超高速撞击板波特性与声发射空间碎片在轨感知技术
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摘要
随着人类空间活动的增多,空间碎片环境日益恶化,空间碎片超高速撞击对航天器的在轨安全运行构成了严重的威胁,成为不可忽略的重要风险因素。作为应对措施,发展了减缓、规避、防护等技术以保护航天器的安全。除此之外,人们还提出了一种基于声发射技术的在轨感知系统,用于实时监测航天器遭受空间碎片撞击的事件,定位空间碎片撞击点并评估撞击的后果。声发射技术作为成功应用于某些工业领域的无损检测手段,已经发展了一系列定位与源识别的方法,但是通常这些方法只适用于特定的声发射源类型。目前,对于由超高速撞击产生的声发射现象的认识还明显不足,因此建立在轨感知技术需要对其进行深入研究。本文针对这个需求开展了关于超高速撞击声发射信号及其波源特性的研究。
获取超高速撞击声发射波形是开展研究的基础,由于加载技术的复杂性及对信号保真度的要求,首先进行了系统的工作,结合实验与数值仿真手段实现了超高速撞击声发射信号的获取。利用二级轻气炮发射铝弹丸超高速撞击铝合金靶板,并选用了高阻尼、高共振频率的压电探头采集远场声发射信号,建立了超高速撞击声发射实验平台。为了从所采集信号中还原原始波形,利用铅芯折断声发射信号及动力学有限元法模拟的原始波形对传感器的灵敏度特性进行了校准,发现所采用的N182探头对靶板表面法向速度而并非文献中提及的法向位移敏感,同时得到了特定工况下的传感器局部近似灵敏度。为了弥补实验手段在发射能力与机理研究方面的不足,还采用Lagrange算法仿真超高速撞击现象以获取远场的法向速度信号。比较利用速度灵敏度从实验信号还原得到的原始波形与同样工况下数值仿真获取的速度波形,结果表明两者基本吻合,实验手段与数值仿真手段都可以获取有效的超高速撞击声发射信号。
为了满足声发射定位技术以及撞击识别的需求,对超高速撞击声发射信号的板波模态特征进行了研究。结合实验与数值仿真手段获取了Φ1.5~10.0mm、0.05~8km/s铝弹丸撞击5mm厚铝合金靶板产生的声发射信号。利用小波变换对这些信号进行辨识,发现主要包含S0、A0、S2阶板波模态。为了定量描述各模态幅度,提出了一种特征幅度的概念,并利用它分别研究了撞击速度及弹丸尺寸对各模态幅度的影响,结果表明特征幅度可以较好地反映出模态幅度的定量规律:在靶板发生击穿损伤之前,A0模态的特征幅度与弹丸的质量、速度都近似成正比,S0、S2模态的特征幅度与弹丸的速度近似成正比;在较高速度时,A0模态波形出现反相现象,因而特征幅度会改变符号。
撞击点定位是在轨感知系统的基本功能,而合理的定位方案必须基于超高速撞击声发射信号的特征。超高速撞击声发射采用的时差定位技术由到达时间确定算法与定位算法组成:针对超高速撞击声发射信号具有较强头部波形的特点利用改进的阈值法获取了第一到达时间,针对其板波模态特征利用小波谱分析方法获取了第二到达时间;在最小二乘算法的基础上,提出了最小时标方差定位算法。利用上述算法进行了超高速撞击定位实验,结果表明:经过改进的阈值法比小波变换方法获取的到达时间精度更高,时标最小二乘算法具有稳定性强,精度高的优势,两者结合可以较好地解决超高速撞击定位的工程问题。
声发射源机理分析是声发射基础研究的前沿领域,在了解高速撞击声发射信号特征的基础上,对这种声发射现象的产生机制进行了初步研究。通过对超高速撞击过程的分析,认为声发射信号是冲击载荷激发的远场弹性应力波,在此基础上建立了法向冲击力和径向冲击力的模型,利用这种模型,分析了超高速撞击声发射信号中观察到的主要模态的产生机制:A0模态主要由法向冲击力加载产生,其特征幅度与法向冲量近似成正比,在靶板被击穿之前也与弹丸具有的动量近似成正比;S0和S2模态主要由径向冲击力加载产生,其中S0模态的特征幅度与径向力的时间积分在较低速度时近似成正比。在法向冲击力模型的基础上,还由法向冲量的反向解释了A0模态波形的反相现象。
本文的研究成果对发展空间碎片声发射在轨感知技术具有重要的参考价值。对定位技术的研究结果经过进一步完善与工程化实现可以直接应用于在轨感知系统的定位功能上,对波形模态与撞击参数及损伤模式关系的研究为在轨感知系统的撞击源识别奠定了初步基础。
With the increase of space activities, space debris environment has deteriorated. Impact events on spacecraft by space debris became a nonnegligible risk factor. The mitigation, avoid, protection technique have been developed to ensure the security of spacecrafts. In addition to these measures, a new concept about onboard monitoring system based on acoustic emission (AE) technology to locate position of impact point and evaluate effects of impact in real time also presented. AE technology has been successfully applied into the industrial fields as a practical non-destructive test means, a series of source location and identification techniques have been developed. However these techniques are usually based on the type of source and propagation characteristics of wave. Current knowledge on AE event induced by hypervelocity impact (HVI) is not enough and a deep investigation is necessary. The characteristics of the AE source induced by HVI and the waveforms in far fields are studied in this dissertation.
Due to the complexity of load technique and requirement for high fidelity of waveforms, some basic work about collecting AE signals in HVI cases should be done as the foundation of whole work. An experimental platform was build for study on AE in HVI, on which aluminum balls were projected to aluminum alloy targets with two stages light gas gun and signals in far filed were collected by a high damp, high resonance frequency piezoelectricity transducer. For restoration of original waveforms from the collected signals, the sensibility of transducer was evaluated using lead break AE source and dynamics finite element method (DFEA) simulation. The results indicated that N182 sensor is sensitive to the out-plane velocity rather than the displacement mentioned in some literatures. And the approximate local sensitivity in the cases was also been evaluated. To make up the shortage of the experimental means, Lagrange solver was also applied in simulation of HVI to obtain the far field out-plane velocity signals. Waveforms restorated from the original signals in experiments and velocity waveforms from numerical simulation cases under same cases were compared and the results indicate their consistency, so both experiment and simulation can provide effective AE signals.
In order to meet the demand of AE source location and identification technique, the knowledge on mode characteristics of AE signals induced by HVI is necessary. With experimental and numerical means, AE signals in cases ofΦ1.5~10.0mm, 0.05~8km/s aluminum projectiles impacting aluminum alloy targets with thickness of 5mm were obtained. With wavelet transform, plate modes of signals were identified; S0, A0 and S2 were found to be main modes. A concept of amplitude characteristic parameter (ACP) was presented for quantified the amplitude of every mode. The relationship between the impact velocity, size of projectile and ACP of modes were explored respectively. The results indicated that ACP can characterize quantificationally amplitude of mode to some extent; before the limits of trajectory, ACP of A0 mode is proportional to the mass and impact velocity of projectile and ACP of S0, S2 modes are proportional to impact velocity, as well. Under comparative higher velocity, the antiphase of A0 mode waveforms causes change of sign of ACP.
Location of impact source is the basic function of monitoring system, and applicable location method must be built based on the characteristics of AE signals. Location method using arrival time adopted in case of HVI consists of arrival time algorithm and location algorithm: 1st arrival time was determined by modified threshold algorithm based the stronger head waveform in AE signals, and 2ed arrival time was determined by wavelet transform algorithm based on plate modes of signals; a new least variance algorithm was presented on base of least square method as location algorithm. Location experiments for HVI were performed with these algorithms mentioned above, the results indicate: more accurate arrival time can be obtained with modified threshold algorithm than wavelet transform algorithm, and least variance method is steady and accurate in the cases, location of HVI source can be solved with these two algorithms.
The research on the wave source mechanism is the advanced fields of the AE technique. Based on the characteristics of AE signals, the generation mechanism of AE in HVI case is studied. Analyzing the course of HVI, AE signals is thought as elastic stress wave in far field induced by the impact load. A model of normal and radial impact was built on the basis of these assumptions. The generation mechanism of the main mode of AE signals was interpreted as following: A0 mode is induced by the normal impact force and its ACP is approximately proportional to the normal impulse; the mode of S0 and S2 is induced by the radial impact force and the ACP of S0 is approximately proportional to the radial impact impulse (time integral of radial force) under low impact velocity. With model of normal impulse, negative normal impulse was interpreted as the cause of antiphase phenomena of A0 mode waveforms.
The results and conclusions in this dissertation are valuable reference for developing monitoring technique for detection of impact on spacecraft by space debris. The results on location can be directly adopted in monitoring system and the results on the relationship between wave mode and impact parameters are foundation for source identification in onboard monitoring technique.
获取超高速撞击声发射波形是开展研究的基础,由于加载技术的复杂性及对信号保真度的要求,首先进行了系统的工作,结合实验与数值仿真手段实现了超高速撞击声发射信号的获取。利用二级轻气炮发射铝弹丸超高速撞击铝合金靶板,并选用了高阻尼、高共振频率的压电探头采集远场声发射信号,建立了超高速撞击声发射实验平台。为了从所采集信号中还原原始波形,利用铅芯折断声发射信号及动力学有限元法模拟的原始波形对传感器的灵敏度特性进行了校准,发现所采用的N182探头对靶板表面法向速度而并非文献中提及的法向位移敏感,同时得到了特定工况下的传感器局部近似灵敏度。为了弥补实验手段在发射能力与机理研究方面的不足,还采用Lagrange算法仿真超高速撞击现象以获取远场的法向速度信号。比较利用速度灵敏度从实验信号还原得到的原始波形与同样工况下数值仿真获取的速度波形,结果表明两者基本吻合,实验手段与数值仿真手段都可以获取有效的超高速撞击声发射信号。
为了满足声发射定位技术以及撞击识别的需求,对超高速撞击声发射信号的板波模态特征进行了研究。结合实验与数值仿真手段获取了Φ1.5~10.0mm、0.05~8km/s铝弹丸撞击5mm厚铝合金靶板产生的声发射信号。利用小波变换对这些信号进行辨识,发现主要包含S0、A0、S2阶板波模态。为了定量描述各模态幅度,提出了一种特征幅度的概念,并利用它分别研究了撞击速度及弹丸尺寸对各模态幅度的影响,结果表明特征幅度可以较好地反映出模态幅度的定量规律:在靶板发生击穿损伤之前,A0模态的特征幅度与弹丸的质量、速度都近似成正比,S0、S2模态的特征幅度与弹丸的速度近似成正比;在较高速度时,A0模态波形出现反相现象,因而特征幅度会改变符号。
撞击点定位是在轨感知系统的基本功能,而合理的定位方案必须基于超高速撞击声发射信号的特征。超高速撞击声发射采用的时差定位技术由到达时间确定算法与定位算法组成:针对超高速撞击声发射信号具有较强头部波形的特点利用改进的阈值法获取了第一到达时间,针对其板波模态特征利用小波谱分析方法获取了第二到达时间;在最小二乘算法的基础上,提出了最小时标方差定位算法。利用上述算法进行了超高速撞击定位实验,结果表明:经过改进的阈值法比小波变换方法获取的到达时间精度更高,时标最小二乘算法具有稳定性强,精度高的优势,两者结合可以较好地解决超高速撞击定位的工程问题。
声发射源机理分析是声发射基础研究的前沿领域,在了解高速撞击声发射信号特征的基础上,对这种声发射现象的产生机制进行了初步研究。通过对超高速撞击过程的分析,认为声发射信号是冲击载荷激发的远场弹性应力波,在此基础上建立了法向冲击力和径向冲击力的模型,利用这种模型,分析了超高速撞击声发射信号中观察到的主要模态的产生机制:A0模态主要由法向冲击力加载产生,其特征幅度与法向冲量近似成正比,在靶板被击穿之前也与弹丸具有的动量近似成正比;S0和S2模态主要由径向冲击力加载产生,其中S0模态的特征幅度与径向力的时间积分在较低速度时近似成正比。在法向冲击力模型的基础上,还由法向冲量的反向解释了A0模态波形的反相现象。
本文的研究成果对发展空间碎片声发射在轨感知技术具有重要的参考价值。对定位技术的研究结果经过进一步完善与工程化实现可以直接应用于在轨感知系统的定位功能上,对波形模态与撞击参数及损伤模式关系的研究为在轨感知系统的撞击源识别奠定了初步基础。
With the increase of space activities, space debris environment has deteriorated. Impact events on spacecraft by space debris became a nonnegligible risk factor. The mitigation, avoid, protection technique have been developed to ensure the security of spacecrafts. In addition to these measures, a new concept about onboard monitoring system based on acoustic emission (AE) technology to locate position of impact point and evaluate effects of impact in real time also presented. AE technology has been successfully applied into the industrial fields as a practical non-destructive test means, a series of source location and identification techniques have been developed. However these techniques are usually based on the type of source and propagation characteristics of wave. Current knowledge on AE event induced by hypervelocity impact (HVI) is not enough and a deep investigation is necessary. The characteristics of the AE source induced by HVI and the waveforms in far fields are studied in this dissertation.
Due to the complexity of load technique and requirement for high fidelity of waveforms, some basic work about collecting AE signals in HVI cases should be done as the foundation of whole work. An experimental platform was build for study on AE in HVI, on which aluminum balls were projected to aluminum alloy targets with two stages light gas gun and signals in far filed were collected by a high damp, high resonance frequency piezoelectricity transducer. For restoration of original waveforms from the collected signals, the sensibility of transducer was evaluated using lead break AE source and dynamics finite element method (DFEA) simulation. The results indicated that N182 sensor is sensitive to the out-plane velocity rather than the displacement mentioned in some literatures. And the approximate local sensitivity in the cases was also been evaluated. To make up the shortage of the experimental means, Lagrange solver was also applied in simulation of HVI to obtain the far field out-plane velocity signals. Waveforms restorated from the original signals in experiments and velocity waveforms from numerical simulation cases under same cases were compared and the results indicate their consistency, so both experiment and simulation can provide effective AE signals.
In order to meet the demand of AE source location and identification technique, the knowledge on mode characteristics of AE signals induced by HVI is necessary. With experimental and numerical means, AE signals in cases ofΦ1.5~10.0mm, 0.05~8km/s aluminum projectiles impacting aluminum alloy targets with thickness of 5mm were obtained. With wavelet transform, plate modes of signals were identified; S0, A0 and S2 were found to be main modes. A concept of amplitude characteristic parameter (ACP) was presented for quantified the amplitude of every mode. The relationship between the impact velocity, size of projectile and ACP of modes were explored respectively. The results indicated that ACP can characterize quantificationally amplitude of mode to some extent; before the limits of trajectory, ACP of A0 mode is proportional to the mass and impact velocity of projectile and ACP of S0, S2 modes are proportional to impact velocity, as well. Under comparative higher velocity, the antiphase of A0 mode waveforms causes change of sign of ACP.
Location of impact source is the basic function of monitoring system, and applicable location method must be built based on the characteristics of AE signals. Location method using arrival time adopted in case of HVI consists of arrival time algorithm and location algorithm: 1st arrival time was determined by modified threshold algorithm based the stronger head waveform in AE signals, and 2ed arrival time was determined by wavelet transform algorithm based on plate modes of signals; a new least variance algorithm was presented on base of least square method as location algorithm. Location experiments for HVI were performed with these algorithms mentioned above, the results indicate: more accurate arrival time can be obtained with modified threshold algorithm than wavelet transform algorithm, and least variance method is steady and accurate in the cases, location of HVI source can be solved with these two algorithms.
The research on the wave source mechanism is the advanced fields of the AE technique. Based on the characteristics of AE signals, the generation mechanism of AE in HVI case is studied. Analyzing the course of HVI, AE signals is thought as elastic stress wave in far field induced by the impact load. A model of normal and radial impact was built on the basis of these assumptions. The generation mechanism of the main mode of AE signals was interpreted as following: A0 mode is induced by the normal impact force and its ACP is approximately proportional to the normal impulse; the mode of S0 and S2 is induced by the radial impact force and the ACP of S0 is approximately proportional to the radial impact impulse (time integral of radial force) under low impact velocity. With model of normal impulse, negative normal impulse was interpreted as the cause of antiphase phenomena of A0 mode waveforms.
The results and conclusions in this dissertation are valuable reference for developing monitoring technique for detection of impact on spacecraft by space debris. The results on location can be directly adopted in monitoring system and the results on the relationship between wave mode and impact parameters are foundation for source identification in onboard monitoring technique.
引文
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