陆地生态系统温室气体排放观测方法研究、应用及结果比对分析
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摘要
过去100多年中大气温室气体浓度升高是全球变暖重要诱因之一已成为不争的事实。大气中浓度最高、上升速度最快的两种温室气体是CO_2和CH_4,均为含碳物质,而这两种物质的收支平衡与工业发展和粮食安全问题密切相关,因此碳收支和地球碳循环成为当前全球变化研究中的核心部分。我国为农业大国,工业正处在快速发展时期,如何保证经济发展的同时减少碳排放是中国,也是全球共同关心的问题。中国生态系统复杂多样,是欧亚大陆面积最大、对全球气候变化具有重大影响的关键区域。因此中国典型陆地生态系统碳通量原位测定对碳循环研究具有重要意义。采用统一的并与国际接轨的标准观测方法是获取中国陆地生态系统第一手碳收支观测资料的前提。
本文在课题组十多年研究的基础上,进一步发展和改造了气相色谱仪分析技术,结合静态采样箱,建立了一套灵敏度高、稳定性好且便于操作的静态箱采样/气相色谱分析系统; 并将所发展的方法和设备用于全国16个生态站点的联网原位观测; 采用科学的管理方式、建立统一的数据库和数据质量控制标准来对全国典型陆地生态系统碳排放进行联网观测和研究。对气相色谱仪分析系统的拓展和改造为:采用时间差进样分析技术完成同一检测通
道CH_4和CO_2的分析; 结合反吹外切技术优化改造分析气路,实现N_2O的连续测定; 通过驱动气路和电路的改造,成功地把两个色谱电驱动通道扩展为四个气驱动通道; 选择适宜的色谱柱填料和柱长度以及载气流量,将分析温度调整为同一温度,从而将CH_4、CO_2和N_2O的分析系统耦合在一起。实现同一台色谱仪一次进样同时对CH_4、CO2和N2O三种温室气体的连续检测。
突破过去的实验观测在整个观测期间都采用同一高度的采样箱,采用组合分体式采样箱进行观测,大大增加了实验的灵活性和观测数据的准确度。可根据植物的生长情况适时增减延长箱,调节采样箱高度以适应不同排放通量状况下的测定,保证观测期间观测结果的可靠性。所使用的静态箱/气相色谱观测系统的排放强度检测下限低于一般陆地生态系统的实际排放强度,观测结果可靠,准确度高。观测系统的误差<10%,远小于时间和空间差异带来的测量误差。
联网观测研究采用顶层设计、各站合作、资源合理调配的管理方式。从采样方法、
It is a fact that the increase of concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a cause of the global climate change. CO_2 and CH_4, which increased very fast during the past years, are carbonaceous gases. These compounds are correlated with the development of industry and agriculture. So, carbon budget and global carbon cycle have to be the hottest portion of global climate change research. China is the largest region of Eurasia and has various ecosystems, any change of this region will affect whole global climate. So in situ measurement of carbon flux from China typical terrestrial ecosystems is crucial for carbon budget research. To develop a unified and effective measuring system is the key point to obtain first hand data of China terrestrial ecosystems greenhouse gas emissions.
With an improved gas chromatography and static chamber, we set up a measuring system for greenhouse gases emission based on decade?ˉs year work of our lab. Performance tests show that the static chamber/ GC system is suitable for monitoring emissions of the main greenhouse gases in the terrestrial ecosystem since it is easy to use, efficient, constant and reliable. The system is installed in 16 field experimental stations of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and to carry out the large project of the knowledge innovation program ?°Study on Carbon Budget in Terrestrial and Marginal Sea Ecosystems of China-CBESTC?± of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with scientific management, united format of database and standard criterion for data quality.
The improvements of GC are: Using difference of injection time to finish analyzing of
CH4 and CO2; with back-flush and separately sweeping technique to achieve continuous analyse of N2O; and expanding two electrical driving switches into four gas-driving channels; selecting suitable separation columns and oven temperature to combine these separate analyzing systems in same gas chromatography. The combined system is able to simultaneously measure CH4, CO2 and N2O in an air sample in 4 minutes. It?ˉs a breakthrough to apply assembled static chamber to observe trace gases exchange ratio between soil surface and atmosphere. Advantage of the assembled chamber is that the height of chamber is adjustable according growth of plant. Results of test show that the chamber is suitable for observing flux of terrestrial greenhouse gases with low detection limit. The measuring error of the assemble chamber/GC system is less than 10%, far smaller than error caused by temporal and spatial difference. Management of the carbon flux research net with chamber/GC is scientific and reasonable. All stations are applying unified sampling strategy, data analysis technique and database format which designed by Sub-Center of Atmospheric Science of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (SCAS-CERN). SCAS-CERN is in charge of the technique support, data management and data quality control (QA/QC). After data QA and QC, those data will be return to stations and database will be open to researchers of the whole research group. There are a lot of consideration to assure the representative and veracity of flux measurement. Observing results show that the main factors to affect soil respiration rate of terrestrial ecosystems are temperature, humidity and organic carbon content. As for natural ecosystems such as forest, grassland and wetland, temperature is the dominated factor of soil respiration rate; soil humidity and organic carbon content determine the rate of respiration when temperature is appropriate; in some degree, soil respiration of temperature sensitivity ( Q10 ) covers the contribution of water content and organic carbon to soil respiration. The soil respiration of the wood land of natural forest is larger than reform forest and the south forest lager than the north. With decreasing of water depth, the soil respiration of wetland is increasing; annual respiration efflux of wetland is enhanced with the annual temperature. There is a minimum water temperature for CH4 emission rate of lakes in south china, and CH4 emission rate is correlated with water temperature above this temperature. IV
The minimum temperature is different with spatial difference.
本文在课题组十多年研究的基础上,进一步发展和改造了气相色谱仪分析技术,结合静态采样箱,建立了一套灵敏度高、稳定性好且便于操作的静态箱采样/气相色谱分析系统; 并将所发展的方法和设备用于全国16个生态站点的联网原位观测; 采用科学的管理方式、建立统一的数据库和数据质量控制标准来对全国典型陆地生态系统碳排放进行联网观测和研究。对气相色谱仪分析系统的拓展和改造为:采用时间差进样分析技术完成同一检测通
道CH_4和CO_2的分析; 结合反吹外切技术优化改造分析气路,实现N_2O的连续测定; 通过驱动气路和电路的改造,成功地把两个色谱电驱动通道扩展为四个气驱动通道; 选择适宜的色谱柱填料和柱长度以及载气流量,将分析温度调整为同一温度,从而将CH_4、CO_2和N_2O的分析系统耦合在一起。实现同一台色谱仪一次进样同时对CH_4、CO2和N2O三种温室气体的连续检测。
突破过去的实验观测在整个观测期间都采用同一高度的采样箱,采用组合分体式采样箱进行观测,大大增加了实验的灵活性和观测数据的准确度。可根据植物的生长情况适时增减延长箱,调节采样箱高度以适应不同排放通量状况下的测定,保证观测期间观测结果的可靠性。所使用的静态箱/气相色谱观测系统的排放强度检测下限低于一般陆地生态系统的实际排放强度,观测结果可靠,准确度高。观测系统的误差<10%,远小于时间和空间差异带来的测量误差。
联网观测研究采用顶层设计、各站合作、资源合理调配的管理方式。从采样方法、
It is a fact that the increase of concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a cause of the global climate change. CO_2 and CH_4, which increased very fast during the past years, are carbonaceous gases. These compounds are correlated with the development of industry and agriculture. So, carbon budget and global carbon cycle have to be the hottest portion of global climate change research. China is the largest region of Eurasia and has various ecosystems, any change of this region will affect whole global climate. So in situ measurement of carbon flux from China typical terrestrial ecosystems is crucial for carbon budget research. To develop a unified and effective measuring system is the key point to obtain first hand data of China terrestrial ecosystems greenhouse gas emissions.
With an improved gas chromatography and static chamber, we set up a measuring system for greenhouse gases emission based on decade?ˉs year work of our lab. Performance tests show that the static chamber/ GC system is suitable for monitoring emissions of the main greenhouse gases in the terrestrial ecosystem since it is easy to use, efficient, constant and reliable. The system is installed in 16 field experimental stations of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and to carry out the large project of the knowledge innovation program ?°Study on Carbon Budget in Terrestrial and Marginal Sea Ecosystems of China-CBESTC?± of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with scientific management, united format of database and standard criterion for data quality.
The improvements of GC are: Using difference of injection time to finish analyzing of
CH4 and CO2; with back-flush and separately sweeping technique to achieve continuous analyse of N2O; and expanding two electrical driving switches into four gas-driving channels; selecting suitable separation columns and oven temperature to combine these separate analyzing systems in same gas chromatography. The combined system is able to simultaneously measure CH4, CO2 and N2O in an air sample in 4 minutes. It?ˉs a breakthrough to apply assembled static chamber to observe trace gases exchange ratio between soil surface and atmosphere. Advantage of the assembled chamber is that the height of chamber is adjustable according growth of plant. Results of test show that the chamber is suitable for observing flux of terrestrial greenhouse gases with low detection limit. The measuring error of the assemble chamber/GC system is less than 10%, far smaller than error caused by temporal and spatial difference. Management of the carbon flux research net with chamber/GC is scientific and reasonable. All stations are applying unified sampling strategy, data analysis technique and database format which designed by Sub-Center of Atmospheric Science of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (SCAS-CERN). SCAS-CERN is in charge of the technique support, data management and data quality control (QA/QC). After data QA and QC, those data will be return to stations and database will be open to researchers of the whole research group. There are a lot of consideration to assure the representative and veracity of flux measurement. Observing results show that the main factors to affect soil respiration rate of terrestrial ecosystems are temperature, humidity and organic carbon content. As for natural ecosystems such as forest, grassland and wetland, temperature is the dominated factor of soil respiration rate; soil humidity and organic carbon content determine the rate of respiration when temperature is appropriate; in some degree, soil respiration of temperature sensitivity ( Q10 ) covers the contribution of water content and organic carbon to soil respiration. The soil respiration of the wood land of natural forest is larger than reform forest and the south forest lager than the north. With decreasing of water depth, the soil respiration of wetland is increasing; annual respiration efflux of wetland is enhanced with the annual temperature. There is a minimum water temperature for CH4 emission rate of lakes in south china, and CH4 emission rate is correlated with water temperature above this temperature. IV
The minimum temperature is different with spatial difference.
引文
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