of fruit growth and development. The top stage of absorbing N,P,K,Ca and Mg in 'tianhuang' pear fruit was about in 75 days after blossom(14,June).
(6)There was very significant positive correlation between N,P,K,Mg in leaves and fruits,while Ca was significantly negative correlated. The process of fruit growth and development and Ca in leaves were significantly positive correlated,and N,P,K,Mg in fruit and leaves were significantly negtive correlated. There was very significant correlation in five mineral elements in leaves and fruits and per fruit weight,the correlation between five mineral elements in leaves and per fruit weight was better.
(1)‘天皇’梨的枝稍生长特点为：1年生长枝一般较长,平均为70.29cm,芽发育饱满充实,但花芽率较低,只有34.18%,多位于中上部。树体花朵座果率较高,可达61.67%。短枝、中枝、长枝的总枝数及新梢总长差异非常大。在生长量方面,短枝以结果为主,生长量最少,而长枝的生长量最大,占所有新梢生长量的85.63%。‘天皇’梨的新梢生长分1次生长和2次生长。只有1次生长的新梢增长时间短,最终发育为短枝和中枝,有2次生长的新梢发育时间长,最终发育为长枝。树体叶幕的形成在5月初。新梢与叶片的生长间无相关性。
(2)‘天皇’梨的果实生长发育特点为：‘天皇’梨在株洲地区3月底进入盛花期,9月中上旬果实成熟,生长周期为150d至175d。‘天皇’梨纵、横径日增长量有3个生长高峰。第1个生长高峰正是果肉细胞快速分裂期,细胞数目大量增加,细胞较小,各部分细胞大小及形态无明显差异,排列紧密,体积和重量增长缓慢；第2个生长高峰期正是果肉细胞体积迅速膨大期,各部分细胞的体积膨大速度不同,由外向内逐渐增大,果实的体积、重量快速增加；第3个生长高峰时,果肉细胞体积继续膨大,内含物不断积累,果重和品质均达到较佳状态。果实表皮层在发育早期就分布有许多气孔,但很快被皮孔代替,并进而形成果点。果实石细胞的发育较早,在4月12日即有单个石细胞出现,至7月初石细胞团数目基本稳定。胚的发育从4月上旬开始,期间经历了2细胞原胚、棒状原胚、球形原胚等,到6月初,胚已基本成熟,具有完整的胚芽、胚根、胚轴、子叶。
(3)‘天皇’梨果实不同的生长发育时期与其体积、重量都呈极显著正相关,与其体积的线性回归方程为Y=-133.499+4.418X,与其重量的线性回归方程为Y=-134.138+4.435X。果实纵、横径与体积间也呈现极显著正相关,三者间的线性回归方程为Y=-155122+7651.395X1-907.398X2(横径为自变量X1,纵径为自变量X2,体积为因变量)。
(4)‘天皇’梨叶片中矿质元素的周年变化特点为：叶片中氮、磷、钾、镁的含量都是在幼果期最高,在果实成熟期降至最低。钙的含量则相反,在幼果期最低,在果实成熟期达到最高,氮与钙的变化幅度较大,其它元素变化平缓。到9月下旬果实采收时,叶片中这几中矿质元素含量的顺序为：钙>氮>钾>镁>磷。叶片中钙元素与氮、磷、钾、镁元素都呈极显著负相关,而其它几种矿质元素间均呈极显著正相关。6月底到7月中旬初步确定为‘天皇’梨叶片营养诊断的采样适期。
(5)‘天皇’梨果实中矿质元素的周年变化特点为：果实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的含量从幼果期到果实成熟期呈现逐渐递减的规律性变化。氮、钾的变化幅度较大,磷、钙、镁的变化平缓。果实成熟时这几种矿质元素含量的顺序为：钾>氮>磷>镁>钙。果实年周期内各矿质元素间都呈极显著正相关。单果中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁这5种矿质元素含量在一定阶段呈逐渐递增的趋势,在幼果期的累积量较小,在果实发育的中后期累积量较大。在整个生长发育期间,单果中钾元素的增长速率一直是正值,而其它的氮、磷、钙、镁元素在果实中都分别出现负增长的情况。花后75 d(6月14日)前后,是‘天皇’梨果实吸收氮、磷、钾、钙、镁这些元素的高峰期。
(6)‘天皇’梨叶片和果实的氮、磷、钾、镁元素间存在极显著正相关,钙元素间存在极显著负相关。不同的生长发育时期与叶片中的钙元素呈显著正相关,与果实和叶片中的氮、磷、钾、镁元素都呈显著负相关。叶片和果实中的矿质元素与单果重都呈显著性相关,且叶片中矿质元素与单果重的相关性更好。
'Tianhuang' pear is a new pear cultivar introduced from Korean.Through field test and observation,component analysis of mineral nutrition,paraffin section anatomise,the paper made a systematic observation and study on the process of 'Tianhuang' pear shoots, leaves and fruits,formation and development of flesh,contents changes of mineral elements in leaves and fruits in an annual cycle.The main results as follows:
(1) The growth fruits of 'tianhuang' pear shoot were:new long shoot was very long and averaged 70.29cm,bud was filled,but flower bud rate was rather low and had only34.18%, flower bud mostly located in the middle and top of shoot. Fruit setting percentage is 61.67%.The amounts of shoot and the whole length of new shoot among short-shoot,middle-shoot and long-shoot were greatly different. Short shoots which majored in fruiting had minimal growth increments,while long-shoots had maximum growth increments and accounted for 85.63% of the whole growth increments. 'Tianhuang' pear had two shoot growth types:one-time growth and two-time growth.The former growth duration was more shorter,and formed short and middle shoot finally; The later growth duration was more longer,and formed long shoot finally. The formatoin of leaf curtain was in early May.The correlation between new-shoot and leaf was no significant difference.
(2)The growth and development fruits of tianhuang'pear were:'tianhuang' pear came into full bloom stage in the end of March and the stage of fruit ripening was in early and middle September,and the growth cycle was about 150d to 175d in zhuzhou. The average daily diameter and length accumulated of 'tianhuang' pear had three growing tops.In first growing top,mesocarp cells rapidly divided and the number of cell increased widely,and cells were more smaller and densely arranged,each several part of cell was no significant difference,volume and weight of fruit increased slowly; In second growing top,volume of flesh cells expanded fastly at different speed.Flesh cells increased gradually from outer to inner. Volume and weight of fruit increased quickly; In third growing top, volume of flesh cells continued to expanded and inner contents accumulated. Weight and quality of fruit were at better state.Fruit sclereids began to develop early.and per sclereid appeared in 12,December,and the number of sclerid group retained stable in early July. Embryo began to develop in early April, and there were six stages during the development of embryo,including two celled proembryo, cdub-like proembryo, globularl proembryo,ect. Mature embryo formed in early June,which had germ,hypocotyl,randicleand cotyledons.
(3)The process of 'tianhuang' pear fruit growth and development and volume and weight of fruit were all significantly positive correlated. Equation of linear regression between the process of fruit growth and volume is Y=-133.499+4.418X, equation of linear regression between the process of fruit growth and weight is Y=-134.138+4.435X. Diameter and length of fruit and volume are significantly positive correlated,their equation of linear regression isY=-155122+7651.395X1-907.398X2(diameter is X1,length is X2, volume isY)
(4) Annual changes features of mineral elements in leaves of 'tianhuang' pear were:Contents of several mineral,including N,P,K,Mg in leaves were the maximum in small fruit stage, and reached the lowest level during ripening stage,while, Contents of Ca was the minimum in small fruit stage, and reached the highest level during ripening stage, N and Ca had larger variation and other minerals kept in a constant level.The sequence of 5 mineral elements contents in leaves was Ca>N>K>Mg>P in late September. There was very significant negative correlation between Ca and N,P,K and Mg in leaves, and there was significantly positive correlation between N,P,K and Mg. The optimal sampling period of leaf analysis was from the end of June to middle July.
(5) Annual changes features of mineral elements in fruits of 'tianhuang' pear were:Contents of N,P,K,Ca,Mg in fruit were gradually decreased from young fruit stage to ripening stage. N and K had larger variation,while P,Ca,Mg kept in a constant level.The sequence of 5 mineral elements contents in fruit was K>N>P>Mg>Ca in ripening stage.There was very significant positive correlation between N,P,K, Ca and Mg during the process of fruit growth. Contents of N,P,K,Ca and Mg in per fruit were gradually increased at certain stage,while their accumulation in small fruit stage were lower than it in middle and later fruit growth.Contents of K in per fruit always increased positively and other four mineral elements had negative increase during the process of fruit growth and development. The top stage of absorbing N,P,K,Ca and Mg in 'tianhuang' pear fruit was about in 75 days after blossom(14,June).
(6)There was very significant positive correlation between N,P,K,Mg in leaves and fruits,while Ca was significantly negative correlated. The process of fruit growth and development and Ca in leaves were significantly positive correlated,and N,P,K,Mg in fruit and leaves were significantly negtive correlated. There was very significant correlation in five mineral elements in leaves and fruits and per fruit weight,the correlation between five mineral elements in leaves and per fruit weight was better.
引文
[1]王伟东,陆致成.我国梨产业形势与发展对策.张玉星主编.梨科研与生产进展(2)[M].中国农业科学技术出版社,2003：21-24.
[2]吴相祝,蒋焕庆,沈青山,等.梨早熟品种一幸水[J].中国南方果树,1997,26(5)：41.
[3]李洪恩.几个日本梨新品种引种初报[J].北方果树,1994(2)：13.
[4]朱宝熙,刘国贵.爱宕梨的试栽表现[J].北方果树,1996(3)：30.
[5]朱庭训.韩国高档名果一水晶梨[J].宁夏农林科技,1997(4)：42.
[6]赵光荣,王吉文.圆黄梨早期丰产优质栽培技术[J].北方果树,2003(1)：40.
[7]刘炳刚.中晚熟梨品种黄金梨引种初报[J].中国果树,2001(1)：13-14.
[8]唐景云,孔庆斗,李迎春,等.5个韩国梨品种在北京试栽表现[J].中国果树,2001(6)：11.
[9]耿义胜,刘芬红,吕智敏.丰水梨的品种特性及栽培技术[J].山西果树,1999(3)：18-19.
[10]孟月娥,王东升,李献民,等.优良梨品种引种观察研究[J].中国农学通报,2000,16(4)：21-23.
[11]张兴旺,李本栓,邓铭史.云南依主梨的调查研究[[J].云南农业大学学报,1992,7(1)：55-58.
[12]邓吉祥,董怀山.早酥梨引种试验初报[J].甘肃林业科技,2001,26(1,)：40-43.
[13]薛晓晖.筑水梨引种初报[J].果树科学,1991,8(3)：185-186.
[14]郑路明,曹少伟,黄智耀,等.崇县引种苍溪雪梨试验初报[J].河南林业科技,1999,19(2)：26-28.
[15]糜林,束兆林,王金洪,等.4个日本砂梨品种的引种特性鉴定与栽培要点[J].江苏农业科学,2002,5(6)：52-54.
[16]许苏梅,练雪兴,庄恩及.日本早熟梨品种的观察报告[J].上海农业科技,1991,12(4)：7-9.
[17]陆凤龙,吴祥,韩成刚,等.日本梨和苹果优良品种引种试验[J].河北果 树,1999(1)：7-8.
[18]刘炳刚.中晚熟梨品种黄金梨引种试验[J].中国果树,2001(1)：13-14.
[19]朱庭训.水晶梨引种观察初报[J].西北园艺.1999(1)：36-37.
[20]河北农业大学主编.果树栽培学总论[M].北京：农业出版社,1980,79.
[21]河北农业大学土编.果树栽培学各论[M].北京：农业出版社,1980,89.
[22]许方主编.梨树生物学[M].科学出版社,1992,112.
[23]吕波,杨批修,郭超峰.酥梨生物学特性观察[J].果树科学,1996,13(3)：178-180.
[24]曲泽洲,陈四维主编.果树生态[M].上海科学技术出版社,1988：89-98.
[25]陶世蓉,辛华,初世刚,等.不同耐贮性梨果实的比较解剖[J].莱阳农学院学报,1992,9(3)：181-184.
[26]陶世蓉.梨果实结构与耐贮性及品质关系的研究[J].西北植物学报,2002,20(4)：544-548.
[27]辛华,陶世蓉,张秀芬.黄县长把梨果实发育的解剖研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,1997,14(2)：138-141.
[28]中川昌一著.果树园艺原论[M].北京：农业出版社,1979,281.
[29]刘庆华,周启河,王奎玲,等.莱阳茌梨果实斑痕的解剖学研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,1992,9(2)：104-108.
[30]林真二著[日],吴耕民译.梨[M].农业出版社,1981,47.
[31]俞宏,贾湘汁.梨幼果表皮果点形成的组织解剖观察[J].果树学报,2002,19(1)：62-63.
[32]孙敏,代洪义,李陪环.等.窝梨砀山酥梨等果点的形成[J].山东果树,1983(3)：3-5.
[33]马克元,傅玉瑚,程福厚,等.鸭梨果点发育的解剖观察[J].山西果树,1990(4)：12-14.
[34]马克元,程福厚,傅玉瑚,等.鸭梨果实果点和锈斑的发育[J].园艺学报,1995,22(3)：295-296.
[35]李学强,李作轩,李秀珍.南果梨果实外观品质的形成[J].果树学报,2003,20(4)：27-30.
[36]Hong-KyungHy,Kim Jeamkuk,ChoiJ in Hoetal.Russet prevention of Wllang keumbea pear by fruit bagging[J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science,1996,37(2):279-284.
[37]薛应龙,欧阳光察.植物生理学与分子生物学(余叔文主编)[M].科学出版社,1992,417-430.
[38]冉辛拓,安宗祥.套袋对鸭梨果实品质影响[J].北方园艺,1990,(11.12)：33-34.
[39]鞠志国.酚类物质与梨果实品质的研究进展[J].莱阳农学院学报,1988,5：59-65.
[40]鞠志国,采期对莱阳茌梨酚类物质代谢和组织褐变的影响[J].中国农业科学,1991,24(2)：63-68.
[41]鞠志国,刘成连,原永兵,等.莱阳茌梨酚类物质合成的调节及其对果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,1993,26(4)：44-48.
[42]刘庆华,王奎玲等.梨果肉石细胞的形态结构与果实品质的关系[J].莱阳农学院学报,1992,9(4)：252-255.
[43]韦军,何凤仁.酥梨、鸭梨果实石细胞群研究[J].江苏农学院学报,1988,9(1)：35-36.
[44]阿拉木萨,李宝江.梨果实石细胞团的发育分布及其对果实品质的影响[J].北方果树,1999(4)：4-6.
[45]吴少华.梨果肉石细胞的研究[J].福建农业大学学报,1996,25(1)：29-32.
[46]牟其芸,李文香,张华云,等.梨果实中石细胞含量测定及与果实品质相关性的研究[J].落叶果树,1996,(1)：7-9.
[47]李晓刚,盛宝龙,蔺经,等.梨不同品种果肉石细胞含量研究[J].江苏农业科学,2004(4)：65-67.
[48]张冰冰,林凤起.梨果实及石细胞团发育的研究[J].落叶果树,1988(2)：1-3.
[49]顾模,林凤起.梨果肉结构的解剖研究[J].中国果树,1989(4)：32-34.
[50]陶世蓉.梨果实结构与耐贮性及品质关系的研究[J].西北植物学报,2000,20(4)：544-548.
[51]Mitchell P D.Pear fruit growth and the use of diameter estimate fruit volume and weight.Hortscience [J].1986,21(4):1003-1005.
[52]Williams MW,Billingsley HD,et al.Early season harvest size prediction of'Bartlett'pears[J].Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci,1969,94(6):596-598.
[53]宋国庆,李少华,孟昭清,等.果实大小预测方法研究概况[J].落叶果 树,1998,(4)：30-31.
[54]Marlnl RP.Estimating apple dieter from fruit mass measurement to time thinning spr.ays[J].HortTechnology,1999,9(1):109-113.
[55]. Goffinet MC,Robison T L,Lakos A N,A comparison of'Epmpire'apple fruit size and anatomy in unthined and handthinned trees[J].Hort Sci,1984,70(30):375-378.
[56]Cowan A K.Cripps R F,Richings E W,Taylor N J.Fruit size:Towards an understanding of the metabolic control of fruit growth using avocado as a model system[J]. Physiologia Plantarum,2001,111(2):127-136.
[57]何天明,张琦,邹以强.香梨果实早期发育的解剖研究[J].新疆农业科学,2001,38(5)：247-248.
[58]林真二著[日].吴耕民译.梨[M].农业出版社,1981,42.
[59]Zhou L L, Christopher D A, Paul R E. Defoliation and fruit removal effects on papaya fruit production, sugar accumulation, and sucrose metabilism[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2000,125(5):664-652.
[60]Widmer A, Chr Kreba, Wadenswill, et al. Influence of planting density and tree from on yield and fruit quality of golden delicious' and royal gala' apples[J]. Der Erwerbsobstbau,2000,42(6):137-143.
[61]Singh C, Bhagat B K, Singh R L, Ray R N. Effect of spacing on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) [J]. Orissa Jonrnal of Horticulture,1999,27(1):59-62.
[62]Raese J T. Drake S R. Nitrogen fertilization and elemental composition affects fruit quality of'Fuji' apple[J].Journal of Plant Nunition,1997,20 (12):1797-1809.
[63]郗荣庭主编.中国鸭梨[M].北京：中国林业大学出版社,1992,32.
[64]Jones J B. Plant Nutrition Manual. Washington[J]. D. C.:CRC Press,1998:149.
[65]李港丽,苏润宁,沈隽.几种落叶果树叶内矿质元素标准值的研究[J].园艺学报,1987,14(2)：81-89.
[66]李辉桃,周建斌,郑险峰,等.早地红富士苹果园土壤营养诊断和施肥[J].干旱地区农业研究,1996,14(2)：45-50.
[67]Wardlaw I F. The control of carbon partitioning in plants[J].New Phytologyst,1990,116:341-381.
[68]韩振海,王倩.我国果树营养研究的现状和展望[J].园艺学报,1995,22(2)：138-146.
[69]庄伊美,李来荣,江由,等.赤壳龙眼叶片与土壤常量元素含量年周期变化的研究[J].园艺学报,1984,11(3)：165-1703.
[70]庄伊美,王仁玑,谢志南,等.柑桔、龙眼、荔枝营养诊断标准研究[J].福建果树,1995(1)：89-94.
[71]李港丽,苏润宇,沈隽.几种落叶果树叶内矿质元素含量标准值的研究[J].园艺学报,1987,14(2)：81-89.
[72]庄伊美,王仁玑,谢志南,等.砧木对椪柑生长结果及叶片矿质成分的影响[J].园艺学报,1993,20(3)：209-215.
[73]顾曼如,张若抒,束怀瑞,等.苹果氮素营养研究初报[J].园艺学报,1981,8(4)：281-287.
[74]龚云池,徐季娥,张淑珍,等.鸭梨叶片和果实中钙素含量年周期变化的研究[J].园艺学报,1987,14(1)：51-58.
[75]胡征令,施泽彬,吴顺法,等.丰黄桃叶片和果实中营养元素含量季节性变化的研究[J].浙江农业学报,1992,4(2)：75-78.
[76]曲柏宏.苹果梨叶分析营养诊断研究[J].北方果树,1991(3)：18-24.
[77][美]沃尔什LM.土壤测定与植株分析[M].周鸣诤译.北京：中国农业出版社,1982,45.
[78]刘永居,王文江.柿树叶片及果实中主要营养元素含量年周期变化研究[J].园艺学报,1989,16(2)：109-113.
[79]陈竹君,周健斌,史清华,等.猕猴桃叶内矿质元素含量年生长季内的变化[J].西北农业大学学报,1999,27(5)：54-57.
[80]仝月澳,周厚基.果树营养诊断法[M].北京：农业出版社,1983,15.
[81]张承林.果实品质与钙素营养[J].果树科学,1996,13(2)：119-112.
[82]Ureta F.Boidron J N. Bounard.J.Iinfluence of dessechernent dela rafle on grape quality[J]. Am.J.Enol. Vitic..1981,32(2):90-92.
[83]龚云池,徐季娥,吕瑞江.梨果实中不同形态钙的含量及其变化的研究[J].园艺学报,1992,19(2)：129-134.
[84]顾蔓如,史怀瑞.红星苹果果实矿质元素含量与品质的关系[J].园艺学 报,1992,19(4)：301-306.
[85]王玉柱.山黄杏叶片氮磷钾年动态变化[J].华北农学报,1993,8(2)：92-95.
[86]毛永氏,中莲英.不同树势婆枣叶片矿质元素含量及其年周期变化的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1991,14(4)：15-19.
[87]刘永居,王文江.柿树叶片及果实中主要营养元素含量年周期变化的研究[J].园艺学报,1989,16(2)：109-113.
[88]孟月娥,张绍铃,杨庆山,等.短杖型苹果树主要营养元素含量的物候期性变化[J].果树科学,1994,11(3)：166-168.
[89]陈艳秋,曲柏宏,牛厂才,等.苹果梨果实矿质元素含量及其品质效应的研究[J].吉林农业科学,2000,25(6)：44-48.
[90]李港丽,苏润宇,沈隽.几种落叶果树内矿质元素含量标准的研究,园艺学报[J],1987,14(2)：81-89
[91]Worly,R.E.Effect of N,P,K and lime on yield,nut quality,tree growth,and leaf analysis of Pecon[J]. J.Amer. Soc.Hort. Sci.1974, 99:49-57.
[92]The influence of nitrogen and fruit load on the mineral content of apple leaves[J].Hort.Abs.1984.,54(6):31-63.
[93]Ohme,J.et al. The influence of nitrogen and fruit load on the mineral content of Cox's orange pippin apple trees [J]. Hort. Abs,1984, 54(6):34-37.
[94]Reese R.L and Koo,R.C.J.Influence of fertility and irrigation on yield and leaf and Soil analysis of'TemPle'orange[J].Proc.flor.State Hort.Soc.1976,89:46-48.
[95]Raese,J.T. and D.C. Staiff.Effect of rate and source of N fertilizers on mineral composition of D,Anjou pears[J].J.Plant Nutr. 1983,6:769-780.
[96]Embleton,T.W.,and et al.Visible response of phosphorous deficient orange trees to phosphatic fertilizers,and seasonal changes in mineral consitituents of leaves[J].Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort.Sci.1952,60:55-64.
[97]VangPetersen, O.Ca,K and Mg nutrition and their interactions in Cox's orange'apple trees[J].Scientia Horticulturee 1980,12:153-161.
[98]Embleton,T.W.,and et al.Influence of sampling date.season.and fertilization on macronutrients in fuererte avocado leaves[J].Proc.Amer. Soc.Hort.Sci.1958,72:309-320.
[99]Weeks,W.D.and et al.The effect of varing rates of N and on the mineralcom position of'Mcintosh'foliage and fruit color[J].Proc.Amer. Soc.Hort.Sci.1958,71:11-19.
[100]卞恰拉娃,O.h.(杨宝山译).在不同的无机营养环境中柑橘叶片内主要营养元素的动态[J].四川果树科技资料,1982,3：36-39.
[101]Asif,MI.and J.K.Greig,Effcts of seasonal interactions of nitrogen,phosphorons,and potassium fertilizers on yield and nutrient content of snap beans.[J]Amer.Soc.Hort.sci.1972,97(1):44-47.
[102]Cain,J.C.andD.Boynton.Some effect of season, fruit crop, and nitrogen fertilization on the mineral composition of mclntosh apple leaves[J].Proc.Amer.Hort.Sci.1948,51:13-22.
[103].Shelton,J.E. Effect of placement of phosphorus fertilizer and lime upon growth of'Declious'and'Golden delicious, apple trees[J]. J. Amer' Sco.Hort.Sci.1976,101:481-485.
[104]VangPetersen,0. Ca,K,and Mg nutrition and their interactions in'Cox's orange'apple trees[J].Scientia Horticulture1980,12:153-161.
[105]Rogers,B.L.et al.1955.Fertilizer applications as related toN,P,K,Ca and Mg utilization by peach trees[J].Proc.Alller.Soc.Hort.Sci.66:712.
[106]et al.1948.Potassium content of various parts of the peach tree and their correlation with K fertilizationA sampling study[J].Proc.AmeL Soc.Hort.Sci.52:6174.
[107]Courillion,GA.1982.Leaf elemental content comparisions of ownrooted peach cultivars to the same cultivars on several peach seedlings roots tock[J].J.AIner.Soc.Hort.Sci.107:555-558.
[108]Sadiwski,A..and et al.1987.Potassium nutritions of apple and sour cherry nursery trees as affected by root stock cultivar, and fertilization[J].J.p1.Nutri.10:916.
[109]Poling,E.B.and GH.Oberly 1979.Effects of roots tock on mineral composition of apple leaves[J].J.Ail) er>Soc.Hort.Sci.104:799-801.
[110]Scott,L.E.1941. An instance of boron deficiency in the grape under field conditions[J].Proc. Anler. Soc.Hort. Sci.38:375-378.
[111]Bryant,L.R.and Ga.Beach.1941.A Preliminary study of chlororosis in American grapes[J]proc.AlneLSoc.Hort. Sci.38:395-396.
[112]John,M.K et al.1976.GenotyPic influence on elemental composition of strawberry tissues[J].J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.101:438-441.
[113]Probesting,E.L.1953.Certain factors affecting the concn.of N、p、K、 Ca and Mg in pear leaves[J].Proc.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.41:27-30.
[114]Sato,K.M.et al 1952.Studies on leaf analysis of fruits trees.Part Ⅰ Fundaoental studies of leaf analysis[J].Nat.lnst.Agr.Sci]Bul.1(E):328.
[115]Beattie, J.M.1949.Surveys of nitrogen and boron status in ohio orchards[J].Proc.Ohio Stste Hort.Soc.82:121-124.
[116]Young,TW and R.C.J.KOo.1977.Influence of soil and cultivar on mineral composition of avocado leaves in Floridal[J]. J.Ame. Soc. Hort. Sci.102:308-311.
[117]陆修闽.‘早钟6号’枇杷主要营养元素含量的年周期变化[J].园艺学报,2000,27(4)：240-244.
[118]王建.银杏种子生长发育过程中营养元素含量相关性分析[J].河北林果研究,1998,13(1)：49-53.
[119]The K nutrition of fruit trees.111. A survey of the K content of peach leaves from one hundred and thirty or chard sin California[J]. Proc. Amer. Soc.Hort.Sic.1941,38:37-38.
[120]Hibbard,A.D.1959.Leaf content of phosphorus and potassium under moisture stress[J].Proc.Anler.Soc.Hort.Sfc.73:29-39.
[121]The effect of soil moisture on the mineral composition of apple plants crown in Pots[J].J.Hort.sci,1958,29:202-211.
[122]Branton,O.Lilleland,K.L.Werenfels.1961.The effect of soil moisture on apricot leaf composition[J].Proc. Amer.Soc.Hort.Sic,77:90-96.
[123]Benson,N,R.and et al.1957.Effect of leaves of nitrogen and pruning on'Starking'and'Goldendelicious'apples[J].Proc. Anler. Soc. Hort. Sic.70 :27-39.
[124]Taylor,B.H.and D.C.Ferree.The influence of summer pruning and fruit cropping on the cathohydrate,nitrogen,and nutrient composition of apple trees[J].J.Alner.Sci.Hort.1986,111:342-346.
[125]Billy,W.H.and W.R.Cowley,1969.Influence of 2.3.5triodobenzoic acid and gibberellin on growth yield and nutrient content of southern peas[J].J.Anlersoc.Hort.Sic.94(3):269-270.
[126]David,G.H.,J.E.Pollard,and GO.Estes.1976.Effect of daminozideand NAA on Ca uptake and accumulation in "Mclntosh'apple seedlings[J]. J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sic.101:713-715.
[127]Wieneke,J.et al.In 1971.Influence of growth regulating substances on absorption and translocation of calcium in peaandbean[J]. J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci,96:721-724.
[128]Bangerth F. Calcium-related physiological disorders of plants[J]. Annu Rev Phytopath,1979,17:97-122.
[129]郗荣庭.核桃雄花芽发育特点及疏雄增产机理[J].河北林果研究,1997.12(1)：40-44.
[130]章文才.果树研究法(第三版)[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1995,33.
[131]EMMERT F H. Chemical analusis of tissue as an means of determining nutrient requirements of deciduous fruitplant[J]. ProcAmerSoc Hort. Soc.1959,73:521-547.
[132]苗平生,华敏.现代果业技术与原理[M].中国林业出版社,1999,10：73-74.
[133]王津峨,胡征令,吴顺法,等.菊水梨枝、叶、果中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁营养元素年周期变化的研究[J],浙江农业科学,1994,3：114-116.
[134]郗荣庭,胡庆祥,张玉星等.鸭梨果实氮和矿质元素含量年变化及其相关性[J].园艺学报,1997,24(3)：285-286.
[135]陈艳秋,曲柏宏,牛广才,等.苹果梨果实矿质元素含量及其品质效应的研究[J].吉林农业科学,2000,25(6)：44-48.
[136]孙云蔚,王永惠.果树土壤管理[M],上海科技出版社,1982,36：132.
[137]Emmert FH.Chemical analysis of tissue as an means of determining nutrientre quirements of dexiduous fruit plant[J]. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Soc.1959,73:521-547.
[138]樊卫国,向显衡,罗充,等.生育期刺梨果实中钙、镁、铁、铜、锌元 素的含量变化[J].园艺学进展,1994,435-439.
[139]HimelericleD.C.andMcduffieR.F.The calcium cycle:up take and distribution in apple tree[J].Hortscience,1983,18(3):147-151.
[140]樊卫国,刘进平,向灵,等.刺梨果实的营养元素积累研究[J].贵州农业科学,1998,26(3)：1-4.
[2]吴相祝,蒋焕庆,沈青山,等.梨早熟品种一幸水[J].中国南方果树,1997,26(5)：41.
[3]李洪恩.几个日本梨新品种引种初报[J].北方果树,1994(2)：13.
[4]朱宝熙,刘国贵.爱宕梨的试栽表现[J].北方果树,1996(3)：30.
[5]朱庭训.韩国高档名果一水晶梨[J].宁夏农林科技,1997(4)：42.
[6]赵光荣,王吉文.圆黄梨早期丰产优质栽培技术[J].北方果树,2003(1)：40.
[7]刘炳刚.中晚熟梨品种黄金梨引种初报[J].中国果树,2001(1)：13-14.
[8]唐景云,孔庆斗,李迎春,等.5个韩国梨品种在北京试栽表现[J].中国果树,2001(6)：11.
[9]耿义胜,刘芬红,吕智敏.丰水梨的品种特性及栽培技术[J].山西果树,1999(3)：18-19.
[10]孟月娥,王东升,李献民,等.优良梨品种引种观察研究[J].中国农学通报,2000,16(4)：21-23.
[11]张兴旺,李本栓,邓铭史.云南依主梨的调查研究[[J].云南农业大学学报,1992,7(1)：55-58.
[12]邓吉祥,董怀山.早酥梨引种试验初报[J].甘肃林业科技,2001,26(1,)：40-43.
[13]薛晓晖.筑水梨引种初报[J].果树科学,1991,8(3)：185-186.
[14]郑路明,曹少伟,黄智耀,等.崇县引种苍溪雪梨试验初报[J].河南林业科技,1999,19(2)：26-28.
[15]糜林,束兆林,王金洪,等.4个日本砂梨品种的引种特性鉴定与栽培要点[J].江苏农业科学,2002,5(6)：52-54.
[16]许苏梅,练雪兴,庄恩及.日本早熟梨品种的观察报告[J].上海农业科技,1991,12(4)：7-9.
[17]陆凤龙,吴祥,韩成刚,等.日本梨和苹果优良品种引种试验[J].河北果 树,1999(1)：7-8.
[18]刘炳刚.中晚熟梨品种黄金梨引种试验[J].中国果树,2001(1)：13-14.
[19]朱庭训.水晶梨引种观察初报[J].西北园艺.1999(1)：36-37.
[20]河北农业大学主编.果树栽培学总论[M].北京：农业出版社,1980,79.
[21]河北农业大学土编.果树栽培学各论[M].北京：农业出版社,1980,89.
[22]许方主编.梨树生物学[M].科学出版社,1992,112.
[23]吕波,杨批修,郭超峰.酥梨生物学特性观察[J].果树科学,1996,13(3)：178-180.
[24]曲泽洲,陈四维主编.果树生态[M].上海科学技术出版社,1988：89-98.
[25]陶世蓉,辛华,初世刚,等.不同耐贮性梨果实的比较解剖[J].莱阳农学院学报,1992,9(3)：181-184.
[26]陶世蓉.梨果实结构与耐贮性及品质关系的研究[J].西北植物学报,2002,20(4)：544-548.
[27]辛华,陶世蓉,张秀芬.黄县长把梨果实发育的解剖研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,1997,14(2)：138-141.
[28]中川昌一著.果树园艺原论[M].北京：农业出版社,1979,281.
[29]刘庆华,周启河,王奎玲,等.莱阳茌梨果实斑痕的解剖学研究[J].莱阳农学院学报,1992,9(2)：104-108.
[30]林真二著[日],吴耕民译.梨[M].农业出版社,1981,47.
[31]俞宏,贾湘汁.梨幼果表皮果点形成的组织解剖观察[J].果树学报,2002,19(1)：62-63.
[32]孙敏,代洪义,李陪环.等.窝梨砀山酥梨等果点的形成[J].山东果树,1983(3)：3-5.
[33]马克元,傅玉瑚,程福厚,等.鸭梨果点发育的解剖观察[J].山西果树,1990(4)：12-14.
[34]马克元,程福厚,傅玉瑚,等.鸭梨果实果点和锈斑的发育[J].园艺学报,1995,22(3)：295-296.
[35]李学强,李作轩,李秀珍.南果梨果实外观品质的形成[J].果树学报,2003,20(4)：27-30.
[36]Hong-KyungHy,Kim Jeamkuk,ChoiJ in Hoetal.Russet prevention of Wllang keumbea pear by fruit bagging[J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science,1996,37(2):279-284.
[37]薛应龙,欧阳光察.植物生理学与分子生物学(余叔文主编)[M].科学出版社,1992,417-430.
[38]冉辛拓,安宗祥.套袋对鸭梨果实品质影响[J].北方园艺,1990,(11.12)：33-34.
[39]鞠志国.酚类物质与梨果实品质的研究进展[J].莱阳农学院学报,1988,5：59-65.
[40]鞠志国,采期对莱阳茌梨酚类物质代谢和组织褐变的影响[J].中国农业科学,1991,24(2)：63-68.
[41]鞠志国,刘成连,原永兵,等.莱阳茌梨酚类物质合成的调节及其对果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,1993,26(4)：44-48.
[42]刘庆华,王奎玲等.梨果肉石细胞的形态结构与果实品质的关系[J].莱阳农学院学报,1992,9(4)：252-255.
[43]韦军,何凤仁.酥梨、鸭梨果实石细胞群研究[J].江苏农学院学报,1988,9(1)：35-36.
[44]阿拉木萨,李宝江.梨果实石细胞团的发育分布及其对果实品质的影响[J].北方果树,1999(4)：4-6.
[45]吴少华.梨果肉石细胞的研究[J].福建农业大学学报,1996,25(1)：29-32.
[46]牟其芸,李文香,张华云,等.梨果实中石细胞含量测定及与果实品质相关性的研究[J].落叶果树,1996,(1)：7-9.
[47]李晓刚,盛宝龙,蔺经,等.梨不同品种果肉石细胞含量研究[J].江苏农业科学,2004(4)：65-67.
[48]张冰冰,林凤起.梨果实及石细胞团发育的研究[J].落叶果树,1988(2)：1-3.
[49]顾模,林凤起.梨果肉结构的解剖研究[J].中国果树,1989(4)：32-34.
[50]陶世蓉.梨果实结构与耐贮性及品质关系的研究[J].西北植物学报,2000,20(4)：544-548.
[51]Mitchell P D.Pear fruit growth and the use of diameter estimate fruit volume and weight.Hortscience [J].1986,21(4):1003-1005.
[52]Williams MW,Billingsley HD,et al.Early season harvest size prediction of'Bartlett'pears[J].Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci,1969,94(6):596-598.
[53]宋国庆,李少华,孟昭清,等.果实大小预测方法研究概况[J].落叶果 树,1998,(4)：30-31.
[54]Marlnl RP.Estimating apple dieter from fruit mass measurement to time thinning spr.ays[J].HortTechnology,1999,9(1):109-113.
[55]. Goffinet MC,Robison T L,Lakos A N,A comparison of'Epmpire'apple fruit size and anatomy in unthined and handthinned trees[J].Hort Sci,1984,70(30):375-378.
[56]Cowan A K.Cripps R F,Richings E W,Taylor N J.Fruit size:Towards an understanding of the metabolic control of fruit growth using avocado as a model system[J]. Physiologia Plantarum,2001,111(2):127-136.
[57]何天明,张琦,邹以强.香梨果实早期发育的解剖研究[J].新疆农业科学,2001,38(5)：247-248.
[58]林真二著[日].吴耕民译.梨[M].农业出版社,1981,42.
[59]Zhou L L, Christopher D A, Paul R E. Defoliation and fruit removal effects on papaya fruit production, sugar accumulation, and sucrose metabilism[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2000,125(5):664-652.
[60]Widmer A, Chr Kreba, Wadenswill, et al. Influence of planting density and tree from on yield and fruit quality of golden delicious' and royal gala' apples[J]. Der Erwerbsobstbau,2000,42(6):137-143.
[61]Singh C, Bhagat B K, Singh R L, Ray R N. Effect of spacing on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) [J]. Orissa Jonrnal of Horticulture,1999,27(1):59-62.
[62]Raese J T. Drake S R. Nitrogen fertilization and elemental composition affects fruit quality of'Fuji' apple[J].Journal of Plant Nunition,1997,20 (12):1797-1809.
[63]郗荣庭主编.中国鸭梨[M].北京：中国林业大学出版社,1992,32.
[64]Jones J B. Plant Nutrition Manual. Washington[J]. D. C.:CRC Press,1998:149.
[65]李港丽,苏润宁,沈隽.几种落叶果树叶内矿质元素标准值的研究[J].园艺学报,1987,14(2)：81-89.
[66]李辉桃,周建斌,郑险峰,等.早地红富士苹果园土壤营养诊断和施肥[J].干旱地区农业研究,1996,14(2)：45-50.
[67]Wardlaw I F. The control of carbon partitioning in plants[J].New Phytologyst,1990,116:341-381.
[68]韩振海,王倩.我国果树营养研究的现状和展望[J].园艺学报,1995,22(2)：138-146.
[69]庄伊美,李来荣,江由,等.赤壳龙眼叶片与土壤常量元素含量年周期变化的研究[J].园艺学报,1984,11(3)：165-1703.
[70]庄伊美,王仁玑,谢志南,等.柑桔、龙眼、荔枝营养诊断标准研究[J].福建果树,1995(1)：89-94.
[71]李港丽,苏润宇,沈隽.几种落叶果树叶内矿质元素含量标准值的研究[J].园艺学报,1987,14(2)：81-89.
[72]庄伊美,王仁玑,谢志南,等.砧木对椪柑生长结果及叶片矿质成分的影响[J].园艺学报,1993,20(3)：209-215.
[73]顾曼如,张若抒,束怀瑞,等.苹果氮素营养研究初报[J].园艺学报,1981,8(4)：281-287.
[74]龚云池,徐季娥,张淑珍,等.鸭梨叶片和果实中钙素含量年周期变化的研究[J].园艺学报,1987,14(1)：51-58.
[75]胡征令,施泽彬,吴顺法,等.丰黄桃叶片和果实中营养元素含量季节性变化的研究[J].浙江农业学报,1992,4(2)：75-78.
[76]曲柏宏.苹果梨叶分析营养诊断研究[J].北方果树,1991(3)：18-24.
[77][美]沃尔什LM.土壤测定与植株分析[M].周鸣诤译.北京：中国农业出版社,1982,45.
[78]刘永居,王文江.柿树叶片及果实中主要营养元素含量年周期变化研究[J].园艺学报,1989,16(2)：109-113.
[79]陈竹君,周健斌,史清华,等.猕猴桃叶内矿质元素含量年生长季内的变化[J].西北农业大学学报,1999,27(5)：54-57.
[80]仝月澳,周厚基.果树营养诊断法[M].北京：农业出版社,1983,15.
[81]张承林.果实品质与钙素营养[J].果树科学,1996,13(2)：119-112.
[82]Ureta F.Boidron J N. Bounard.J.Iinfluence of dessechernent dela rafle on grape quality[J]. Am.J.Enol. Vitic..1981,32(2):90-92.
[83]龚云池,徐季娥,吕瑞江.梨果实中不同形态钙的含量及其变化的研究[J].园艺学报,1992,19(2)：129-134.
[84]顾蔓如,史怀瑞.红星苹果果实矿质元素含量与品质的关系[J].园艺学 报,1992,19(4)：301-306.
[85]王玉柱.山黄杏叶片氮磷钾年动态变化[J].华北农学报,1993,8(2)：92-95.
[86]毛永氏,中莲英.不同树势婆枣叶片矿质元素含量及其年周期变化的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1991,14(4)：15-19.
[87]刘永居,王文江.柿树叶片及果实中主要营养元素含量年周期变化的研究[J].园艺学报,1989,16(2)：109-113.
[88]孟月娥,张绍铃,杨庆山,等.短杖型苹果树主要营养元素含量的物候期性变化[J].果树科学,1994,11(3)：166-168.
[89]陈艳秋,曲柏宏,牛厂才,等.苹果梨果实矿质元素含量及其品质效应的研究[J].吉林农业科学,2000,25(6)：44-48.
[90]李港丽,苏润宇,沈隽.几种落叶果树内矿质元素含量标准的研究,园艺学报[J],1987,14(2)：81-89
[91]Worly,R.E.Effect of N,P,K and lime on yield,nut quality,tree growth,and leaf analysis of Pecon[J]. J.Amer. Soc.Hort. Sci.1974, 99:49-57.
[92]The influence of nitrogen and fruit load on the mineral content of apple leaves[J].Hort.Abs.1984.,54(6):31-63.
[93]Ohme,J.et al. The influence of nitrogen and fruit load on the mineral content of Cox's orange pippin apple trees [J]. Hort. Abs,1984, 54(6):34-37.
[94]Reese R.L and Koo,R.C.J.Influence of fertility and irrigation on yield and leaf and Soil analysis of'TemPle'orange[J].Proc.flor.State Hort.Soc.1976,89:46-48.
[95]Raese,J.T. and D.C. Staiff.Effect of rate and source of N fertilizers on mineral composition of D,Anjou pears[J].J.Plant Nutr. 1983,6:769-780.
[96]Embleton,T.W.,and et al.Visible response of phosphorous deficient orange trees to phosphatic fertilizers,and seasonal changes in mineral consitituents of leaves[J].Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort.Sci.1952,60:55-64.
[97]VangPetersen, O.Ca,K and Mg nutrition and their interactions in Cox's orange'apple trees[J].Scientia Horticulturee 1980,12:153-161.
[98]Embleton,T.W.,and et al.Influence of sampling date.season.and fertilization on macronutrients in fuererte avocado leaves[J].Proc.Amer. Soc.Hort.Sci.1958,72:309-320.
[99]Weeks,W.D.and et al.The effect of varing rates of N and on the mineralcom position of'Mcintosh'foliage and fruit color[J].Proc.Amer. Soc.Hort.Sci.1958,71:11-19.
[100]卞恰拉娃,O.h.(杨宝山译).在不同的无机营养环境中柑橘叶片内主要营养元素的动态[J].四川果树科技资料,1982,3：36-39.
[101]Asif,MI.and J.K.Greig,Effcts of seasonal interactions of nitrogen,phosphorons,and potassium fertilizers on yield and nutrient content of snap beans.[J]Amer.Soc.Hort.sci.1972,97(1):44-47.
[102]Cain,J.C.andD.Boynton.Some effect of season, fruit crop, and nitrogen fertilization on the mineral composition of mclntosh apple leaves[J].Proc.Amer.Hort.Sci.1948,51:13-22.
[103].Shelton,J.E. Effect of placement of phosphorus fertilizer and lime upon growth of'Declious'and'Golden delicious, apple trees[J]. J. Amer' Sco.Hort.Sci.1976,101:481-485.
[104]VangPetersen,0. Ca,K,and Mg nutrition and their interactions in'Cox's orange'apple trees[J].Scientia Horticulture1980,12:153-161.
[105]Rogers,B.L.et al.1955.Fertilizer applications as related toN,P,K,Ca and Mg utilization by peach trees[J].Proc.Alller.Soc.Hort.Sci.66:712.
[106]et al.1948.Potassium content of various parts of the peach tree and their correlation with K fertilizationA sampling study[J].Proc.AmeL Soc.Hort.Sci.52:6174.
[107]Courillion,GA.1982.Leaf elemental content comparisions of ownrooted peach cultivars to the same cultivars on several peach seedlings roots tock[J].J.AIner.Soc.Hort.Sci.107:555-558.
[108]Sadiwski,A..and et al.1987.Potassium nutritions of apple and sour cherry nursery trees as affected by root stock cultivar, and fertilization[J].J.p1.Nutri.10:916.
[109]Poling,E.B.and GH.Oberly 1979.Effects of roots tock on mineral composition of apple leaves[J].J.Ail) er>Soc.Hort.Sci.104:799-801.
[110]Scott,L.E.1941. An instance of boron deficiency in the grape under field conditions[J].Proc. Anler. Soc.Hort. Sci.38:375-378.
[111]Bryant,L.R.and Ga.Beach.1941.A Preliminary study of chlororosis in American grapes[J]proc.AlneLSoc.Hort. Sci.38:395-396.
[112]John,M.K et al.1976.GenotyPic influence on elemental composition of strawberry tissues[J].J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.101:438-441.
[113]Probesting,E.L.1953.Certain factors affecting the concn.of N、p、K、 Ca and Mg in pear leaves[J].Proc.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.41:27-30.
[114]Sato,K.M.et al 1952.Studies on leaf analysis of fruits trees.Part Ⅰ Fundaoental studies of leaf analysis[J].Nat.lnst.Agr.Sci]Bul.1(E):328.
[115]Beattie, J.M.1949.Surveys of nitrogen and boron status in ohio orchards[J].Proc.Ohio Stste Hort.Soc.82:121-124.
[116]Young,TW and R.C.J.KOo.1977.Influence of soil and cultivar on mineral composition of avocado leaves in Floridal[J]. J.Ame. Soc. Hort. Sci.102:308-311.
[117]陆修闽.‘早钟6号’枇杷主要营养元素含量的年周期变化[J].园艺学报,2000,27(4)：240-244.
[118]王建.银杏种子生长发育过程中营养元素含量相关性分析[J].河北林果研究,1998,13(1)：49-53.
[119]The K nutrition of fruit trees.111. A survey of the K content of peach leaves from one hundred and thirty or chard sin California[J]. Proc. Amer. Soc.Hort.Sic.1941,38:37-38.
[120]Hibbard,A.D.1959.Leaf content of phosphorus and potassium under moisture stress[J].Proc.Anler.Soc.Hort.Sfc.73:29-39.
[121]The effect of soil moisture on the mineral composition of apple plants crown in Pots[J].J.Hort.sci,1958,29:202-211.
[122]Branton,O.Lilleland,K.L.Werenfels.1961.The effect of soil moisture on apricot leaf composition[J].Proc. Amer.Soc.Hort.Sic,77:90-96.
[123]Benson,N,R.and et al.1957.Effect of leaves of nitrogen and pruning on'Starking'and'Goldendelicious'apples[J].Proc. Anler. Soc. Hort. Sic.70 :27-39.
[124]Taylor,B.H.and D.C.Ferree.The influence of summer pruning and fruit cropping on the cathohydrate,nitrogen,and nutrient composition of apple trees[J].J.Alner.Sci.Hort.1986,111:342-346.
[125]Billy,W.H.and W.R.Cowley,1969.Influence of 2.3.5triodobenzoic acid and gibberellin on growth yield and nutrient content of southern peas[J].J.Anlersoc.Hort.Sic.94(3):269-270.
[126]David,G.H.,J.E.Pollard,and GO.Estes.1976.Effect of daminozideand NAA on Ca uptake and accumulation in "Mclntosh'apple seedlings[J]. J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sic.101:713-715.
[127]Wieneke,J.et al.In 1971.Influence of growth regulating substances on absorption and translocation of calcium in peaandbean[J]. J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci,96:721-724.
[128]Bangerth F. Calcium-related physiological disorders of plants[J]. Annu Rev Phytopath,1979,17:97-122.
[129]郗荣庭.核桃雄花芽发育特点及疏雄增产机理[J].河北林果研究,1997.12(1)：40-44.
[130]章文才.果树研究法(第三版)[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1995,33.
[131]EMMERT F H. Chemical analusis of tissue as an means of determining nutrient requirements of deciduous fruitplant[J]. ProcAmerSoc Hort. Soc.1959,73:521-547.
[132]苗平生,华敏.现代果业技术与原理[M].中国林业出版社,1999,10：73-74.
[133]王津峨,胡征令,吴顺法,等.菊水梨枝、叶、果中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁营养元素年周期变化的研究[J],浙江农业科学,1994,3：114-116.
[134]郗荣庭,胡庆祥,张玉星等.鸭梨果实氮和矿质元素含量年变化及其相关性[J].园艺学报,1997,24(3)：285-286.
[135]陈艳秋,曲柏宏,牛广才,等.苹果梨果实矿质元素含量及其品质效应的研究[J].吉林农业科学,2000,25(6)：44-48.
[136]孙云蔚,王永惠.果树土壤管理[M],上海科技出版社,1982,36：132.
[137]Emmert FH.Chemical analysis of tissue as an means of determining nutrientre quirements of dexiduous fruit plant[J]. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Soc.1959,73:521-547.
[138]樊卫国,向显衡,罗充,等.生育期刺梨果实中钙、镁、铁、铜、锌元 素的含量变化[J].园艺学进展,1994,435-439.
[139]HimelericleD.C.andMcduffieR.F.The calcium cycle:up take and distribution in apple tree[J].Hortscience,1983,18(3):147-151.
[140]樊卫国,刘进平,向灵,等.刺梨果实的营养元素积累研究[J].贵州农业科学,1998,26(3)：1-4.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |