大豆氮素利用效率相关基因的克隆及功能验证
|
摘要
大豆（Glycine max (L.) Merr.）是世界上最广泛种植的豆科植物，是重要的蛋白质和油料来源。随着人们对蛋白质、脂肪需求量的增加，大豆在国民经济中的地位越来越重要。
氮素是植物生长必需的大量元素之一，也是限制植物生长和产量形成的首要因素。大豆一生需要大量的氮素营养。虽然大豆是固氮植物，但其自身所固定的氮不能满足大豆丰产对氮素营养的需求。在苗期，大豆根瘤的数量少，植株尚不能或很少利用根瘤菌共生固氮供给的氮素，因此在这个时期吸收土壤氮以及施用氮肥显得十分重要。传统上人们通过改良土壤和施用氮肥来改善作物的氮营养状况，但氮肥利用效率较低，可被植物利用的氮在30%~40%左右，土壤中超过40%的氮素通过挥发、淋失、脱氮以及微生物分解等途径流失掉，这对环境造成了极大的污染，同时也造成了巨大的经济损失。因此，提高氮素利用效率十分重要。培育耐低氮胁迫的大豆品种是提高氮素利用效率的有效途径，利用基因工程手段来培育大豆耐低氮胁迫品种可为此开辟一条新途径。
本研究以现代分子生物学和转基因等技术为主导，结合新一代高通量测序技术，系统分析与克隆了大豆中控制氮素吸收、转运、同化和再动员等过程相关的功能基因和转录因子，并进行功能验证，最终以提高大豆氮素利用效率，减少化肥投入、提高大豆产量和改善农业生态环境为目的。主要研究结果如下：
1．以147个大豆品种为材料，采用温室苗期水培方法，观察各品种在低氮培养和正常供氮环境下培养时的叶片黄化程度，初步评价大豆品种苗期对低氮胁迫的反应。通过对相关指标的变异系数进行比较并结合各指标相关性分析结果，将干重、地上部分氮积累量、生物量增加值和氮吸收量作为判断耐低氮的指标，最终筛选出耐低氮型品种“坡黄”和氮敏感型品种“84-70”。
2．对耐低氮型品种“坡黄”和氮敏感型品种“84-70”进行数字表达谱分析：将这两个品种进行低氮处理，对地上部分和地下部分分别取样测序。一共建立了8个库进行测序：2种基因型×2种大豆组织（地上部分，地下部分）×2个处理时期[短时期（0.5-12h）和长时期（3-12d）]。通过高通量测序分析，八个库中分别获得了5,739,999,5,846,807,5,731,901,5,970,775,5,476,878,5,900,343,5,930,716,和5,862,642个clean tags;对应224,154,162,415,191,994,181,792,204,639,206,998,233,839和257,077个distinct tags。3,231个基因在两个品种中表达差异显著，参与21个代谢和信号传导途径。这些差异表达基因可能是与氮高效利用相关的候选基因。
3．通过分子克隆技术克隆得到大豆Gmduf-cbs和Gmdof1.4基因的cDNA全长序列，并利用生物信息学方法对所得序列进行氨基酸理化性质分析、蛋白质结构域及功能域预测、同源性比对及系统进化树分析等。为了验证预测结果，将GmDuf-cbs和GmDof1.4蛋白与绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）进行融合，通过基因枪轰击转化洋葱表皮细胞，融合了目的蛋白质的GmDof1.4在细胞核上有绿色荧光信号分布，从而表明GmDof1.4蛋白定位在细胞核上。融合了目的蛋白质的GmDuf-cbs在细胞核核细胞膜上均有绿色荧光信号分布，从而表明该蛋白定位在细胞膜和细胞核上。同时应用荧光定量PCR技术对Gmduf-cbs和Gmdof1.4基因在大豆不同氮浓度培养条件下不同组织不同时期表达情况进行了分析，发现这两个基因表达水平存在显著差异。
4．以模式植物拟南芥为材料，利用反向遗传学的方法，即根据已知基因的表达变化情况来研究表型的变化，从而推测该已知基因的功能。采用花序浸泡法将Gmduf-cbs和Gmdof1.4转化拟南芥，经PCR及Southern杂交检测获得了转基因植株。选取3个转录水平较高的拟南芥株系进行耐低氮性分析。对Gmduf-cbs和Gmdof1.4基因所编码的蛋白在拟南芥氮吸收过程中的生物学功能进行了分析。通过氮高效相关指标的测定，结果显示野生型植株转Gmduf-cbs或Gmdof1.4基因的拟南芥株系在低氮胁迫处理下，生长14天后，转基因的拟南芥植株叶片黄化程度较低，且植株较健壮。转植株的鲜重，全氮含量，硝态氮，铵态氮以及非蛋白氮含量均高与野生型植株。从而推测过表达Gmduf-cbs或Gmdof1.4基因的转基因植株具有一定的低氮耐受性。
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the world's most widely planted legumes and soybean is avaluable crop that provides protein and oil. With the increase in the demand of protein, fat, soybean isbecoming more and more important in the national economy.
Plants require large amounts of nitrogen (N) for their growth and survival. This N accounts forapproximately2%of total plant dry matter. Soybean requires more N than other major crops to sustainseed growth. As a legume, soybean can acquire N for its growth via its N-fixing symbiosis withrhizobacteria, which form nodules on the roots and can fix atmospheric N. In addition, soybean candraw mineral nitrogen from the soil. These processes may not supply enough N for soybeans tomaximize yield, especially in high-yield environments. Plants can only use approximately30-40%ofthe applied N, and more than40%of the N fertilizer is lost via leakage into the atmosphere,groundwater, lakes and rivers. Such leakage results in serious environmental pollution. Improving N-useefficiency (NUE) by genetic improvement is necessary for the development of agriculture.Next-generation sequencing techniques are opening fascinating opportunities for life sciences, and havedramatically improved the efficiency and speed of gene discovery. Driven by Solexa/Illuminatechnology, DGE creates genome-wide expression profiles by sequencing.
The study based on modern molecular biology and transgenic technology, and combined with anew generation of high-throughput sequencing technology. By investigating the expressions of genesrelated to N utilization, a number of candidate genes for NUE were identified and analysis. The mainresults are as follows:
1. In order to obtain the different NUE soybean varieties, a total of147varieties were screened inthis study. After analyzed the coefficient of variation and correlation among the indexes, shoot nitrogenaccumulation, increase in biomass,dry weight and the amount of nitrogen absorption were chosen as theindexes for evaluating the NUE of soybean varieties. The results indicated that“Pohuang” and“84-70”had the highest and lowest relative value, respectively. So “Pohuang” was tolerantand“84-70”was sensitive to low N-stress, respectively.
2. Two soybean genotypes were grown under N-limited conditions.The shoots and roots ofsoybeans were used for sequencing. Eight libraries were generated for analysis:2genotypes×2tissues(roots and shoots)×2time periods [short-term (0.5to12h) and long-term (3to12d) responses] andcompared the transcriptomes by high-throughput tag-sequencing analysis.5,739,999,5,846,807,5,731,901,5,970,775,5,476,878,5,900,343,5,930,716, and5,862,642clean tags were obtained for theeight libraries,these corresponded to224,154,162,415,191,994,181,792,204,639,206,998,233,839and257,077distinct tags,respectively. A number of soybean genes were differentially expressedbetween the low-N-tolerant and low-Nsensitive varieties under N-limited conditions. Some of thesegenes may be candidates for improving NUE.
3. Two full-length cDNAs Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4were cloned from soybean. Analysis of these two genes by bioinformatic, including physical and chemical properties of amino acids, protein domainsand functional domains predicted homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis. To verify thesubcellular locations of Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged gene wasfused to Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4, respectively.They were transformed into onion epidermal cells bygene gun bombardment. A clear GFP signal was observed at the nucleus of onion epidermal cellsbombarded with the Gmdof1.4construction, and at the nucleus and cytomembrane of onion epidermalcells bombarded with the Gmduf-cbs construction whereas the signal was seen throughout cellsexpressing free GFP. Gene expression of Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4in soybean were analyzed byreal-time PCR.The result showed that the expression were significantly different between two varieties.
4. The Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4gene were overexpressed in Arabidopsis to study their functionunder low nitrogen stress. Some transgenic positive plants were obtained and the gene successfullytranscribed by PCR and RT-PCR detection. The results showed that constitutive expression ofGmduf-cbs or Gmdof1.4in Arabidopsis not only enhanced nitrogen starvation tolerance of the cells butaccelerated the growth of the plant. We conclude that Gmduf-cbs or Gmdof1.4may serve as an excellentcandidate for breeding crops with enhanced NUE and better yield.
氮素是植物生长必需的大量元素之一，也是限制植物生长和产量形成的首要因素。大豆一生需要大量的氮素营养。虽然大豆是固氮植物，但其自身所固定的氮不能满足大豆丰产对氮素营养的需求。在苗期，大豆根瘤的数量少，植株尚不能或很少利用根瘤菌共生固氮供给的氮素，因此在这个时期吸收土壤氮以及施用氮肥显得十分重要。传统上人们通过改良土壤和施用氮肥来改善作物的氮营养状况，但氮肥利用效率较低，可被植物利用的氮在30%~40%左右，土壤中超过40%的氮素通过挥发、淋失、脱氮以及微生物分解等途径流失掉，这对环境造成了极大的污染，同时也造成了巨大的经济损失。因此，提高氮素利用效率十分重要。培育耐低氮胁迫的大豆品种是提高氮素利用效率的有效途径，利用基因工程手段来培育大豆耐低氮胁迫品种可为此开辟一条新途径。
本研究以现代分子生物学和转基因等技术为主导，结合新一代高通量测序技术，系统分析与克隆了大豆中控制氮素吸收、转运、同化和再动员等过程相关的功能基因和转录因子，并进行功能验证，最终以提高大豆氮素利用效率，减少化肥投入、提高大豆产量和改善农业生态环境为目的。主要研究结果如下：
1．以147个大豆品种为材料，采用温室苗期水培方法，观察各品种在低氮培养和正常供氮环境下培养时的叶片黄化程度，初步评价大豆品种苗期对低氮胁迫的反应。通过对相关指标的变异系数进行比较并结合各指标相关性分析结果，将干重、地上部分氮积累量、生物量增加值和氮吸收量作为判断耐低氮的指标，最终筛选出耐低氮型品种“坡黄”和氮敏感型品种“84-70”。
2．对耐低氮型品种“坡黄”和氮敏感型品种“84-70”进行数字表达谱分析：将这两个品种进行低氮处理，对地上部分和地下部分分别取样测序。一共建立了8个库进行测序：2种基因型×2种大豆组织（地上部分，地下部分）×2个处理时期[短时期（0.5-12h）和长时期（3-12d）]。通过高通量测序分析，八个库中分别获得了5,739,999,5,846,807,5,731,901,5,970,775,5,476,878,5,900,343,5,930,716,和5,862,642个clean tags;对应224,154,162,415,191,994,181,792,204,639,206,998,233,839和257,077个distinct tags。3,231个基因在两个品种中表达差异显著，参与21个代谢和信号传导途径。这些差异表达基因可能是与氮高效利用相关的候选基因。
3．通过分子克隆技术克隆得到大豆Gmduf-cbs和Gmdof1.4基因的cDNA全长序列，并利用生物信息学方法对所得序列进行氨基酸理化性质分析、蛋白质结构域及功能域预测、同源性比对及系统进化树分析等。为了验证预测结果，将GmDuf-cbs和GmDof1.4蛋白与绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）进行融合，通过基因枪轰击转化洋葱表皮细胞，融合了目的蛋白质的GmDof1.4在细胞核上有绿色荧光信号分布，从而表明GmDof1.4蛋白定位在细胞核上。融合了目的蛋白质的GmDuf-cbs在细胞核核细胞膜上均有绿色荧光信号分布，从而表明该蛋白定位在细胞膜和细胞核上。同时应用荧光定量PCR技术对Gmduf-cbs和Gmdof1.4基因在大豆不同氮浓度培养条件下不同组织不同时期表达情况进行了分析，发现这两个基因表达水平存在显著差异。
4．以模式植物拟南芥为材料，利用反向遗传学的方法，即根据已知基因的表达变化情况来研究表型的变化，从而推测该已知基因的功能。采用花序浸泡法将Gmduf-cbs和Gmdof1.4转化拟南芥，经PCR及Southern杂交检测获得了转基因植株。选取3个转录水平较高的拟南芥株系进行耐低氮性分析。对Gmduf-cbs和Gmdof1.4基因所编码的蛋白在拟南芥氮吸收过程中的生物学功能进行了分析。通过氮高效相关指标的测定，结果显示野生型植株转Gmduf-cbs或Gmdof1.4基因的拟南芥株系在低氮胁迫处理下，生长14天后，转基因的拟南芥植株叶片黄化程度较低，且植株较健壮。转植株的鲜重，全氮含量，硝态氮，铵态氮以及非蛋白氮含量均高与野生型植株。从而推测过表达Gmduf-cbs或Gmdof1.4基因的转基因植株具有一定的低氮耐受性。
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the world's most widely planted legumes and soybean is avaluable crop that provides protein and oil. With the increase in the demand of protein, fat, soybean isbecoming more and more important in the national economy.
Plants require large amounts of nitrogen (N) for their growth and survival. This N accounts forapproximately2%of total plant dry matter. Soybean requires more N than other major crops to sustainseed growth. As a legume, soybean can acquire N for its growth via its N-fixing symbiosis withrhizobacteria, which form nodules on the roots and can fix atmospheric N. In addition, soybean candraw mineral nitrogen from the soil. These processes may not supply enough N for soybeans tomaximize yield, especially in high-yield environments. Plants can only use approximately30-40%ofthe applied N, and more than40%of the N fertilizer is lost via leakage into the atmosphere,groundwater, lakes and rivers. Such leakage results in serious environmental pollution. Improving N-useefficiency (NUE) by genetic improvement is necessary for the development of agriculture.Next-generation sequencing techniques are opening fascinating opportunities for life sciences, and havedramatically improved the efficiency and speed of gene discovery. Driven by Solexa/Illuminatechnology, DGE creates genome-wide expression profiles by sequencing.
The study based on modern molecular biology and transgenic technology, and combined with anew generation of high-throughput sequencing technology. By investigating the expressions of genesrelated to N utilization, a number of candidate genes for NUE were identified and analysis. The mainresults are as follows:
1. In order to obtain the different NUE soybean varieties, a total of147varieties were screened inthis study. After analyzed the coefficient of variation and correlation among the indexes, shoot nitrogenaccumulation, increase in biomass,dry weight and the amount of nitrogen absorption were chosen as theindexes for evaluating the NUE of soybean varieties. The results indicated that“Pohuang” and“84-70”had the highest and lowest relative value, respectively. So “Pohuang” was tolerantand“84-70”was sensitive to low N-stress, respectively.
2. Two soybean genotypes were grown under N-limited conditions.The shoots and roots ofsoybeans were used for sequencing. Eight libraries were generated for analysis:2genotypes×2tissues(roots and shoots)×2time periods [short-term (0.5to12h) and long-term (3to12d) responses] andcompared the transcriptomes by high-throughput tag-sequencing analysis.5,739,999,5,846,807,5,731,901,5,970,775,5,476,878,5,900,343,5,930,716, and5,862,642clean tags were obtained for theeight libraries,these corresponded to224,154,162,415,191,994,181,792,204,639,206,998,233,839and257,077distinct tags,respectively. A number of soybean genes were differentially expressedbetween the low-N-tolerant and low-Nsensitive varieties under N-limited conditions. Some of thesegenes may be candidates for improving NUE.
3. Two full-length cDNAs Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4were cloned from soybean. Analysis of these two genes by bioinformatic, including physical and chemical properties of amino acids, protein domainsand functional domains predicted homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis. To verify thesubcellular locations of Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged gene wasfused to Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4, respectively.They were transformed into onion epidermal cells bygene gun bombardment. A clear GFP signal was observed at the nucleus of onion epidermal cellsbombarded with the Gmdof1.4construction, and at the nucleus and cytomembrane of onion epidermalcells bombarded with the Gmduf-cbs construction whereas the signal was seen throughout cellsexpressing free GFP. Gene expression of Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4in soybean were analyzed byreal-time PCR.The result showed that the expression were significantly different between two varieties.
4. The Gmduf-cbs and Gmdof1.4gene were overexpressed in Arabidopsis to study their functionunder low nitrogen stress. Some transgenic positive plants were obtained and the gene successfullytranscribed by PCR and RT-PCR detection. The results showed that constitutive expression ofGmduf-cbs or Gmdof1.4in Arabidopsis not only enhanced nitrogen starvation tolerance of the cells butaccelerated the growth of the plant. We conclude that Gmduf-cbs or Gmdof1.4may serve as an excellentcandidate for breeding crops with enhanced NUE and better yield.
引文
1.陈昌斌,戴小密,俞冠翘,沈善炯,组成型nifA对大豆根瘤菌(Rhizobiumfredii)HN01lux结瘤固氮效率的促进作用.科学通报,1999,44(5):529-533
2.陈超.基于RNA-Seq技术的人转录组分析研究[硕士学位论文].长沙：中南大学，2011
3.陈志伟,何婷,陆瑞菊,王亦菲,等．不同基因型大麦苗期对低氮胁迫的生物学响应.上海农业学报,2010,26(1):28-32
4.戴宏林,吴小骏,用凯氏定氮法测定植物干样品中的氮含量．江苏农业研究,1995,(3):70
5.刁锐琦,钱晓刚.利用水培筛选玉米氮高效种质资源的研究.种子,2008,27(4):28-30
6.丁洪,郭庆元,刘昌智,不同熟期大豆品种吸收和利用氮肥的差异.中国油料,1994,16(2):7-10
7.韩璐,张薇,棉花苗期氮营养高效品种筛选.中国农学通报,2011,27(1):84-88
8.洪娟．油菜氮高效种质的筛选及其生理机制的初步研究[博士学位论文]．武汉:华中农业大学,2007
9.黄农荣,钟旭华,郑海波,水稻氮高效基因型及其评价指标的筛选.中国农学通报,2006,22(6):29-34
10.李鑫.苏打盐碱地桑树/大豆间作的土壤微生物多样性研究[硕士学位论文]．哈尔滨：东北林业大学，2012
11.吕伟仙，葛滢，吴建之，常杰，植物中硝态氮、氨态氮、总氮测定方法的比较研究.光谱学与光谱分析,2004,24(2):204-206
12.裴雪霞,王姣爱,党建友,张定一,耐低氮小麦基因型筛选指标的研究．小麦研究,2007,28(2):1-6
13.汤翠凤,徐福荣,余腾琼,叶昌荣,等．水稻耐低磷种质的初步筛选．分子植物育种,2005,3（5）:711-715
14.汤继华,谢惠玲,黄绍敏,胡彦民,等．缺氮条件下玉米自交系叶绿素含量与光合效率的变化.华北农学报,2005,20(5):10-12
15.汪自强,王美娥,春大豆氮利用效率的基因型变异和性状间的相关研究.生物数学学报,2002,17(2):221-228
16.王光华,金剑,潘相文,周克琴,刘晓冰,不同茬口大豆根圈土壤pH值和氮营养分布的变化.中国油料作物学报，2004,26(l):55-59
17.王立刚,刘景辉,刘克礼,高聚林,大豆氮素积累、分配与转移规律的研究.作物杂志,2004,5:20-22
18.王娜.应用新一代测序技术对肾透明细胞癌转录组的研究[博士学位论文]．长春：吉林大学，2012
19.吴魁斌,沈国清.对大豆氮素利用率及体内分配规律的研究.现代化农业,1998,12:9-10
20.严君.大豆结瘤固氮及生长发育对土壤环境无机氮含量的响应[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：东北农业大学，2011
21.张俊英,许永利,赵同科,李富平，氮胁迫下高效玉米基因型的筛选研究.安徽农业科学,2007,35(22):6713-6715
22.张建辉.阿片肽的制备纯化及其测定方法的研究[硕士学位论文].天津：天津商业大学，2007
23. Adam Z, Adamska I, Nakabayashi K, Ostersetzer O, Haussuhl K, Manuell A, Zheng B, VallonO, Rodermel SR, Shinozaki K et al: Chloroplast and mitochondrial proteases in Arabidopsis.A proposed nomenclature. Plant Physiol2001,125(4):1912-1918.
24. Ainsworth EA, Yendrek CR, Skoneczka JA, Long SP: Accelerating yield potential in soybean:potential targets for biotechnological improvement. Plant Cell Environ2012,35(1):38-52.
25. Amarasinghe BH, de Bruxelles GL, Braddon M, Onyeocha I, Forde BG, Udvardi MK:Regulation of GmNRT2expression and nitrate transport activity in roots of soybean (Glycinemax). Planta1998,206(1):44-52.
26. Ansorge W, Sproat BS, Stegemann J, Schwager C: A non-radioactive automated method forDNA sequence determination. J Biochem Biophys Methods1986,13(6):315-323.
27. Ansorge WJ: Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques. N Biotechnol2009,25(4):195-203.
28. Aslam ML, Bastiaansen JW, Crooijmans RP, Vereijken A, Megens HJ, Groenen MA: A SNPbased linkage map of the turkey genome reveals multiple intrachromosomal rearrangementsbetween the turkey and chicken genomes. BMC Genomics2010,11:647.
29. Audic S, Claverie JM: The significance of digital gene expression profiles. Genome Res1997,7(10):986-995.
30. Austin, RB., Ford, MA., Edrich, JA, Blackwell, R.D: The nitrogen economy of winter wheat.Journal of Agriculture Science1977,88:159–167.
31. Azam S, Thakur V, Ruperao P, Shah T, Balaji J, Amindala B, Farmer AD, Studholme DJ, MayGD, Edwards D et al: Coverage-based consensus calling (CbCC) of short sequence reads andcomparison of CbCC results to identify SNPs in chickpea (Cicer arietinum; Fabaceae), a cropspecies without a reference genome. Am J Bot2012,99(2):186-192.
32. Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D: The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing underdependency. The Annals of Statistics2001,29:1165-1188.
33. Berger H, Pachlinger R, Morozov I, Goller S, Narendja F, Caddick M, Strauss J: The GATAfactor AreA regulates localization and in vivo binding site occupancy of the nitrate activatorNirA. Mol Microbiol2006,59(2):433-446.
34. Bernard SM, Habash DZ: The importance of cytosolic glutamine synthetase in nitrogenassimilation and recycling. New Phytol2009,182(3):608-620.
35. Bernard SM, Moller AL, Dionisio G, Kichey T, Jahn TP, Dubois F, Baudo M, Lopes MS,Terce-Laforgue T, Foyer CH et al: Gene expression, cellular localisation and function ofglutamine synthetase isozymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Mol Biol2008,67(1-2):89-105.
36. Bi YM, Kant S, Clarke J, Gidda S, Ming F, Xu J, Rochon A, Shelp BJ, Hao L, Zhao R et al:Increased nitrogen-use efficiency in transgenic rice plants over-expressing anitrogen-responsive early nodulin gene identified from rice expression profiling. Plant CellEnviron2009,32(12):1749-1760.
37. Bi YM, Wang RL, Zhu T, Rothstein SJ: Global transcription profiling reveals differentialresponses to chronic nitrogen stress and putative nitrogen regulatory components inArabidopsis. BMC Genomics2007,8:281.
38. Blanco L, Reddy PM, Silvente S, Bucciarelli B, Khandual S, Alvarado-Affantranger X,Sanchez F, Miller S, Vance C, Lara-Flores M: Molecular cloning, characterization andregulation of two different NADH-glutamate synthase cDNAs in bean nodules. Plant CellEnviron2008,31(4):454-472.
39. Bogard M, Allard V, Brancourt-Hulmel M, Heumez E, Machet JM, Jeuffroy MH, Gate P,Martre P, Le Gouis J: Deviation from the grain protein concentration-grain yield negativerelationship is highly correlated to post-anthesis N uptake in winter wheat. J Exp Bot2010,61(15):4303-4312.
40. Bonasio R, Zhang G, Ye C, Mutti NS, Fang X, Qin N, Donahue G, Yang P, Li Q, Li C et al:Genomic comparison of the ants Camponotus floridanus and Harpegnathos saltator. Science2010,329(5995):1068-1071.
41. Bordeleau L M, Prévost D: Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in extreme environments. Plantand Soil1994,161:115-125.
42. Brauer EK, Rochon A, Bi YM, Bozzo GG, Rothstein SJ, Shelp BJ: Reappraisal of nitrogen useefficiency in rice overexpressing glutamine synthetase1. Physiol Plant2011,141(4):361-372.
43. Brears T, Liu C, Knight TJ, Coruzzi GM: Ectopic Overexpression of Asparagine Synthetase inTransgenic Tobacco. Plant Physiol1993,103(4):1285-1290.
44. Cai HM, Xiao JH, Zhang QF, Lian XM: Co-suppressed glutamine synthetase2gene modifiesnitrogen metabolism and plant growth in rice. Chinese Science Bulletin2010,55(9):823-833.
45. Cai H, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Li X, Zhang Q, Lian X: Overexpressed glutamine synthetase genemodifies nitrogen metabolism and abiotic stress responses in rice. Plant Cell Rep2009,28(3):527-537.
46. Castaings L, Camargo A, Pocholle D, Gaudon V, Texier Y, Boutet-Mercey S, Taconnat L,Renou JP, Daniel-Vedele F, Fernandez E et al: The nodule inception-like protein7modulatesnitrate sensing and metabolism in Arabidopsis. Plant J2009,57(3):426-435.
47. Chardon F, Barthelemy J, Daniel-Vedele F, Masclaux-Daubresse C: Natural variation ofnitrate uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana cultivated with limiting andample nitrogen supply. J Exp Bot2010,61(9):2293-2302.
48. Chatzav M, Peleg Z, Ozturk L, Yazici A, Fahima T, Cakmak I, Saranga Y: Genetic diversityfor grain nutrients in wild emmer wheat: potential for wheat improvement. Ann Bot2010,105(7):1211-1220.
49. Chen W, Provart NJ, Glazebrook J, Katagiri F, Chang HS, Eulgem T, Mauch F, Luan S, Zou G,Whitham SA et al: Expression profile matrix of Arabidopsis transcription factor genessuggests their putative functions in response to environmental stresses. Plant Cell2002,14(3):559-574.
50. Chichkova S, Arellano J, Vance CP, Hernandez G: Transgenic tobacco plants that overexpressalfalfa NADH-glutamate synthase have higher carbon and nitrogen content. J Exp Bot2001,52(364):2079-2087.
51. Chopin F, Orsel M, Dorbe MF, Chardon F, Truong HN, Miller AJ, Krapp A, Daniel-Vedele F:The Arabidopsis ATNRT2.7nitrate transporter controls nitrate content in seeds. Plant Cell2007,19(5):1590-1602.
52. Clarke, J.M., Campbell, C.A., Cutforth, H.W., DePauw, R.M., Winkleman, G.E.: Nitrogen andphosphorus uptake, translocation and utilization efficiency of wheat in relation to environmentand cultivar yield and protein levels. Canadian Journal of Plant Science1990,70:965–977.
53. Cohen Y, Alchanatis V, Zusman Y, Dar Z, Bonfil DJ, et al. Leaf nitrogen estimation in potatobased on spectral data and on simulated bands of the VENμS satellite. Precision Agriculture2010,11:520–37.
54. Cokus SJ, Feng S, Zhang X, Chen Z, Merriman B, Haudenschild CD, Pradhan S, Nelson SF,Pellegrini M, Jacobsen SE: Shotgun bisulphite sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome revealsDNA methylation patterning. Nature2008,452(7184):215-219.
55. Coque M, Gallais A: Genomic regions involved in response to grain yield selection at highand low nitrogen fertilization in maize. Theor Appl Genet2006,112(7):1205-1220.
56. Coque M, Martin A, Veyrieras JB, Hirel B, Gallais A: Genetic variation for N-remobilizationand postsilking N-uptake in a set of maize recombinant inbred lines.3. QTL detection andcoincidences. Theor Appl Genet2008,117(5):729-747.
57. Cordoba E, Shishkova S, Vance CP, Hernandez G: Antisense inhibition of NADH glutamatesynthase impairs carbon/nitrogen assimilation in nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). PlantJ2003,33(6):1037-1049.
58. Coschigano KT, Melo-Oliveira R, Lim J, Coruzzi GM: Arabidopsis gls mutants and distinctFd-GOGAT genes. Implications for photorespiration and primary nitrogen assimilation. PlantCell1998,10(5):741-752.
59. Cousins AB, Pracharoenwattana I, Zhou W, Smith SM, Badger MR: Peroxisomal malatedehydrogenase is not essential for photorespiration in Arabidopsis but its absence causes anincrease in the stoichiometry of photorespiratory CO2release. Plant Physiol2008,148(2):786-795.
60. Curtis IS, Power JB, Laat AMM, Caboche M, Davey MR:Expression of a chimeric nitratereductase gene in transgenic lettuce reduces nitrate in leaves. Plant Cell Rep1999,18:889-896.
61. D'Apuzzo E, Rogato A, Simon-Rosin U, El Alaoui H, Barbulova A, Betti M, Dimou M,Katinakis P, Marquez A, Marini AM et al: Characterization of three functional high-affinityammonium transporters in Lotus japonicus with differential transcriptional regulation andspatial expression. Plant Physiol2004,134(4):1763-1774.
62. Davis AM, Hall A, Millar AJ, Darrah C, Davis SJ: Protocol: Streamlined sub-protocols forfloral-dip transformation and selection of transformants in Arabidopsis thaliana. PlantMethods2009,5:3.
63. Daisuke I, Takashi I, Kazuhiko T, Chieko O: ASN2is a key enzyme in asparaginebiosynthesis under ammonium sufficient conditions. Plant Biotechnol2009,26:153-159.
64. Dawson JC, Huggins DR, Jones SS: Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency to improve cropperformance in organic and sustainable agricultural systems. Field Crops Res.2008,107:89–101.
65. De Angeli A, Monachello D, Ephritikhine G, Frachisse JM, Thomine S, Gambale F,Barbier-Brygoo H: The nitrate/proton antiporter AtCLCa mediates nitrate accumulation inplant vacuoles. Nature2006,442(7105):939-942.
66. de la Torre F, Suarez MF, Santis L, Canovas FM: The aspartate aminotransferase family inconifers: biochemical analysis of a prokaryotic-type enzyme from maritime pine. Tree Physiol2007,27(9):1283-1291.
67. Dechorgnat J, Nguyen CT, Armengaud P, Jossier M, Diatloff E, Filleur S, Daniel-Vedele F:From the soil to the seeds: the long journey of nitrate in plants. J Exp Bot,62(4):1349-1359.
68. Den Herder G, Parniske M: The unbearable naivety of legumes in symbiosis. Curr Opin PlantBiol2009,12(4):491-499.
69. Desclos M, Etienne P, Coquet L, Jouenne T, Bonnefoy J, Segura R, Reze S, Ourry A, Avice JC:A combined15N tracing/proteomics study in Brassica napus reveals the chronology ofproteomics events associated with N remobilisation during leaf senescence induced by nitratelimitation or starvation. Proteomics2009,9(13):3580-3608.
70. Ding X, Hou X, Xie K, Xiong L: Genome-wide identification of BURP domain-containinggenes in rice reveals a gene family with diverse structures and responses to abiotic stresses.Planta2009,230(1):149-163.
71. Ding Z, Wang C, Chen S, Yu S: Diversity and selective sweep in the OsAMT1;1genomicregion of rice. BMC Evol Biol2011,11:61.
72. Djennane S, Chauvin JE, Meyer C: Glasshouse behaviour of eight transgenic potato cloneswith a modified nitrate reductase expression under two fertilization regimes. J Exp Bot2002,53(371):1037-1045.
73. Djennane S, Chauvin JE, Quillere I, Meyer C, Chupeau Y: Introduction and expression of aderegulated tobacco nitrate reductase gene in potato lead to highly reduced nitrate levels intransgenic tubers. Transgenic Res2002,11(2):175-184.
74. Fageria NK, Baligar VC: Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Advances inAgronomy2005,88:97-185.
75. Fan SC, Lin CS, Hsu PK, Lin SH, Tsay YF: The Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT1.7,expressed in phloem, is responsible for source-to-sink remobilization of nitrate. Plant Cell2009,21(9):2750-2761.
76. Feng H, Yan M, Fan X, Li B, Shen Q, Miller AJ, Xu G: Spatial expression and regulation ofrice high-affinity nitrate transporters by nitrogen and carbon status. J Exp Bot2011,62(7):2319-2332.
77. Feng J, Volk RJ, Jackson WA: Inward and outward transport of ammonium in roots of maizeand sorghum: contrasting effects of methionine sulphoximine. J. Exp. Bot.1994,45:429-39.
78. Feraud M, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Ferrario-Mery S, Pageau K, Lelandais M, Ziegler C,Leboeuf E, Jouglet T, Viret L, Spampinato A et al: Expression of a ferredoxin-dependentglutamate synthase gene in mesophyll and vascular cells and functions of the enzyme inammonium assimilation in Nicotiana tabacum (L.). Planta2005,222(4):667-677.
79. Ferrario-Mery S, Besin E, Pichon O, Meyer C, Hodges M: The regulatory PII protein controlsarginine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett2006,580(8):2015-2020.
80. Fischer, R.A., Byerlee, D. and Edmeades, G.O:Can technology deliver on the yield challengeto2050? FAO Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in2050,2009, pp.24-26.
81. Foyer CH, Noctor G, Hodges M: Respiration and nitrogen assimilation: targetingmitochondria-associated metabolism as a means to enhance nitrogen use efficiency. J Exp Bot2011,62(4):1467-1482.
82. Fraisier V, Gojon A, Tillard P, Daniel-Vedele F: Constitutive expression of a putativehigh-affinity nitrate transporter in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: evidence for post-transcriptionalregulation by a reduced nitrogen source. Plant J2000,23(4):489-496.
83. Fuentes SI, Allen DJ, Ortiz-Lopez A, Hernandez G: Over-expression of cytosolic glutaminesynthetase increases photosynthesis and growth at low nitrogen concentrations. J Exp Bot2001,52(358):1071-1081.
84. Gallais A, Hirel B: An approach to the genetics of nitrogen use efficiency in maize. J. Exp.Bot.2004,55:295-306.
85. Gallardo F, Fu J, Canton FR, Garcia-Gutierrez A, Canovas FM, Kirby EG: Expression of aconifer glutamine synthetase gene in transgenic poplar. Planta1999,210(1):19-26.
86. Gao QS, Zhang D, Xu L, Xu CW: Systematic Identification of Rice ABC1Gene Family andIts Response to Abiotic Stress. Rice Science2011,18(2).
87. Garnett T, Conn V, Kaiser BN: Root based approaches to improving nitrogen use efficiency inplants. Plant Cell Environ2009,32(9):1272-1283.
88. Gauthier PP, Bligny R, Gout E, Mahe A, Nogues S, Hodges M, Tcherkez GG: In folio isotopictracing demonstrates that nitrogen assimilation into glutamate is mostly independent fromcurrent CO2assimilation in illuminated leaves of Brassica napus. New Phytol2010,185(4):988-999.
89. Gifford ML, Dean A, Gutierrez RA, Coruzzi GM, Birnbaum KD: Cell-specific nitrogenresponses mediate developmental plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2008,105(2):803-808.
90. Glass AD, Shaff JE, Kochian LV: Studies of the Uptake of Nitrate in Barley: IV.Electrophysiology. Plant Physiol1992,99(2):456-463.
91. Glass ADM: Nitrogen use efficiency of crop plants: physiological constraints upon nitrogenabsorption. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences2003,22:453-470.
92. Good AG, Johnson SJ, De Pauw M, Carroll RT, Savidov N: Engineering nitrogen useefficiency with alanine aminotransferase. Canadian Journal of Botany2007,85:252-262.
93. Good AG, Shrawat AK, Muench DG: Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into theenvironment compatible with maintaining crop production? Trends Plant Sci.2004,9:597–605.
94. Good, A. and Beatty, P.(2011) Biotechnological approaches to improving nitrogen useefficiency in plants: alanine aminotransferase as a case study. In The Molecular andPhysiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops.
95. Gouis J L, Beghinc D, Heumez E, et a1:Genetic difference for nitrogen uptake and nitrogenutilization efficiencies in winter wheat. European Journal of Agronomy2000,12:163-173.
96. Gutierrez RA, Stokes TL, Thum K, Xu X, Obertello M, Katari MS, Tanurdzic M, Dean A,Nero DC, McClung CR et al: Systems approach identifies an organic nitrogen-responsivegene network that is regulated by the master clock control gene CCA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A2008,105(12):4939-4944.
97. Gutierrez RA, Lejay LV, Dean A, Chiaromonte F, Shasha DE, Coruzzi GM: Qualitativenetwork models and genome-wide expression data define carbon/nitrogen-responsivemolecular machines in Arabidopsis. Genome Biol2007,8(1):R7.
98. Hortensteiner S: Stay-green regulates chlorophyll and chlorophyll-binding protein degradationduring senescence. Trends Plant Sci2009,14(3):155-162.
99. Habash DZ, Massiah AJ, Rong HI, Wallsgrove RM, Leigh RA: The role of cytosolicglutamine synthetase in wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol.2001,138:83-89.
100. Hammes UZ, Nielsen E, Honaas LA, Taylor CG, Schachtman DP: AtCAT6, asink-tissue-localized transporter for essential amino acids in Arabidopsis. Plant J2006,48(3):414-426.
101. Harrison J, Crescenzo MP, Hirel B: Does lowering glutamine synthetase activity in nodulesmodify nitrogen metabolism and growth of Lotus japonicus?, Plant Physiol.2003,133:253-262.
102. Hawkesford, M.J. An Overview of Nutrient Use Efficiency and Strategies for CropImprovement, the Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops(2011), pp.5-19.
103. Kushwaha HR, Singh AK, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A: Genome wide expressionanalysis of CBS domain containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh and Oryzasativa L. reveals their developmental and stress regulation. BMC Genomics2009,10:200.
104. Hirel B, Le Gouis J, Ney B, Gallais A: The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency incrop plants: towards a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics withinintegrated approaches. J Exp Bot2007,58(9):2369-2387.
105. Hirel B, Marsolier MC, Hoarau A, Hoarau J, Brangeon J, Schafer R, Verma DP: Forcingexpression of a soybean root glutamine synthetase gene in tobacco leaves induces a nativegene encoding cytosolic enzyme. Plant Mol Biol1992,20(2):207-218.
106. Hirner A, Ladwig F, Stransky H, Okumoto S, Keinath M, Harms A, Frommer WB, Koch W:Arabidopsis LHT1is a high-affinity transporter for cellular amino acid uptake in both rootepidermis and leaf mesophyll. Plant Cell2006,18(8):1931-1946.
107. Ho CH, Lin SH, Hu HC, Tsay YF: CHL1functions as a nitrate sensor in plants. Cell2009,138(6):1184-1194.
108. Hoque MS, Masle J, Udvardi MK, Ryan PR, Upadhyaya NM: Over-expression of the riceOsAMT1-1gene increases ammonium uptake and content, but impairs growth anddevelopment of plants under high ammonium nutrition. Plant Function&EvolutionaryBiology2006,33:153–63.
109. Hoshida H, Tanaka Y, Hibino T, Hayashi Y, Tanaka A, Takabe T, Takabe T: Enhancedtolerance to salt stress in transgenic rice that overexpresses chloroplast glutamine synthetase.Plant Mol Biol2000,43(1):103-111.
110. Hu HC, Wang YY, Tsay YF: AtCIPK8, a CBL-interacting protein kinase, regulates thelow-affinity phase of the primary nitrate response. Plant J2009,57(2):264-278.
111. Huang S, Li R, Zhang Z, Li L, Gu X, Fan W, Lucas WJ, Wang X, Xie B, Ni P et al: Thegenome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. Nat Genet2009,41(12):1275-1281.
112. Huang X, Feng Q, Qian Q, Zhao Q, Wang L, Wang A, Guan J, Fan D, Weng Q, Huang T et al:High-throughput genotyping by whole-genome resequencing. Genome Res2009,19(6):1068-1076.
113. Hurth MA, Suh SJ, Kretzschmar T, Geis T, Bregante M, Gambale F, Martinoia E, NeuhausHE: Impaired pH homeostasis in Arabidopsis lacking the vacuolar dicarboxylate transporterand analysis of carboxylic acid transport across the tonoplast. Plant Physiol2005,137(3):901-910.
114. Ignoul S, Eggermont J: CBS domains: structure, function, and pathology in human proteins.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol2005,289(6):C1369-1378. Ishida H, Yoshimoto K, Izumi M,Reisen D, Yano Y, Makino A, Ohsumi Y, Hanson MR, Mae T: Mobilization of rubisco andstroma-localized fluorescent proteins of chloroplasts to the vacuole by an ATGgene-dependent autophagic process. Plant Physiol2008,148(1):142-155.
115. Ishiyama K, Inoue E, Watanabe-Takahashi A, Obara M, Yamaya T, Takahashi H: Kineticproperties and ammonium-dependent regulation of cytosolic isoenzymes of glutaminesynthetase in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem2004,279(16):16598-16605.
116. Ishizaki T, Ohsumi C, Totsuka K, Igarashi D: Analysis of glutamate homeostasis byoverexpression of Fd-GOGAT gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Amino Acids,38(3):943-950.
117. aglo-Ottosen KR, Gilmour SJ, Zarka DG, Schabenberger O, Thomashow MF: ArabidopsisCBF1overexpression induces COR genes and enhances freezing tolerance. Science1998,280(5360):104-106.
118. Lowry JA, Atchley WR: Molecular evolution of the GATA family of transcription factors:conservation within the DNA-binding domain. J Mol Evol2000,50(2):103-115.
119. Jiang L, Liu Y, Sun H, Han Y, Li J, Li C, Guo W, Meng H, Li S, Fan Y et al: Themitochondrial folylpolyglutamate synthetase gene is required for nitrogen utilization duringearly seedling development in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2013,161(2):971-989.
120. Johnson JM, Franzluebbers AJ, Weyers SL, Reicosky DC: Agricultural opportunities tomitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Environ Pollut2007,150(1):107-124.
121. Ju XT, Xing GX, Chen XP, Zhang SL, Zhang LJ, Liu XJ, Cui ZL, Yin B, Christie P, Zhu ZL etal: Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chineseagricultural systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2009,106(9):3041-3046.
122. Kanehisa M, Araki M, Goto S, Hattori M, Hirakawa M, Itoh M, Katayama T, Kawashima S,Okuda S, Tokimatsu T et al: KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. NucleicAcids Res2008,36(Database issue):D480-484.
123. Kang H, Weng Y, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Mao Z, Cheng G, Gu X, Huang S, Xie B: Finegenetic mapping localizes cucumber scab resistance gene Ccu into an R gene cluster. TheorAppl Genet,122(4):795-803.
124. Kanneganti V, Gupta AK: Wall associated kinases from plants-an overview, Physiology andMolecular Biology of Plants2008,14:1-2.
125. Kant S, Peng M, Rothstein SJ: Genetic regulation by NLA and microRNA827for maintainingnitrate-dependent phosphate homeostasis in arabidopsis. PLoS Genet2011,7(3):e1002021.
126. Katayama H, Mori M, Kawamura Y, Tanaka T, Mori M, Hasegawa H: Production andcharacterization of transgenic rice plants carrying a high-affinity nitrate transporter gene(OsNRT2.1). Breeding Sci.2009,59:237-43.
127. Kato Y, Murakami S, Yamamoto Y, Chatani H, Kondo Y, Nakano T, Yokota A, Sato F: TheDNA-binding protease, CND41, and the degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase in senescent leaves of tobacco. Planta2004,220(1):97-104.
128. Kerstens HH, Crooijmans RP, Veenendaal A, Dibbits BW, Chin AWTF, den Dunnen JT,Groenen MA: Large scale single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in unsequencedgenomes using second generation high throughput sequencing technology: applied to turkey.BMC Genomics2009,10:479.
129. Khademi S, O'Connell J,3rd, Remis J, Robles-Colmenares Y, Miercke LJ, Stroud RM:Mechanism of ammonia transport by Amt/MEP/Rh: structure of AmtB at1.35A. Science2004,305(5690):1587-1594.
130. Kiba T, Feria-Bourrellier AB, Lafouge F, Lezhneva L, Boutet-Mercey S, Orsel M, Brehaut V,Miller A, Daniel-Vedele F, Sakakibara H et al: The Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT2.4plays a double role in roots and shoots of nitrogen-starved plants. Plant Cell2012,24(1):245-258.
131. Kiba T, Kudo T, Kojima M, Sakakibara H: Hormonal control of nitrogen acquisition: roles ofauxin, abscisic acid, and cytokinin. J Exp Bot2011,62(4):1399-1409.
132. Kichey T, Hirel B, Heumez E, Dubois F, Le Gouis J: In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilisation to the grain correlates with agronomic traitsand nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crops Research2007,102:22–32.
133. Kimberly AE, Roberts MG: A Method for the Direct Determination of Organic Nitrogen bythe Kjeldahl Process. Public Health Pap Rep1905,31(Pt2):109-122.
134. Kirk GJ, Kronzucker HJ: The potential for nitrification and nitrate uptake in the rhizosphereof wetland plants: a modelling study. Ann Bot2005,96(4):639-646.
135. Kojima S, Bohner A, Gassert B, Yuan L, von Wiren N: AtDUR3represents the majortransporter for high-affinity urea transport across the plasma membrane of nitrogen-deficientArabidopsis roots. Plant J2007,52(1):30-40.
136. Krouk G, Lacombe B, Bielach A, Perrine-Walker F, Malinska K, Mounier E, Hoyerova K,Tillard P, Leon S, Ljung K et al: Nitrate-regulated auxin transport by NRT1.1defines amechanism for nutrient sensing in plants. Dev Cell2010,18(6):927-937.
137. Kumagai E, Araki T, Hamaoka N, Ueno O: Ammonia emission from rice leaves in relation tophotorespiration and genotypic differences in glutamine synthetase activity. Ann Bot2011,108(7):1381-1386.
138. Kumar A, Kaiser BN, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM: Functional characterisation of OsAMT1.1overexpression lines of rice, Oryza sativa. Plant Function&Evolutionary Biology2006,33:339-46.
139. Kurai T,Wakayama M, Abiko T, Yanagisawa S, Aoki N, Ohsugi R. Introduction of theZmDof1gene into rice enhances carbon and nitrogen assimilation under low-nitrogenconditions. Plant Biotechnol. J.2011,9:826-37.
140. Ladha JK, Kirk GJD, Bennett J, Peng S, Reddy CK, et al. Opportunities for increased nitrogenuse efficiency from improved lowland rice germplasm. Field Crops Res.1998,56:41-71.
141. Lam HM, Coschigano KT, Oliveira IC, Melo-Oliveira R, Coruzzi GM: TheMolecular-Genetics of Nitrogen Assimilation into Amino Acids in Higher Plants. Annu RevPlant Physiol Plant Mol Biol1996,47:569-593.
142. Lam HM, Peng SS, Coruzzi GM: Metabolic regulation of the gene encodingglutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol1994,106(4):1347-1357.
143. Lam HM, Wong P, Chan HK, Yam KM, Chen L, Chow CM, Coruzzi GM: Overexpression ofthe ASN1gene enhances nitrogen status in seeds of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2003,132(2):926-935.
144. Lam HM, Xu X, Liu X, Chen W, Yang G, Wong FL, Li MW, He W, Qin N, Wang B et al:Resequencing of31wild and cultivated soybean genomes identifies patterns of geneticdiversity and selection. Nat Genet2010,42(12):1053-1059.
145. Lanquar V, Loque D, Hormann F, Yuan L, Bohner A, Engelsberger WR, Lalonde S, SchulzeWX, von Wiren N, Frommer WB: Feedback inhibition of ammonium uptake by aphospho-dependent allosteric mechanism in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell2009,21(11):3610-3622.
146. Lawlor DW: Carbon and nitrogen assimilation in relation to yield: mechanisms are the key tounderstanding production systems. J Exp Bot2002,53(370):773-787.
147. Le Gouis J, BeghinD, HeumezE, Pluchard P: Genetic differences for nitrogen uptake andnitrogen utilisation efficiencies in winter wheat. Eur. J. Agron.2000,12:163–73
148. Lea US, Ten Hoopen F, Provan F, Kaiser WM, Meyer C, Lillo C: Mutation of the regulatoryphosphorylation site of tobacco nitrate reductase results in high nitrite excretion and NOemission from leaf and root tissue. Planta2004,219(1):59-65.
149. Li JY, Fu YL, Pike SM, Bao J, Tian W, Zhang Y, Chen CZ, Zhang Y, Li HM, Huang J et al:The Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT1.8functions in nitrate removal from the xylem sapand mediates cadmium tolerance. Plant Cell2010,22(5):1633-1646.
150. Li P, Ponnala L, Gandotra N, Wang L, Si Y, Tausta SL, Kebrom TH, Provart N, Patel R,Myers CR et al: The developmental dynamics of the maize leaf transcriptome. Nat Genet2010,42(12):1060-1067.
151. Li Q, Li BH, Kronzucker HJ, Shi WM: Root growth inhibition by NH(4)(+) in Arabidopsis ismediated by the root tip and is linked to NH(4)(+) efflux and GMPase activity. Plant CellEnviron2010,33(9):1529-1542.
152. Li R, Fan W, Tian G, Zhu H, He L, Cai J, Huang Q, Cai Q, Li B, Bai Y et al: The sequenceand de novo assembly of the giant panda genome. Nature,463(7279):311-317.
153. Li T, Li H, Zhang YX, Liu JY: Identification and analysis of seven H(2)O(2)-responsivemiRNAs and32new miRNAs in the seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). NucleicAcids Res2011,39(7):2821-2833.
154. Li YL, Fan XR, Shen QR: The relationship between rhizosphere nitrification and nitrogen useefficiency in rice plants. Plant Cell Environ.2008,31:73-85.
155. Liepman AH, Olsen LJ: Alanine aminotransferase homologs catalyze theglutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase reaction in peroxisomes of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2003,131(1):215-227.
156. Lillo C: Signalling cascades integrating light-enhanced nitrate metabolism. Biochem J2008,415(1):11-19.
157. Lima JE, Kojima S, Takahashi H, von Wiren N: Ammonium triggers lateral root branching inArabidopsis in an AMMONIUM TRANSPORTER1;3-dependent manner. Plant Cell2010,22(11):3621-3633.
158. Lin SH, Kuo HF, Canivenc G, Lin CS, Lepetit M, Hsu PK, Tillard P, Lin HL, Wang YY, TsaiCB: Mutation of the Arabidopsis NRT1.5nitrate transporter causes defectiveroot-to-shoot nitrate transport. Plant Cell2008,20(9):2514-2528.
159. Little DY, Rao H, Oliva S, Daniel-Vedele F, Krapp A, Malamy JE: The putative high-affinitynitrate transporter NRT2.1represses lateral root initiation in response to nutritional cues. ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A2005,102(38):13693-13698.
160. Liu J, Wu YH, Yan JJ, Liu YD, Shen FF: Protein degradation and nitrogen remobilizationduring leaf senescence. Journal of Plant Biology2008,51,11-19.
161. Liu KH, Huang CY, Tsay YF: CHL1is a dual-affinity nitrate transporter of Arabidopsisinvolved in multiple phases of nitrate uptake. Plant Cell1999,11(5):865-874.
162. Liu LH, Ludewig U, Gassert B, Frommer WB, von Wiren N: Urea transport bynitrogen-regulated tonoplast intrinsic proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2003,133(3):1220-1228.
163. Loque D, Lalonde S, Looger LL, von Wiren N, Frommer WB: A cytosolic trans-activationdomain essential for ammonium uptake. Nature2007,446(7132):195-198.
164. Loque D, Tillard P, Gojon A, Lepetit M: Gene expression of the NO3-transporter NRT1.1andthe nitrate reductase NIA1is repressed in Arabidopsis roots by NO2-, the product of NO3-reduction. Plant Physiol2003,132(2):958-967.
165. Loudet O, Chaillou S, Merigout P, Talbotec J, Daniel-Vedele F: Quantitative trait loci analysisof nitrogen use efficiency in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2003,131(1):345-358.
166. Luhua S, Ciftci-Yilmaz S, Harper J, Cushman J, Mittler R: Enhanced tolerance to oxidativestress in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing proteins of unknown function. Plant Physiol2008,148(1):280-292.
167. Merigout P, Lelandais M, Bitton F, Renou JP, Briand X, Meyer C, Daniel-Vedele F:Physiological and transcriptomic aspects of urea uptake and assimilation in Arabidopsis plants.Plant Physiol2008,147(3):1225-1238.
168. Mae T, Thomas H, Gay AP, Makino A, Hidema J: Leaf development in Lolium temulentum:photosynthesis and photosynthetic proteins in leaves senescing under different irradiances.Plant and Cell Physiology1993,34,391-399.
169. Makino A, Shimada T, Takumi S, Kaneko K, Matsuoka M, Shimamoto K, Nakano H,Miyao-Tokutomi M, Mae T, Yamamoto N: Does Decrease in Ribulose-1,5-BisphosphateCarboxylase by Antisense RbcS Lead to a Higher N-Use Efficiency of Photosynthesis underConditions of Saturating CO2and Light in Rice Plants? Plant Physiol1997,114(2):483-491.
170. Man HM, Boriel R, El-Khatib R, Kirby EG: Characterization of transgenic poplar withectopic expression of pine cytosolic glutamine synthetase under conditions of varyingnitrogen availability. New Phytol2005,167(1):31-39.
171. Marques-Bonet T, Ryder OA, Eichler EE: Sequencing primate genomes: what have welearned? Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet2009,10:355-386.
172. Marschner H.1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. London: Academic.2nd ed.
173. Martin A, Lee J, Kichey T, Gerentes D, Zivy M, Tatout C, Dubois F, Balliau T, Valot B,Davanture M et al: Two cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms of maize are specificallyinvolved in the control of grain production. Plant Cell2006,18(11):3252-3274.
174. Martin Y, Navarro FJ, Siverio JM: Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliananitrate transporter CHL1in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Plant Mol Biol2008,68(3):215-224.
175. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Chardon F: Exploring nitrogen remobilization for seed filling usingnatural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Exp. Bot.2011,62:2131–42.
176. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Daniel-Vedele F, Dechorgnat J, Chardon F, Gaufichon L, Suzuki A:Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable andproductive agriculture. Ann Bot2010,105(7):1141-1157.
177. Masumoto C, Miyazawa S, Ohkawa H, Fukuda T, Taniguchi Y, Murayama S, Kusano M,Saito K, Fukayama H, Miyao M: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase intrinsically located in thechloroplast of rice plays a crucial role in ammonium assimilation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2010,107(11):5226-5231.
178. Maxam AM, Gilbert W: A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1977,74(2):560-564.
179. McKendry AL, McVetty PBE, Evans, LE: Selection criteria for combining high grain yieldand high grain protein concentration in bread wheat. Crop Science1995,35,1597-1602.
180. Mickelson S, See D, Meyer FD, Garner JP, Foster CR, Blake TK, Fischer AM: Mapping ofQTL associated with nitrogen storage and remobilization in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)leaves. J Exp Bot2003,54(383):801-812.
181. Migge A, Carrayol E, Hirel B, Becker TW: Leaf-specific overexpression of plastidicglutamine synthetase stimulates the growth of transgenic tobacco seedlings. Planta2000,210(2):252-260.
182. Migge A, Carrayol E, Hirel B, Becker TW: Leaf-specific overexpression of plastidicglutamine synthetase stimulates the growth of transgenic tobacco seedlings. Planta2000,210(2):252-260.
183. Miller AJ, Fan X, Orsel M, Smith SJ, Wells DM: Nitrate transport and signalling. J Exp Bot2007,58(9):2297-2306.
184. Miller JR, Delcher AL, Koren S, Venter E, Walenz BP, Brownley A, Johnson J, Li K, MobarryC, Sutton G: Aggressive assembly of pyrosequencing reads with mates. Bioinformatics2008,24(24):2818-2824.
185. Minchin F R,Summerfield R J,Neves M C P: Carbon Metabolism, Nitrogen Assimilation, andSeed Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unquiculata L. Walp.) Grown in an Adverse TemperatureRegime. J ExP. Bot1980.31(5):1327-1347.
186. Mizuno S, Osakabe Y, Maruyama K, Ito T, Osakabe K, Sato T, Shinozaki K,Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K: Receptor-like protein kinase2(RPK2) is a novel factor controllinganother development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J2007,50(5):751-766.
187. Montzka SA, Dlugokencky EJ, Butler JH: Non-CO2greenhouse gases and climate change.Nature2011,476(7358):43-50.
188. Morrissy AS, Morin RD, Delaney A, Zeng T, McDonald H, Jones S, Zhao Y, Hirst M, MarraMA: Next-generation tag sequencing for cancer gene expression profiling. Genome Res2009,19(10):1825-1835.
189. Neales, T.F., Anderson, M.J., Wardlaw, I.F:The role of the leaves in the accumulation ofnitrogen by wheat during ear development. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research1963,14,725-736.
190. Neuhauser B, Dynowski M, Mayer M, Ludewig U: Regulation of NH4+transport by essentialcross talk between AMT monomers through the carboxyl tails. Plant Physiol2007,143(4):1651-1659.
191. Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Stitt M: Metabolic and signaling aspects underpinning theregulation of plant carbon nitrogen interactions. Mol Plant2010,3(6):973-996.
192. Obara M, Sato T, Sasaki S, Kashiba K, Nagano A, Nakamura I, Ebitani T, Yano M, Yamaya T:Identification and characterization of a QTL on chromosome2for cytosolic glutaminesynthetase content and panicle number in rice. Theor Appl Genet2004,110(1):1-11.
193. Okumoto S, Pilot G: Amino acid export in plants: a missing link in nitrogen cycling. MolPlant2011,4(3):453-463.
194. Oliveira IC, Brears T, Knight TJ, Clark A, Coruzzi GM: Overexpression of cytosolicglutamine synthetase. Relation to nitrogen, light, and photorespiration. Plant Physiol2002,129(3):1170-1180.
195. Omari RE, Rueda-L′opez M, Avila C, Crespillo R, Nhiri M, et al:Ammonium tolerance andthe regulation of two cytosolic glutamine synthetases in the roots of sorghum. Funct. PlantBiol.2010,37:55-63.
196. Ortega JL, Temple SJ, Sengupta-Gopalan C: Constitutive overexpression of cytosolicglutamine synthetase (GS1) gene in transgenic alfalfa demonstrates that GS1may beregulated at the level of RNA stability and protein turnover. Plant Physiol2001,126(1):109-121.
197. Ortiz-Ramirez C, Mora SI, Trejo J, Pantoja O: PvAMT1;1, a highly selective ammoniumtransporter that functions as H+/NH4(+) symporter. J Biol Chem2011,286(36):31113-31122.
198. Pant BD, Musialak-Lange M, Nuc P, May P, Buhtz A, Kehr J, Walther D, Scheible WR:Identification of nutrient-responsive Arabidopsis and rapeseed microRNAs by comprehensivereal-time polymerase chain reaction profiling and small RNA sequencing. Plant Physiol2009,150(3):1541-1555.
199. Parry MA, Andralojc PJ, Mitchell RA, Madgwick PJ, Keys AJ: Manipulation of Rubisco: theamount, activity, function and regulation. J Exp Bot2003,54(386):1321-1333.
200. Pathak RR, Ahmad A, Lochab S, Raghuram N:Molecular physiology of plant nitrogen useefficiency and biotechnological options for its enhancement. Current Science2008,94:1394-1403.
201. Melo PM, Lima LM, Santos IM, Carvalho HG, Cullimore JV: Expression of theplastid-located glutamine synthetase of Medicago truncatula. Accumulation of the precursorin root nodules reveals an in vivo control at the level of protein import into plastids. PlantPhysiol2003,132(1):390-399.
202. Pemberton JM, Beraldi D, Craig BH, Hopkins J: Digital gene expression analysis ofgastrointestinal helminth resistance in Scottish blackface lambs. Mol Ecol2011,20(5):910-919.
203. Peng M, Bi YM, Zhu T, Rothstein SJ: Genome-wide analysis of Arabidopsis responsivetranscriptome to nitrogen limitation and its regulation by the ubiquitin ligase gene NLA. PlantMol Biol2007,65(6):775-797.
204. Plett D, Toubia J, Garnett T, Tester M, Kaiser BN, Baumann U: Dichotomy in the NRT genefamilies of dicots and grass species. PLoS One2010,5(12):e15289.
205. Popesku JT, Martyniuk CJ, Denslow ND, Trudeau VL: Rapid dopaminergic modulation of thefish hypothalamic transcriptome and proteome. PLoS One2010,5(8):e12338.
206. Quraishi UM, Abrouk M, Murat F, Pont C, Foucrier S, Desmaizieres G, Confolent C, RiviereN, Charmet G, Paux E et al: Cross-genome map based dissection of a nitrogen use efficiencyortho-metaQTL in bread wheat unravels concerted cereal genome evolution. Plant J2011,65(5):745-756.
207. Rachmilevitch S, Cousins AB, Bloom AJ: Nitrate assimilation in plant shoots depends onphotorespiration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2004,101(31):11506-11510.
208. Rademacher T, Hausler RE, Hirsch HJ, Zhang L, Lipka V, Weier D, Kreuzaler F, PeterhanselC: An engineered phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase redirects carbon and nitrogen flow intransgenic potato plants. Plant J2002,32(1):25-39.
209. Raun WR, Johnson GV: Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. AgronomyJournal1999,91:357-363.
210. Raven J, Smith F: Nitrogen assimilation and transport in vascular land plants in relation tointracellular pH regulation. New Phytol1976,76:415-31.
211. Reich PB, Hobbie SE, Lee T, Ellsworth DS, West JB, Tilman D, Knops JM, Naeem S, Trost J:Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2. Nature2006,440(7086):922-925.
212. Remans T, Nacry P, Pervent M, Filleur S, Diatloff E, Mounier E, Tillard P, Forde BG, Gojon A:The Arabidopsis NRT1.1transporter participates in the signaling pathway triggering rootcolonization of nitrate-rich patches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2006,103(50):19206-19211.
213. Remans T, Nacry P, Pervent M, Girin T, Tillard P, Lepetit M, Gojon A: A central role for thenitrate transporter NRT2.1in the integrated morphological and physiological responses of theroot system to nitrogen limitation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2006,140(3):909-921
214. Riebeseel E, Hausler RE, Radchuk R, Meitzel T, Hajirezaei MR, Emery RJ, Kuster H,Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Weschke W et al: The2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator mediatesamino acid and storage protein biosynthesis in pea embryos. Plant J2010,61(2):350-363.
215. Robertson GP, Vitousek PM: Nitrogen in agriculture: balancing the cost of an essentialresource. Annual review of environment and resources2009,34:97-125.
216. Rogato A, D'Apuzzo E, Barbulova A, Omrane S, Parlati A, Carfagna S, Costa A, Lo Schiavo F,Esposito S, Chiurazzi M: Characterization of a developmental root response caused byexternal ammonium supply in Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol2010,154(2):784-795.
217. Rolletschek H, Hosein F, Miranda M, Heim U, Gotz KP, Schlereth A, Borisjuk L, Saalbach I,Wobus U, Weber H: Ectopic expression of an amino acid transporter (VfAAP1) in seeds ofVicia narbonensis and pea increases storage proteins. Plant Physiol2005,137(4):1236-1249.
218. Rubin G, Tohge T, Matsuda F, Saito K, Scheible WR: Members of the LBD family oftranscription factors repress anthocyanin synthesis and affect additional nitrogen responses inArabidopsis. Plant Cell2009,21(11):3567-3584.
219. Salado-Navarro, L. R., Hinson K., Sinclai T. R.: Nitrogen partitioning and dry materallocation in soybeans with different seed protein concentration. Crop Science.1985,25:451-455.
220. Salvemini F, Marini A, Riccio A, Patriarca EJ, Chiurazzi M: Functional characterization of anammonium transporter gene from Lotus japonicus. Gene2001,270(1-2):237-243.
221. Sanders A, Collier R, Trethewy A, Gould G, Sieker R, Tegeder M: AAP1regulates import ofamino acids into developing Arabidopsis embryos. Plant J2009,59(4):540-552.
222. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR: DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A1977,74(12):5463-5467.
223. Salvagiotti F, Kenneth G. Cassman, James E. Specht, Daniel T. Walters, Albert Weiss.Nitrogen uptake, fixation and response to fertilizer N in soybeans: A review. Field Crop Resdoi:10.1016/j.fcr.2008.03.001.
224. Sarin S, Prabhu S, O'Meara MM, Pe'er I, Hobert O: Caenorhabditis elegans mutant alleleidentification by whole-genome sequencing. Nat Methods2008,5(10):865-867.
225. Schmidt-Rose T, Jentsch TJ: Reconstitution of functional voltage-gated chloride channelsfrom complementary fragments of CLC-1. J Biol Chem1997,272(33):20515-20521.
226. Schofield RA, Bi YM, Kant S, Rothstein SJ: Over-expression of STP13, a hexose transporter,improves plant growth and nitrogen use in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Plant Cell Environ2009,32(3):271-285.
227. Schuster S C, Chi K R., Wold B, Myers R.M: Method of the year, next-generation DNAsequencing. Functional genomics and medical applications. Nat. Methods2008,5,11-21.
228. Seabra AR, Vieira CP, Cullimore JV, Carvalho HG: Medicago truncatula contains a secondgene encoding a plastid located glutamine synthetase exclusively expressed in developingseeds. BMC Plant Biol2010,10:183.
229. Segonzac C, Boyer JC, Ipotesi E, Szponarski W, Tillard P, Touraine B, Sommerer N,Rossignol M, Gibrat R: Nitrate efflux at the root plasma membrane: identification of anArabidopsis excretion transporter. Plant Cell2007,19(11):3760-3777.
230. Sentoku N, Taniguchi M, Sugiyama T, Ishimaru K, Ohsugi R, et al:Analysis of the transgenictobacco plants expressing Panicum miliaceum aspartate aminotransferase genes. Plant CellRep.2000,19:598-603.
231. She KC, Kusano H, Koizumi K, Yamakawa H, Hakata M, Imamura T, Fukuda M, Naito N,Tsurumaki Y, Yaeshima M et al: A novel factor FLOURY ENDOSPERM2is involved inregulation of rice grain size and starch quality. Plant Cell2010,22(10):3280-3294.
232. Shimono H, Bunce JA: Acclimation of nitrogen uptake capacity of rice to elevatedatmospheric CO2concentration. Ann Bot2009,103(1):87-94.
233. Shrawat AK, Carroll RT, DePauw M, Taylor GJ, Good AG: Genetic engineering of improvednitrogen use efficiency in rice by the tissue-specific expression of alanine aminotransferase.Plant Biotechnol J2008,6(7):722-732.
234. Simon-Rosin U, Wood C, Udvardi MK: Molecular and cellular characterisation of LjAMT2;1,an ammonium transporter from the model legume Lotus japonicus. Plant Mol Biol2003,51(1):99-108.
235. Sinclair TR, deWit CT: Photosynthesis and nitrogen requirements for seed production byvarious crops, Science1975,189:565–567.
236. Sinclair, TR.2004. Improved carbon and nitrogen assimilation for increased yield. In:H.R.Boerma and J.E. specht (eds), Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses. AmericanSociety of Agronomy, Madison WI.537-568.
237. Sinebo W, Gretzmacher R, Edelbauer A: Genotypic variation for nitrogen use efficiency inEthiopian barley. Field Crops Research2004,85:43-60.
238. Singh U, Ladha J K, Castillo E G, et al: Genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency inmedium and long-duration rice. Field Crops Research1998,58:35-53.
239. Skopelitis DS, Paranychianakis NV, Paschalidis KA, Pliakonis ED, Delis ID, Yakoumakis DI,Kouvarakis A, Papadakis AK, Stephanou EG, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA: Abiotic stressgenerates ROS that signal expression of anionic glutamate dehydrogenases to form glutamatefor proline synthesis in tobacco and grapevine. Plant Cell2006,18(10):2767-2781.
240. Slavikova S, Shy G, Yao Y, Glozman R, Levanony H, Pietrokovski S, Elazar Z, Galili G: Theautophagy-associated Atg8gene family operates both under favourable growth conditions andunder starvation stresses in Arabidopsis plants. J Exp Bot2005,56(421):2839-2849.
241. Smith BE: Structure. Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets. Science2002,297(5587):1654-1655.
242. Smith LM, Sanders JZ, Kaiser RJ, Hughes P, Dodd C, Connell CR, Heiner C, Kent SB, HoodLE: Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. Nature1986,321(6071):674-679.
243. Song QX, Liu YF, Hu XY, Zhang WK, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS: Identification of miRNAsand their target genes in developing soybean seeds by deep sequencing. BMC Plant Biol2011,11:5.
244. Stark A, Lin MF, Kheradpour P, Pedersen JS, Parts L, Carlson JW, Crosby MA, RasmussenMD, Roy S, Deoras AN et al: Discovery of functional elements in12Drosophila genomesusing evolutionary signatures. Nature2007,450(7167):219-232.
245. Su RW, Lei W, Liu JL, Zhang ZR, Jia B, Feng XH, Ren G, Hu SJ, Yang ZM: The integrativeanalysis of microRNA and mRNA expression in mouse uterus under delayed implantation andactivation. PLoS One2010,5(11):e15513.
246. Sulpice R, Pyl ET, Ishihara H, Trenkamp S, Steinfath M, et al.: Starch as a major integrator inthe regulation of plant growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2009,106:10348-53.
247. Sun C, Li Y, Wu Q, Luo H, Sun Y, Song J, Lui EM, Chen S: De novo sequencing and analysisof the American ginseng root transcriptome using a GS FLX Titanium platform to discoverputative genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. BMC Genomics2010,11:262.
248. Sun FF, Hou XL, LiY et al: Molecular cloning and characterization of nitrate reductase genecDNA from non-heading Chinese cabbage. Frontiers of Agriculture in China,2007,1:188-192.
249. Sun H, Huang QM, Su J: Highly effective expression of glutamine synthetase genes GS1andGS2in transgenic rice plants increases nitrogen-deficiency tolerance. Journal of PlantPhysiology and Molecular Biology2005,31(5):492-498.
250. t Hoen PA, Ariyurek Y, Thygesen HH, Vreugdenhil E, Vossen RH, de Menezes RX, Boer JM,van Ommen GJ, den Dunnen JT: Deep sequencing-based expression analysis shows majoradvances in robustness, resolution and inter-lab portability over five microarray platforms.Nucleic Acids Res2008,36(21):e141.
251. Tabuchi M, Abiko T, Yamaya T: Assimilation of ammonium ions and reutilization of nitrogenin rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Exp Bot2007,58(9):2319-2327.
252. Takahashi M, Sasaki Y, Ida S, Morikawa H: Nitrite reductase gene enrichment improvesassimilation of NO(2) in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2001,126(2):731-741.
253. Takei K, Ueda N, Aoki K, Kuromori T, Hirayama T, Shinozaki K, Yamaya T, Sakakibara H:AtIPT3is a key determinant of nitrate-dependent cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PlantCell Physiol2004,45(8):1053-1062.
254. Tamura W, Hidaka Y, Tabuchi M, Kojima S, Hayakawa T, Sato T, Obara M, Kojima M,Sakakibara H, Yamaya T: Reverse genetics approach to characterize a function ofNADH-glutamate synthase1in rice plants. Amino Acids2010,39(4):1003-1012.
255. Taylor L, Nunes-Nesi A, Parsley K, Leiss A, Leach G, Coates S, Wingler A, Fernie AR,Hibberd JM: Cytosolic pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase functions in nitrogen remobilizationduring leaf senescence and limits individual seed growth and nitrogen content. Plant J2010,62(4):641-652.
256. Terao T, Nagata K, Morino K, Hirose T: A gene controlling the number of primary rachisbranches also controls the vascular bundle formation and hence is responsible to increase theharvest index and grain yield in rice. Theor Appl Genet2010,120(5):875-893.
257. Tester M, Langridge P: Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changingworld. Science2010,327(5967):818-822.
258. Turano F J, Muhitch M J: Differential accumulation of ferredoxin-and NADH-dependentglutamate synthase activities, peptides and transcripts in developing soybean seedlings inresponse to light, nitrogen and nodulation. Physiologia Plantarum1999,107:407-418.
259. Uauy C, Distelfeld A, Fahima T, Blechl A, Dubcovsky J: A NAC Gene regulating senescenceimproves grain protein, zinc, and iron content in wheat. Science2006,314(5803):1298-1301.
260. Vidal EA, Araus V, Lu C, Parry G, Green PJ, Coruzzi GM, Gutierrez RA: Nitrate-responsivemiR393/AFB3regulatory module controls root system architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2010,107(9):4477-4482.
261. Vincent, J. M.,1980: Factors controlling the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. Nitrogen fixationVolume2: symbiotic associations and cyanobacteria:103-129.
262. Vincent R, Fraisier V, Chaillou S, Limami MA, Deleens E, Phillipson B, Douat C, Boutin JP,Hirel B: Overexpression of a soybean gene encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase in shootsof transgenic Lotus corniculatus L. plants triggers changes in ammonium assimilation andplant development. Planta1997,201(4):424-433.
263. Vitousek PM, Naylor R, Crews T, David MB, Drinkwater LE, Holland E, Johnes PJ,Katzenberger J, Martinelli LA, Matson PA et al: Agriculture. Nutrient imbalances inagricultural development. Science2009,324(5934):1519-1520.
264. Walch-Liu P, Forde BG: Nitrate signalling mediated by the NRT1.1nitrate transporterantagonises L-glutamate-induced changes in root architecture. Plant J2008,54(5):820-828.
265. Wang QQ, Liu F, Chen XS, Ma XJ, Zeng HQ, Yang ZM: Transcriptome profiling of earlydeveloping cotton fiber by deep-sequencing reveals significantly differential expression ofgenes in a fuzzless/lintless mutant. Genomics2010,96(6):369-376.
266. Wang R, Xing X, Wang Y, Tran A, Crawford NM: A genetic screen for nitrate regulatorymutants captures the nitrate transporter gene NRT1.1. Plant Physiol2009,151(1):472-478.
267. Wang YY, Tsay YF: Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT1.9is important in phloem nitratetransport. Plant Cell2011,23(5):1945-1957.
268. Wang Z, Dong D, Ru B, Young RL, Han N, Guo T, Zhang S: Digital gene expression tagprofiling of bat digits provides robust candidates contributing to wing formation. BMCGenomics2010,11:619.
269. Wang Z, Fang B, Chen J, Zhang X, Luo Z, Huang L, Chen X, Li Y: De novo assembly andcharacterization of root transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing and developmentof cSSR markers in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). BMC Genomics2010,11:726.
270. Wei Y, Chen S, Yang P, Ma Z, Kang L: Characterization and comparative profiling of thesmall RNA transcriptomes in two phases of locust. Genome Biol2009,10(1):R6.
271. Weichert N, Saalbach I, Weichert H, Kohl S, Erban A, Kopka J, Hause B, Varshney A,Sreenivasulu N, Strickert M et al: Increasing sucrose uptake capacity of wheat grainsstimulates storage protein synthesis. Plant Physiol2010,152(2):698-710.
272. Werner T, Nehnevajova E, Kollmer I, Novak O, Strnad M, Kramer U, Schmulling T:Root-specific reduction of cytokinin causes enhanced root growth, drought tolerance, and leafmineral enrichment in Arabidopsis and tobacco. Plant Cell2010,22(12):3905-3920.
273. Williams ME, Torabinejad J, Cohick E, Parker K, Drake EJ, Thompson JE, Hortter M,Dewald DB: Mutations in the Arabidopsis phosphoinositide phosphatase gene SAC9lead tooveraccumulation of PtdIns(4,5)P2and constitutive expression of the stress-response pathway.Plant Physiol2005,138(2):686-700.
274. Wu Q, Chen F, Chen Y, Yuan L, Zhang F, Mi G: Root growth in response to nitrogen supply inChinese maize hybrids released between1973and2009. Sci China Life Sci2011,54(7):642-650.
275. Wu X, Ren C, Joshi T, Vuong T, Xu D, Nguyen HT: SNP discovery by high-throughputsequencing in soybean. BMC Genomics2010,11:469.
276. Wu X, Walker MG, Luo J, Wei L: GBA server: EST-based digital gene expression profiling.Nucleic Acids Res2005,33(Web Server issue):W673-676.
277. Wuebbles D J: Nitrous oxide: no laughing matter. Science2009,326:56-57.
278. Xia T, Xiao D, Liu D, Chai W, Gong Q, Wang NN: Heterologous expression of ATG8c fromsoybean confers tolerance to nitrogen deficiency and increases yield in Arabidopsis. PLoSOne2012,7(5):e37217.
279. Xiang H, Zhu J, Chen Q, Dai F, Li X, Li M, Zhang H, Zhang G, Li D, Dong Y et al: Singlebase-resolution methylome of the silkworm reveals a sparse epigenomic map. Nat Biotechnol2010,28(5):516-520.
280. Xiang LX, He D, Dong WR, Zhang YW, Shao JZ: Deep sequencing-based transcriptomeprofiling analysis of bacteria-challenged Lateolabrax japonicus reveals insight into theimmune-relevant genes in marine fish. BMC Genomics2010,11:472.
281. Xu MJ, Liu Q, Nisbet AJ, Cai XQ, Yan C, Lin RQ, Yuan ZG, Song HQ, He XH, Zhu XQ:Identification and characterization of microRNAs in Clonorchis sinensis of human healthsignificance. BMC Genomics2010,11:521.
282. Xu G, Fan X, Miller AJ: Plant nitrogen assimilation and use efficiency. Annu Rev Plant Biol2012,63:153-182.
283. Yan M, Fan X, Feng H, Miller AJ, Shen Q, Xu G: Rice OsNAR2.1interacts with OsNRT2.1,OsNRT2.2and OsNRT2.3a nitrate transporters to provide uptake over high and lowconcentration ranges. Plant Cell Environ2011,34(8):1360-1372.
284. Yanagisawa S, Akiyama A, Kisaka H, Uchimiya H, Miwa T: Metabolic engineering with Dof1transcription factor in plants: Improved nitrogen assimilation and growth under low-nitrogenconditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2004,101(20):7833-7838.
285. Yokoyama T, Kodama N, Aoshima H, Izu H, Matsushita K, Yamada M: Cloning of a cDNAfor a constitutive NRT1transporter from soybean and comparison of gene expression ofsoybean NRT1transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta2001,1518(1-2):79-86.
286. Yuan L, Loque D, Kojima S, Rauch S, Ishiyama K, Inoue E, Takahashi H, von Wiren N: Theorganization of high-affinity ammonium uptake in Arabidopsis roots depends on the spatialarrangement and biochemical properties of AMT1-type transporters. Plant Cell2007,19(8):2636-2652.
287. Zalapa JE, Cuevas H, Zhu H, Steffan S, Senalik D, Zeldin E, McCown B, Harbut R, Simon P:Using next-generation sequencing approaches to isolate simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci inthe plant sciences. Am J Bot2012,99(2):193-208.
288. Zhang CC, Libs L: Cloning and characterisation of the pknD gene encoding aneukaryotic-type protein kinase in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Mol Gen Genet1998,258(1-2):26-33.
289. Zhang CC: A gene encoding a protein related to eukaryotic protein kinases from thefilamentous heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC7120. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1993,90(24):11840-11844.
290. Zhang G, Guo G, Hu X: Deep RNA sequencing at single base-pair resolution reveals highcomplexity of the rice transcriptome. Genome Res.2010,20:646-654.
291. Zhang H, Forde BG: An Arabidopsis MADS box gene that controls nutrient-induced changesin root architecture. Science1998,279(5349):407-409.
292. Zhou C, Cai Z, Guo Y, Gan S: An arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade,MKK9-MPK6, plays a role in leaf senescence. Plant Physiol2009,150(1):167-177.
293. Zhu Y, Di T, Xu G, Chen X, Zeng H, Yan F, Shen Q: Adaptation of plasma membraneH(+)-ATPase of rice roots to low pH as related to ammonium nutrition. Plant Cell Environ2009,32(10):1428-1440.
294. Zimmermann P, Zentgraf U: The correlation between oxidative stress and leaf senescenceduring plant development. Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters2005,10:515-534.
2.陈超.基于RNA-Seq技术的人转录组分析研究[硕士学位论文].长沙：中南大学，2011
3.陈志伟,何婷,陆瑞菊,王亦菲,等．不同基因型大麦苗期对低氮胁迫的生物学响应.上海农业学报,2010,26(1):28-32
4.戴宏林,吴小骏,用凯氏定氮法测定植物干样品中的氮含量．江苏农业研究,1995,(3):70
5.刁锐琦,钱晓刚.利用水培筛选玉米氮高效种质资源的研究.种子,2008,27(4):28-30
6.丁洪,郭庆元,刘昌智,不同熟期大豆品种吸收和利用氮肥的差异.中国油料,1994,16(2):7-10
7.韩璐,张薇,棉花苗期氮营养高效品种筛选.中国农学通报,2011,27(1):84-88
8.洪娟．油菜氮高效种质的筛选及其生理机制的初步研究[博士学位论文]．武汉:华中农业大学,2007
9.黄农荣,钟旭华,郑海波,水稻氮高效基因型及其评价指标的筛选.中国农学通报,2006,22(6):29-34
10.李鑫.苏打盐碱地桑树/大豆间作的土壤微生物多样性研究[硕士学位论文]．哈尔滨：东北林业大学，2012
11.吕伟仙，葛滢，吴建之，常杰，植物中硝态氮、氨态氮、总氮测定方法的比较研究.光谱学与光谱分析,2004,24(2):204-206
12.裴雪霞,王姣爱,党建友,张定一,耐低氮小麦基因型筛选指标的研究．小麦研究,2007,28(2):1-6
13.汤翠凤,徐福荣,余腾琼,叶昌荣,等．水稻耐低磷种质的初步筛选．分子植物育种,2005,3（5）:711-715
14.汤继华,谢惠玲,黄绍敏,胡彦民,等．缺氮条件下玉米自交系叶绿素含量与光合效率的变化.华北农学报,2005,20(5):10-12
15.汪自强,王美娥,春大豆氮利用效率的基因型变异和性状间的相关研究.生物数学学报,2002,17(2):221-228
16.王光华,金剑,潘相文,周克琴,刘晓冰,不同茬口大豆根圈土壤pH值和氮营养分布的变化.中国油料作物学报，2004,26(l):55-59
17.王立刚,刘景辉,刘克礼,高聚林,大豆氮素积累、分配与转移规律的研究.作物杂志,2004,5:20-22
18.王娜.应用新一代测序技术对肾透明细胞癌转录组的研究[博士学位论文]．长春：吉林大学，2012
19.吴魁斌,沈国清.对大豆氮素利用率及体内分配规律的研究.现代化农业,1998,12:9-10
20.严君.大豆结瘤固氮及生长发育对土壤环境无机氮含量的响应[博士学位论文].哈尔滨：东北农业大学，2011
21.张俊英,许永利,赵同科,李富平，氮胁迫下高效玉米基因型的筛选研究.安徽农业科学,2007,35(22):6713-6715
22.张建辉.阿片肽的制备纯化及其测定方法的研究[硕士学位论文].天津：天津商业大学，2007
23. Adam Z, Adamska I, Nakabayashi K, Ostersetzer O, Haussuhl K, Manuell A, Zheng B, VallonO, Rodermel SR, Shinozaki K et al: Chloroplast and mitochondrial proteases in Arabidopsis.A proposed nomenclature. Plant Physiol2001,125(4):1912-1918.
24. Ainsworth EA, Yendrek CR, Skoneczka JA, Long SP: Accelerating yield potential in soybean:potential targets for biotechnological improvement. Plant Cell Environ2012,35(1):38-52.
25. Amarasinghe BH, de Bruxelles GL, Braddon M, Onyeocha I, Forde BG, Udvardi MK:Regulation of GmNRT2expression and nitrate transport activity in roots of soybean (Glycinemax). Planta1998,206(1):44-52.
26. Ansorge W, Sproat BS, Stegemann J, Schwager C: A non-radioactive automated method forDNA sequence determination. J Biochem Biophys Methods1986,13(6):315-323.
27. Ansorge WJ: Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques. N Biotechnol2009,25(4):195-203.
28. Aslam ML, Bastiaansen JW, Crooijmans RP, Vereijken A, Megens HJ, Groenen MA: A SNPbased linkage map of the turkey genome reveals multiple intrachromosomal rearrangementsbetween the turkey and chicken genomes. BMC Genomics2010,11:647.
29. Audic S, Claverie JM: The significance of digital gene expression profiles. Genome Res1997,7(10):986-995.
30. Austin, RB., Ford, MA., Edrich, JA, Blackwell, R.D: The nitrogen economy of winter wheat.Journal of Agriculture Science1977,88:159–167.
31. Azam S, Thakur V, Ruperao P, Shah T, Balaji J, Amindala B, Farmer AD, Studholme DJ, MayGD, Edwards D et al: Coverage-based consensus calling (CbCC) of short sequence reads andcomparison of CbCC results to identify SNPs in chickpea (Cicer arietinum; Fabaceae), a cropspecies without a reference genome. Am J Bot2012,99(2):186-192.
32. Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D: The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing underdependency. The Annals of Statistics2001,29:1165-1188.
33. Berger H, Pachlinger R, Morozov I, Goller S, Narendja F, Caddick M, Strauss J: The GATAfactor AreA regulates localization and in vivo binding site occupancy of the nitrate activatorNirA. Mol Microbiol2006,59(2):433-446.
34. Bernard SM, Habash DZ: The importance of cytosolic glutamine synthetase in nitrogenassimilation and recycling. New Phytol2009,182(3):608-620.
35. Bernard SM, Moller AL, Dionisio G, Kichey T, Jahn TP, Dubois F, Baudo M, Lopes MS,Terce-Laforgue T, Foyer CH et al: Gene expression, cellular localisation and function ofglutamine synthetase isozymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Mol Biol2008,67(1-2):89-105.
36. Bi YM, Kant S, Clarke J, Gidda S, Ming F, Xu J, Rochon A, Shelp BJ, Hao L, Zhao R et al:Increased nitrogen-use efficiency in transgenic rice plants over-expressing anitrogen-responsive early nodulin gene identified from rice expression profiling. Plant CellEnviron2009,32(12):1749-1760.
37. Bi YM, Wang RL, Zhu T, Rothstein SJ: Global transcription profiling reveals differentialresponses to chronic nitrogen stress and putative nitrogen regulatory components inArabidopsis. BMC Genomics2007,8:281.
38. Blanco L, Reddy PM, Silvente S, Bucciarelli B, Khandual S, Alvarado-Affantranger X,Sanchez F, Miller S, Vance C, Lara-Flores M: Molecular cloning, characterization andregulation of two different NADH-glutamate synthase cDNAs in bean nodules. Plant CellEnviron2008,31(4):454-472.
39. Bogard M, Allard V, Brancourt-Hulmel M, Heumez E, Machet JM, Jeuffroy MH, Gate P,Martre P, Le Gouis J: Deviation from the grain protein concentration-grain yield negativerelationship is highly correlated to post-anthesis N uptake in winter wheat. J Exp Bot2010,61(15):4303-4312.
40. Bonasio R, Zhang G, Ye C, Mutti NS, Fang X, Qin N, Donahue G, Yang P, Li Q, Li C et al:Genomic comparison of the ants Camponotus floridanus and Harpegnathos saltator. Science2010,329(5995):1068-1071.
41. Bordeleau L M, Prévost D: Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in extreme environments. Plantand Soil1994,161:115-125.
42. Brauer EK, Rochon A, Bi YM, Bozzo GG, Rothstein SJ, Shelp BJ: Reappraisal of nitrogen useefficiency in rice overexpressing glutamine synthetase1. Physiol Plant2011,141(4):361-372.
43. Brears T, Liu C, Knight TJ, Coruzzi GM: Ectopic Overexpression of Asparagine Synthetase inTransgenic Tobacco. Plant Physiol1993,103(4):1285-1290.
44. Cai HM, Xiao JH, Zhang QF, Lian XM: Co-suppressed glutamine synthetase2gene modifiesnitrogen metabolism and plant growth in rice. Chinese Science Bulletin2010,55(9):823-833.
45. Cai H, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Li X, Zhang Q, Lian X: Overexpressed glutamine synthetase genemodifies nitrogen metabolism and abiotic stress responses in rice. Plant Cell Rep2009,28(3):527-537.
46. Castaings L, Camargo A, Pocholle D, Gaudon V, Texier Y, Boutet-Mercey S, Taconnat L,Renou JP, Daniel-Vedele F, Fernandez E et al: The nodule inception-like protein7modulatesnitrate sensing and metabolism in Arabidopsis. Plant J2009,57(3):426-435.
47. Chardon F, Barthelemy J, Daniel-Vedele F, Masclaux-Daubresse C: Natural variation ofnitrate uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana cultivated with limiting andample nitrogen supply. J Exp Bot2010,61(9):2293-2302.
48. Chatzav M, Peleg Z, Ozturk L, Yazici A, Fahima T, Cakmak I, Saranga Y: Genetic diversityfor grain nutrients in wild emmer wheat: potential for wheat improvement. Ann Bot2010,105(7):1211-1220.
49. Chen W, Provart NJ, Glazebrook J, Katagiri F, Chang HS, Eulgem T, Mauch F, Luan S, Zou G,Whitham SA et al: Expression profile matrix of Arabidopsis transcription factor genessuggests their putative functions in response to environmental stresses. Plant Cell2002,14(3):559-574.
50. Chichkova S, Arellano J, Vance CP, Hernandez G: Transgenic tobacco plants that overexpressalfalfa NADH-glutamate synthase have higher carbon and nitrogen content. J Exp Bot2001,52(364):2079-2087.
51. Chopin F, Orsel M, Dorbe MF, Chardon F, Truong HN, Miller AJ, Krapp A, Daniel-Vedele F:The Arabidopsis ATNRT2.7nitrate transporter controls nitrate content in seeds. Plant Cell2007,19(5):1590-1602.
52. Clarke, J.M., Campbell, C.A., Cutforth, H.W., DePauw, R.M., Winkleman, G.E.: Nitrogen andphosphorus uptake, translocation and utilization efficiency of wheat in relation to environmentand cultivar yield and protein levels. Canadian Journal of Plant Science1990,70:965–977.
53. Cohen Y, Alchanatis V, Zusman Y, Dar Z, Bonfil DJ, et al. Leaf nitrogen estimation in potatobased on spectral data and on simulated bands of the VENμS satellite. Precision Agriculture2010,11:520–37.
54. Cokus SJ, Feng S, Zhang X, Chen Z, Merriman B, Haudenschild CD, Pradhan S, Nelson SF,Pellegrini M, Jacobsen SE: Shotgun bisulphite sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome revealsDNA methylation patterning. Nature2008,452(7184):215-219.
55. Coque M, Gallais A: Genomic regions involved in response to grain yield selection at highand low nitrogen fertilization in maize. Theor Appl Genet2006,112(7):1205-1220.
56. Coque M, Martin A, Veyrieras JB, Hirel B, Gallais A: Genetic variation for N-remobilizationand postsilking N-uptake in a set of maize recombinant inbred lines.3. QTL detection andcoincidences. Theor Appl Genet2008,117(5):729-747.
57. Cordoba E, Shishkova S, Vance CP, Hernandez G: Antisense inhibition of NADH glutamatesynthase impairs carbon/nitrogen assimilation in nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). PlantJ2003,33(6):1037-1049.
58. Coschigano KT, Melo-Oliveira R, Lim J, Coruzzi GM: Arabidopsis gls mutants and distinctFd-GOGAT genes. Implications for photorespiration and primary nitrogen assimilation. PlantCell1998,10(5):741-752.
59. Cousins AB, Pracharoenwattana I, Zhou W, Smith SM, Badger MR: Peroxisomal malatedehydrogenase is not essential for photorespiration in Arabidopsis but its absence causes anincrease in the stoichiometry of photorespiratory CO2release. Plant Physiol2008,148(2):786-795.
60. Curtis IS, Power JB, Laat AMM, Caboche M, Davey MR:Expression of a chimeric nitratereductase gene in transgenic lettuce reduces nitrate in leaves. Plant Cell Rep1999,18:889-896.
61. D'Apuzzo E, Rogato A, Simon-Rosin U, El Alaoui H, Barbulova A, Betti M, Dimou M,Katinakis P, Marquez A, Marini AM et al: Characterization of three functional high-affinityammonium transporters in Lotus japonicus with differential transcriptional regulation andspatial expression. Plant Physiol2004,134(4):1763-1774.
62. Davis AM, Hall A, Millar AJ, Darrah C, Davis SJ: Protocol: Streamlined sub-protocols forfloral-dip transformation and selection of transformants in Arabidopsis thaliana. PlantMethods2009,5:3.
63. Daisuke I, Takashi I, Kazuhiko T, Chieko O: ASN2is a key enzyme in asparaginebiosynthesis under ammonium sufficient conditions. Plant Biotechnol2009,26:153-159.
64. Dawson JC, Huggins DR, Jones SS: Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency to improve cropperformance in organic and sustainable agricultural systems. Field Crops Res.2008,107:89–101.
65. De Angeli A, Monachello D, Ephritikhine G, Frachisse JM, Thomine S, Gambale F,Barbier-Brygoo H: The nitrate/proton antiporter AtCLCa mediates nitrate accumulation inplant vacuoles. Nature2006,442(7105):939-942.
66. de la Torre F, Suarez MF, Santis L, Canovas FM: The aspartate aminotransferase family inconifers: biochemical analysis of a prokaryotic-type enzyme from maritime pine. Tree Physiol2007,27(9):1283-1291.
67. Dechorgnat J, Nguyen CT, Armengaud P, Jossier M, Diatloff E, Filleur S, Daniel-Vedele F:From the soil to the seeds: the long journey of nitrate in plants. J Exp Bot,62(4):1349-1359.
68. Den Herder G, Parniske M: The unbearable naivety of legumes in symbiosis. Curr Opin PlantBiol2009,12(4):491-499.
69. Desclos M, Etienne P, Coquet L, Jouenne T, Bonnefoy J, Segura R, Reze S, Ourry A, Avice JC:A combined15N tracing/proteomics study in Brassica napus reveals the chronology ofproteomics events associated with N remobilisation during leaf senescence induced by nitratelimitation or starvation. Proteomics2009,9(13):3580-3608.
70. Ding X, Hou X, Xie K, Xiong L: Genome-wide identification of BURP domain-containinggenes in rice reveals a gene family with diverse structures and responses to abiotic stresses.Planta2009,230(1):149-163.
71. Ding Z, Wang C, Chen S, Yu S: Diversity and selective sweep in the OsAMT1;1genomicregion of rice. BMC Evol Biol2011,11:61.
72. Djennane S, Chauvin JE, Meyer C: Glasshouse behaviour of eight transgenic potato cloneswith a modified nitrate reductase expression under two fertilization regimes. J Exp Bot2002,53(371):1037-1045.
73. Djennane S, Chauvin JE, Quillere I, Meyer C, Chupeau Y: Introduction and expression of aderegulated tobacco nitrate reductase gene in potato lead to highly reduced nitrate levels intransgenic tubers. Transgenic Res2002,11(2):175-184.
74. Fageria NK, Baligar VC: Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Advances inAgronomy2005,88:97-185.
75. Fan SC, Lin CS, Hsu PK, Lin SH, Tsay YF: The Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT1.7,expressed in phloem, is responsible for source-to-sink remobilization of nitrate. Plant Cell2009,21(9):2750-2761.
76. Feng H, Yan M, Fan X, Li B, Shen Q, Miller AJ, Xu G: Spatial expression and regulation ofrice high-affinity nitrate transporters by nitrogen and carbon status. J Exp Bot2011,62(7):2319-2332.
77. Feng J, Volk RJ, Jackson WA: Inward and outward transport of ammonium in roots of maizeand sorghum: contrasting effects of methionine sulphoximine. J. Exp. Bot.1994,45:429-39.
78. Feraud M, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Ferrario-Mery S, Pageau K, Lelandais M, Ziegler C,Leboeuf E, Jouglet T, Viret L, Spampinato A et al: Expression of a ferredoxin-dependentglutamate synthase gene in mesophyll and vascular cells and functions of the enzyme inammonium assimilation in Nicotiana tabacum (L.). Planta2005,222(4):667-677.
79. Ferrario-Mery S, Besin E, Pichon O, Meyer C, Hodges M: The regulatory PII protein controlsarginine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett2006,580(8):2015-2020.
80. Fischer, R.A., Byerlee, D. and Edmeades, G.O:Can technology deliver on the yield challengeto2050? FAO Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in2050,2009, pp.24-26.
81. Foyer CH, Noctor G, Hodges M: Respiration and nitrogen assimilation: targetingmitochondria-associated metabolism as a means to enhance nitrogen use efficiency. J Exp Bot2011,62(4):1467-1482.
82. Fraisier V, Gojon A, Tillard P, Daniel-Vedele F: Constitutive expression of a putativehigh-affinity nitrate transporter in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: evidence for post-transcriptionalregulation by a reduced nitrogen source. Plant J2000,23(4):489-496.
83. Fuentes SI, Allen DJ, Ortiz-Lopez A, Hernandez G: Over-expression of cytosolic glutaminesynthetase increases photosynthesis and growth at low nitrogen concentrations. J Exp Bot2001,52(358):1071-1081.
84. Gallais A, Hirel B: An approach to the genetics of nitrogen use efficiency in maize. J. Exp.Bot.2004,55:295-306.
85. Gallardo F, Fu J, Canton FR, Garcia-Gutierrez A, Canovas FM, Kirby EG: Expression of aconifer glutamine synthetase gene in transgenic poplar. Planta1999,210(1):19-26.
86. Gao QS, Zhang D, Xu L, Xu CW: Systematic Identification of Rice ABC1Gene Family andIts Response to Abiotic Stress. Rice Science2011,18(2).
87. Garnett T, Conn V, Kaiser BN: Root based approaches to improving nitrogen use efficiency inplants. Plant Cell Environ2009,32(9):1272-1283.
88. Gauthier PP, Bligny R, Gout E, Mahe A, Nogues S, Hodges M, Tcherkez GG: In folio isotopictracing demonstrates that nitrogen assimilation into glutamate is mostly independent fromcurrent CO2assimilation in illuminated leaves of Brassica napus. New Phytol2010,185(4):988-999.
89. Gifford ML, Dean A, Gutierrez RA, Coruzzi GM, Birnbaum KD: Cell-specific nitrogenresponses mediate developmental plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2008,105(2):803-808.
90. Glass AD, Shaff JE, Kochian LV: Studies of the Uptake of Nitrate in Barley: IV.Electrophysiology. Plant Physiol1992,99(2):456-463.
91. Glass ADM: Nitrogen use efficiency of crop plants: physiological constraints upon nitrogenabsorption. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences2003,22:453-470.
92. Good AG, Johnson SJ, De Pauw M, Carroll RT, Savidov N: Engineering nitrogen useefficiency with alanine aminotransferase. Canadian Journal of Botany2007,85:252-262.
93. Good AG, Shrawat AK, Muench DG: Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into theenvironment compatible with maintaining crop production? Trends Plant Sci.2004,9:597–605.
94. Good, A. and Beatty, P.(2011) Biotechnological approaches to improving nitrogen useefficiency in plants: alanine aminotransferase as a case study. In The Molecular andPhysiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops.
95. Gouis J L, Beghinc D, Heumez E, et a1:Genetic difference for nitrogen uptake and nitrogenutilization efficiencies in winter wheat. European Journal of Agronomy2000,12:163-173.
96. Gutierrez RA, Stokes TL, Thum K, Xu X, Obertello M, Katari MS, Tanurdzic M, Dean A,Nero DC, McClung CR et al: Systems approach identifies an organic nitrogen-responsivegene network that is regulated by the master clock control gene CCA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A2008,105(12):4939-4944.
97. Gutierrez RA, Lejay LV, Dean A, Chiaromonte F, Shasha DE, Coruzzi GM: Qualitativenetwork models and genome-wide expression data define carbon/nitrogen-responsivemolecular machines in Arabidopsis. Genome Biol2007,8(1):R7.
98. Hortensteiner S: Stay-green regulates chlorophyll and chlorophyll-binding protein degradationduring senescence. Trends Plant Sci2009,14(3):155-162.
99. Habash DZ, Massiah AJ, Rong HI, Wallsgrove RM, Leigh RA: The role of cytosolicglutamine synthetase in wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol.2001,138:83-89.
100. Hammes UZ, Nielsen E, Honaas LA, Taylor CG, Schachtman DP: AtCAT6, asink-tissue-localized transporter for essential amino acids in Arabidopsis. Plant J2006,48(3):414-426.
101. Harrison J, Crescenzo MP, Hirel B: Does lowering glutamine synthetase activity in nodulesmodify nitrogen metabolism and growth of Lotus japonicus?, Plant Physiol.2003,133:253-262.
102. Hawkesford, M.J. An Overview of Nutrient Use Efficiency and Strategies for CropImprovement, the Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops(2011), pp.5-19.
103. Kushwaha HR, Singh AK, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A: Genome wide expressionanalysis of CBS domain containing proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh and Oryzasativa L. reveals their developmental and stress regulation. BMC Genomics2009,10:200.
104. Hirel B, Le Gouis J, Ney B, Gallais A: The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency incrop plants: towards a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics withinintegrated approaches. J Exp Bot2007,58(9):2369-2387.
105. Hirel B, Marsolier MC, Hoarau A, Hoarau J, Brangeon J, Schafer R, Verma DP: Forcingexpression of a soybean root glutamine synthetase gene in tobacco leaves induces a nativegene encoding cytosolic enzyme. Plant Mol Biol1992,20(2):207-218.
106. Hirner A, Ladwig F, Stransky H, Okumoto S, Keinath M, Harms A, Frommer WB, Koch W:Arabidopsis LHT1is a high-affinity transporter for cellular amino acid uptake in both rootepidermis and leaf mesophyll. Plant Cell2006,18(8):1931-1946.
107. Ho CH, Lin SH, Hu HC, Tsay YF: CHL1functions as a nitrate sensor in plants. Cell2009,138(6):1184-1194.
108. Hoque MS, Masle J, Udvardi MK, Ryan PR, Upadhyaya NM: Over-expression of the riceOsAMT1-1gene increases ammonium uptake and content, but impairs growth anddevelopment of plants under high ammonium nutrition. Plant Function&EvolutionaryBiology2006,33:153–63.
109. Hoshida H, Tanaka Y, Hibino T, Hayashi Y, Tanaka A, Takabe T, Takabe T: Enhancedtolerance to salt stress in transgenic rice that overexpresses chloroplast glutamine synthetase.Plant Mol Biol2000,43(1):103-111.
110. Hu HC, Wang YY, Tsay YF: AtCIPK8, a CBL-interacting protein kinase, regulates thelow-affinity phase of the primary nitrate response. Plant J2009,57(2):264-278.
111. Huang S, Li R, Zhang Z, Li L, Gu X, Fan W, Lucas WJ, Wang X, Xie B, Ni P et al: Thegenome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. Nat Genet2009,41(12):1275-1281.
112. Huang X, Feng Q, Qian Q, Zhao Q, Wang L, Wang A, Guan J, Fan D, Weng Q, Huang T et al:High-throughput genotyping by whole-genome resequencing. Genome Res2009,19(6):1068-1076.
113. Hurth MA, Suh SJ, Kretzschmar T, Geis T, Bregante M, Gambale F, Martinoia E, NeuhausHE: Impaired pH homeostasis in Arabidopsis lacking the vacuolar dicarboxylate transporterand analysis of carboxylic acid transport across the tonoplast. Plant Physiol2005,137(3):901-910.
114. Ignoul S, Eggermont J: CBS domains: structure, function, and pathology in human proteins.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol2005,289(6):C1369-1378. Ishida H, Yoshimoto K, Izumi M,Reisen D, Yano Y, Makino A, Ohsumi Y, Hanson MR, Mae T: Mobilization of rubisco andstroma-localized fluorescent proteins of chloroplasts to the vacuole by an ATGgene-dependent autophagic process. Plant Physiol2008,148(1):142-155.
115. Ishiyama K, Inoue E, Watanabe-Takahashi A, Obara M, Yamaya T, Takahashi H: Kineticproperties and ammonium-dependent regulation of cytosolic isoenzymes of glutaminesynthetase in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem2004,279(16):16598-16605.
116. Ishizaki T, Ohsumi C, Totsuka K, Igarashi D: Analysis of glutamate homeostasis byoverexpression of Fd-GOGAT gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Amino Acids,38(3):943-950.
117. aglo-Ottosen KR, Gilmour SJ, Zarka DG, Schabenberger O, Thomashow MF: ArabidopsisCBF1overexpression induces COR genes and enhances freezing tolerance. Science1998,280(5360):104-106.
118. Lowry JA, Atchley WR: Molecular evolution of the GATA family of transcription factors:conservation within the DNA-binding domain. J Mol Evol2000,50(2):103-115.
119. Jiang L, Liu Y, Sun H, Han Y, Li J, Li C, Guo W, Meng H, Li S, Fan Y et al: Themitochondrial folylpolyglutamate synthetase gene is required for nitrogen utilization duringearly seedling development in arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2013,161(2):971-989.
120. Johnson JM, Franzluebbers AJ, Weyers SL, Reicosky DC: Agricultural opportunities tomitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Environ Pollut2007,150(1):107-124.
121. Ju XT, Xing GX, Chen XP, Zhang SL, Zhang LJ, Liu XJ, Cui ZL, Yin B, Christie P, Zhu ZL etal: Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chineseagricultural systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2009,106(9):3041-3046.
122. Kanehisa M, Araki M, Goto S, Hattori M, Hirakawa M, Itoh M, Katayama T, Kawashima S,Okuda S, Tokimatsu T et al: KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. NucleicAcids Res2008,36(Database issue):D480-484.
123. Kang H, Weng Y, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Mao Z, Cheng G, Gu X, Huang S, Xie B: Finegenetic mapping localizes cucumber scab resistance gene Ccu into an R gene cluster. TheorAppl Genet,122(4):795-803.
124. Kanneganti V, Gupta AK: Wall associated kinases from plants-an overview, Physiology andMolecular Biology of Plants2008,14:1-2.
125. Kant S, Peng M, Rothstein SJ: Genetic regulation by NLA and microRNA827for maintainingnitrate-dependent phosphate homeostasis in arabidopsis. PLoS Genet2011,7(3):e1002021.
126. Katayama H, Mori M, Kawamura Y, Tanaka T, Mori M, Hasegawa H: Production andcharacterization of transgenic rice plants carrying a high-affinity nitrate transporter gene(OsNRT2.1). Breeding Sci.2009,59:237-43.
127. Kato Y, Murakami S, Yamamoto Y, Chatani H, Kondo Y, Nakano T, Yokota A, Sato F: TheDNA-binding protease, CND41, and the degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase in senescent leaves of tobacco. Planta2004,220(1):97-104.
128. Kerstens HH, Crooijmans RP, Veenendaal A, Dibbits BW, Chin AWTF, den Dunnen JT,Groenen MA: Large scale single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in unsequencedgenomes using second generation high throughput sequencing technology: applied to turkey.BMC Genomics2009,10:479.
129. Khademi S, O'Connell J,3rd, Remis J, Robles-Colmenares Y, Miercke LJ, Stroud RM:Mechanism of ammonia transport by Amt/MEP/Rh: structure of AmtB at1.35A. Science2004,305(5690):1587-1594.
130. Kiba T, Feria-Bourrellier AB, Lafouge F, Lezhneva L, Boutet-Mercey S, Orsel M, Brehaut V,Miller A, Daniel-Vedele F, Sakakibara H et al: The Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT2.4plays a double role in roots and shoots of nitrogen-starved plants. Plant Cell2012,24(1):245-258.
131. Kiba T, Kudo T, Kojima M, Sakakibara H: Hormonal control of nitrogen acquisition: roles ofauxin, abscisic acid, and cytokinin. J Exp Bot2011,62(4):1399-1409.
132. Kichey T, Hirel B, Heumez E, Dubois F, Le Gouis J: In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilisation to the grain correlates with agronomic traitsand nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crops Research2007,102:22–32.
133. Kimberly AE, Roberts MG: A Method for the Direct Determination of Organic Nitrogen bythe Kjeldahl Process. Public Health Pap Rep1905,31(Pt2):109-122.
134. Kirk GJ, Kronzucker HJ: The potential for nitrification and nitrate uptake in the rhizosphereof wetland plants: a modelling study. Ann Bot2005,96(4):639-646.
135. Kojima S, Bohner A, Gassert B, Yuan L, von Wiren N: AtDUR3represents the majortransporter for high-affinity urea transport across the plasma membrane of nitrogen-deficientArabidopsis roots. Plant J2007,52(1):30-40.
136. Krouk G, Lacombe B, Bielach A, Perrine-Walker F, Malinska K, Mounier E, Hoyerova K,Tillard P, Leon S, Ljung K et al: Nitrate-regulated auxin transport by NRT1.1defines amechanism for nutrient sensing in plants. Dev Cell2010,18(6):927-937.
137. Kumagai E, Araki T, Hamaoka N, Ueno O: Ammonia emission from rice leaves in relation tophotorespiration and genotypic differences in glutamine synthetase activity. Ann Bot2011,108(7):1381-1386.
138. Kumar A, Kaiser BN, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM: Functional characterisation of OsAMT1.1overexpression lines of rice, Oryza sativa. Plant Function&Evolutionary Biology2006,33:339-46.
139. Kurai T,Wakayama M, Abiko T, Yanagisawa S, Aoki N, Ohsugi R. Introduction of theZmDof1gene into rice enhances carbon and nitrogen assimilation under low-nitrogenconditions. Plant Biotechnol. J.2011,9:826-37.
140. Ladha JK, Kirk GJD, Bennett J, Peng S, Reddy CK, et al. Opportunities for increased nitrogenuse efficiency from improved lowland rice germplasm. Field Crops Res.1998,56:41-71.
141. Lam HM, Coschigano KT, Oliveira IC, Melo-Oliveira R, Coruzzi GM: TheMolecular-Genetics of Nitrogen Assimilation into Amino Acids in Higher Plants. Annu RevPlant Physiol Plant Mol Biol1996,47:569-593.
142. Lam HM, Peng SS, Coruzzi GM: Metabolic regulation of the gene encodingglutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol1994,106(4):1347-1357.
143. Lam HM, Wong P, Chan HK, Yam KM, Chen L, Chow CM, Coruzzi GM: Overexpression ofthe ASN1gene enhances nitrogen status in seeds of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2003,132(2):926-935.
144. Lam HM, Xu X, Liu X, Chen W, Yang G, Wong FL, Li MW, He W, Qin N, Wang B et al:Resequencing of31wild and cultivated soybean genomes identifies patterns of geneticdiversity and selection. Nat Genet2010,42(12):1053-1059.
145. Lanquar V, Loque D, Hormann F, Yuan L, Bohner A, Engelsberger WR, Lalonde S, SchulzeWX, von Wiren N, Frommer WB: Feedback inhibition of ammonium uptake by aphospho-dependent allosteric mechanism in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell2009,21(11):3610-3622.
146. Lawlor DW: Carbon and nitrogen assimilation in relation to yield: mechanisms are the key tounderstanding production systems. J Exp Bot2002,53(370):773-787.
147. Le Gouis J, BeghinD, HeumezE, Pluchard P: Genetic differences for nitrogen uptake andnitrogen utilisation efficiencies in winter wheat. Eur. J. Agron.2000,12:163–73
148. Lea US, Ten Hoopen F, Provan F, Kaiser WM, Meyer C, Lillo C: Mutation of the regulatoryphosphorylation site of tobacco nitrate reductase results in high nitrite excretion and NOemission from leaf and root tissue. Planta2004,219(1):59-65.
149. Li JY, Fu YL, Pike SM, Bao J, Tian W, Zhang Y, Chen CZ, Zhang Y, Li HM, Huang J et al:The Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT1.8functions in nitrate removal from the xylem sapand mediates cadmium tolerance. Plant Cell2010,22(5):1633-1646.
150. Li P, Ponnala L, Gandotra N, Wang L, Si Y, Tausta SL, Kebrom TH, Provart N, Patel R,Myers CR et al: The developmental dynamics of the maize leaf transcriptome. Nat Genet2010,42(12):1060-1067.
151. Li Q, Li BH, Kronzucker HJ, Shi WM: Root growth inhibition by NH(4)(+) in Arabidopsis ismediated by the root tip and is linked to NH(4)(+) efflux and GMPase activity. Plant CellEnviron2010,33(9):1529-1542.
152. Li R, Fan W, Tian G, Zhu H, He L, Cai J, Huang Q, Cai Q, Li B, Bai Y et al: The sequenceand de novo assembly of the giant panda genome. Nature,463(7279):311-317.
153. Li T, Li H, Zhang YX, Liu JY: Identification and analysis of seven H(2)O(2)-responsivemiRNAs and32new miRNAs in the seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). NucleicAcids Res2011,39(7):2821-2833.
154. Li YL, Fan XR, Shen QR: The relationship between rhizosphere nitrification and nitrogen useefficiency in rice plants. Plant Cell Environ.2008,31:73-85.
155. Liepman AH, Olsen LJ: Alanine aminotransferase homologs catalyze theglutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase reaction in peroxisomes of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2003,131(1):215-227.
156. Lillo C: Signalling cascades integrating light-enhanced nitrate metabolism. Biochem J2008,415(1):11-19.
157. Lima JE, Kojima S, Takahashi H, von Wiren N: Ammonium triggers lateral root branching inArabidopsis in an AMMONIUM TRANSPORTER1;3-dependent manner. Plant Cell2010,22(11):3621-3633.
158. Lin SH, Kuo HF, Canivenc G, Lin CS, Lepetit M, Hsu PK, Tillard P, Lin HL, Wang YY, TsaiCB: Mutation of the Arabidopsis NRT1.5nitrate transporter causes defectiveroot-to-shoot nitrate transport. Plant Cell2008,20(9):2514-2528.
159. Little DY, Rao H, Oliva S, Daniel-Vedele F, Krapp A, Malamy JE: The putative high-affinitynitrate transporter NRT2.1represses lateral root initiation in response to nutritional cues. ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A2005,102(38):13693-13698.
160. Liu J, Wu YH, Yan JJ, Liu YD, Shen FF: Protein degradation and nitrogen remobilizationduring leaf senescence. Journal of Plant Biology2008,51,11-19.
161. Liu KH, Huang CY, Tsay YF: CHL1is a dual-affinity nitrate transporter of Arabidopsisinvolved in multiple phases of nitrate uptake. Plant Cell1999,11(5):865-874.
162. Liu LH, Ludewig U, Gassert B, Frommer WB, von Wiren N: Urea transport bynitrogen-regulated tonoplast intrinsic proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2003,133(3):1220-1228.
163. Loque D, Lalonde S, Looger LL, von Wiren N, Frommer WB: A cytosolic trans-activationdomain essential for ammonium uptake. Nature2007,446(7132):195-198.
164. Loque D, Tillard P, Gojon A, Lepetit M: Gene expression of the NO3-transporter NRT1.1andthe nitrate reductase NIA1is repressed in Arabidopsis roots by NO2-, the product of NO3-reduction. Plant Physiol2003,132(2):958-967.
165. Loudet O, Chaillou S, Merigout P, Talbotec J, Daniel-Vedele F: Quantitative trait loci analysisof nitrogen use efficiency in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2003,131(1):345-358.
166. Luhua S, Ciftci-Yilmaz S, Harper J, Cushman J, Mittler R: Enhanced tolerance to oxidativestress in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing proteins of unknown function. Plant Physiol2008,148(1):280-292.
167. Merigout P, Lelandais M, Bitton F, Renou JP, Briand X, Meyer C, Daniel-Vedele F:Physiological and transcriptomic aspects of urea uptake and assimilation in Arabidopsis plants.Plant Physiol2008,147(3):1225-1238.
168. Mae T, Thomas H, Gay AP, Makino A, Hidema J: Leaf development in Lolium temulentum:photosynthesis and photosynthetic proteins in leaves senescing under different irradiances.Plant and Cell Physiology1993,34,391-399.
169. Makino A, Shimada T, Takumi S, Kaneko K, Matsuoka M, Shimamoto K, Nakano H,Miyao-Tokutomi M, Mae T, Yamamoto N: Does Decrease in Ribulose-1,5-BisphosphateCarboxylase by Antisense RbcS Lead to a Higher N-Use Efficiency of Photosynthesis underConditions of Saturating CO2and Light in Rice Plants? Plant Physiol1997,114(2):483-491.
170. Man HM, Boriel R, El-Khatib R, Kirby EG: Characterization of transgenic poplar withectopic expression of pine cytosolic glutamine synthetase under conditions of varyingnitrogen availability. New Phytol2005,167(1):31-39.
171. Marques-Bonet T, Ryder OA, Eichler EE: Sequencing primate genomes: what have welearned? Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet2009,10:355-386.
172. Marschner H.1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. London: Academic.2nd ed.
173. Martin A, Lee J, Kichey T, Gerentes D, Zivy M, Tatout C, Dubois F, Balliau T, Valot B,Davanture M et al: Two cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms of maize are specificallyinvolved in the control of grain production. Plant Cell2006,18(11):3252-3274.
174. Martin Y, Navarro FJ, Siverio JM: Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliananitrate transporter CHL1in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Plant Mol Biol2008,68(3):215-224.
175. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Chardon F: Exploring nitrogen remobilization for seed filling usingnatural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Exp. Bot.2011,62:2131–42.
176. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Daniel-Vedele F, Dechorgnat J, Chardon F, Gaufichon L, Suzuki A:Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable andproductive agriculture. Ann Bot2010,105(7):1141-1157.
177. Masumoto C, Miyazawa S, Ohkawa H, Fukuda T, Taniguchi Y, Murayama S, Kusano M,Saito K, Fukayama H, Miyao M: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase intrinsically located in thechloroplast of rice plays a crucial role in ammonium assimilation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2010,107(11):5226-5231.
178. Maxam AM, Gilbert W: A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1977,74(2):560-564.
179. McKendry AL, McVetty PBE, Evans, LE: Selection criteria for combining high grain yieldand high grain protein concentration in bread wheat. Crop Science1995,35,1597-1602.
180. Mickelson S, See D, Meyer FD, Garner JP, Foster CR, Blake TK, Fischer AM: Mapping ofQTL associated with nitrogen storage and remobilization in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)leaves. J Exp Bot2003,54(383):801-812.
181. Migge A, Carrayol E, Hirel B, Becker TW: Leaf-specific overexpression of plastidicglutamine synthetase stimulates the growth of transgenic tobacco seedlings. Planta2000,210(2):252-260.
182. Migge A, Carrayol E, Hirel B, Becker TW: Leaf-specific overexpression of plastidicglutamine synthetase stimulates the growth of transgenic tobacco seedlings. Planta2000,210(2):252-260.
183. Miller AJ, Fan X, Orsel M, Smith SJ, Wells DM: Nitrate transport and signalling. J Exp Bot2007,58(9):2297-2306.
184. Miller JR, Delcher AL, Koren S, Venter E, Walenz BP, Brownley A, Johnson J, Li K, MobarryC, Sutton G: Aggressive assembly of pyrosequencing reads with mates. Bioinformatics2008,24(24):2818-2824.
185. Minchin F R,Summerfield R J,Neves M C P: Carbon Metabolism, Nitrogen Assimilation, andSeed Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unquiculata L. Walp.) Grown in an Adverse TemperatureRegime. J ExP. Bot1980.31(5):1327-1347.
186. Mizuno S, Osakabe Y, Maruyama K, Ito T, Osakabe K, Sato T, Shinozaki K,Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K: Receptor-like protein kinase2(RPK2) is a novel factor controllinganother development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J2007,50(5):751-766.
187. Montzka SA, Dlugokencky EJ, Butler JH: Non-CO2greenhouse gases and climate change.Nature2011,476(7358):43-50.
188. Morrissy AS, Morin RD, Delaney A, Zeng T, McDonald H, Jones S, Zhao Y, Hirst M, MarraMA: Next-generation tag sequencing for cancer gene expression profiling. Genome Res2009,19(10):1825-1835.
189. Neales, T.F., Anderson, M.J., Wardlaw, I.F:The role of the leaves in the accumulation ofnitrogen by wheat during ear development. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research1963,14,725-736.
190. Neuhauser B, Dynowski M, Mayer M, Ludewig U: Regulation of NH4+transport by essentialcross talk between AMT monomers through the carboxyl tails. Plant Physiol2007,143(4):1651-1659.
191. Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Stitt M: Metabolic and signaling aspects underpinning theregulation of plant carbon nitrogen interactions. Mol Plant2010,3(6):973-996.
192. Obara M, Sato T, Sasaki S, Kashiba K, Nagano A, Nakamura I, Ebitani T, Yano M, Yamaya T:Identification and characterization of a QTL on chromosome2for cytosolic glutaminesynthetase content and panicle number in rice. Theor Appl Genet2004,110(1):1-11.
193. Okumoto S, Pilot G: Amino acid export in plants: a missing link in nitrogen cycling. MolPlant2011,4(3):453-463.
194. Oliveira IC, Brears T, Knight TJ, Clark A, Coruzzi GM: Overexpression of cytosolicglutamine synthetase. Relation to nitrogen, light, and photorespiration. Plant Physiol2002,129(3):1170-1180.
195. Omari RE, Rueda-L′opez M, Avila C, Crespillo R, Nhiri M, et al:Ammonium tolerance andthe regulation of two cytosolic glutamine synthetases in the roots of sorghum. Funct. PlantBiol.2010,37:55-63.
196. Ortega JL, Temple SJ, Sengupta-Gopalan C: Constitutive overexpression of cytosolicglutamine synthetase (GS1) gene in transgenic alfalfa demonstrates that GS1may beregulated at the level of RNA stability and protein turnover. Plant Physiol2001,126(1):109-121.
197. Ortiz-Ramirez C, Mora SI, Trejo J, Pantoja O: PvAMT1;1, a highly selective ammoniumtransporter that functions as H+/NH4(+) symporter. J Biol Chem2011,286(36):31113-31122.
198. Pant BD, Musialak-Lange M, Nuc P, May P, Buhtz A, Kehr J, Walther D, Scheible WR:Identification of nutrient-responsive Arabidopsis and rapeseed microRNAs by comprehensivereal-time polymerase chain reaction profiling and small RNA sequencing. Plant Physiol2009,150(3):1541-1555.
199. Parry MA, Andralojc PJ, Mitchell RA, Madgwick PJ, Keys AJ: Manipulation of Rubisco: theamount, activity, function and regulation. J Exp Bot2003,54(386):1321-1333.
200. Pathak RR, Ahmad A, Lochab S, Raghuram N:Molecular physiology of plant nitrogen useefficiency and biotechnological options for its enhancement. Current Science2008,94:1394-1403.
201. Melo PM, Lima LM, Santos IM, Carvalho HG, Cullimore JV: Expression of theplastid-located glutamine synthetase of Medicago truncatula. Accumulation of the precursorin root nodules reveals an in vivo control at the level of protein import into plastids. PlantPhysiol2003,132(1):390-399.
202. Pemberton JM, Beraldi D, Craig BH, Hopkins J: Digital gene expression analysis ofgastrointestinal helminth resistance in Scottish blackface lambs. Mol Ecol2011,20(5):910-919.
203. Peng M, Bi YM, Zhu T, Rothstein SJ: Genome-wide analysis of Arabidopsis responsivetranscriptome to nitrogen limitation and its regulation by the ubiquitin ligase gene NLA. PlantMol Biol2007,65(6):775-797.
204. Plett D, Toubia J, Garnett T, Tester M, Kaiser BN, Baumann U: Dichotomy in the NRT genefamilies of dicots and grass species. PLoS One2010,5(12):e15289.
205. Popesku JT, Martyniuk CJ, Denslow ND, Trudeau VL: Rapid dopaminergic modulation of thefish hypothalamic transcriptome and proteome. PLoS One2010,5(8):e12338.
206. Quraishi UM, Abrouk M, Murat F, Pont C, Foucrier S, Desmaizieres G, Confolent C, RiviereN, Charmet G, Paux E et al: Cross-genome map based dissection of a nitrogen use efficiencyortho-metaQTL in bread wheat unravels concerted cereal genome evolution. Plant J2011,65(5):745-756.
207. Rachmilevitch S, Cousins AB, Bloom AJ: Nitrate assimilation in plant shoots depends onphotorespiration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2004,101(31):11506-11510.
208. Rademacher T, Hausler RE, Hirsch HJ, Zhang L, Lipka V, Weier D, Kreuzaler F, PeterhanselC: An engineered phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase redirects carbon and nitrogen flow intransgenic potato plants. Plant J2002,32(1):25-39.
209. Raun WR, Johnson GV: Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. AgronomyJournal1999,91:357-363.
210. Raven J, Smith F: Nitrogen assimilation and transport in vascular land plants in relation tointracellular pH regulation. New Phytol1976,76:415-31.
211. Reich PB, Hobbie SE, Lee T, Ellsworth DS, West JB, Tilman D, Knops JM, Naeem S, Trost J:Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2. Nature2006,440(7086):922-925.
212. Remans T, Nacry P, Pervent M, Filleur S, Diatloff E, Mounier E, Tillard P, Forde BG, Gojon A:The Arabidopsis NRT1.1transporter participates in the signaling pathway triggering rootcolonization of nitrate-rich patches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2006,103(50):19206-19211.
213. Remans T, Nacry P, Pervent M, Girin T, Tillard P, Lepetit M, Gojon A: A central role for thenitrate transporter NRT2.1in the integrated morphological and physiological responses of theroot system to nitrogen limitation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2006,140(3):909-921
214. Riebeseel E, Hausler RE, Radchuk R, Meitzel T, Hajirezaei MR, Emery RJ, Kuster H,Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Weschke W et al: The2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator mediatesamino acid and storage protein biosynthesis in pea embryos. Plant J2010,61(2):350-363.
215. Robertson GP, Vitousek PM: Nitrogen in agriculture: balancing the cost of an essentialresource. Annual review of environment and resources2009,34:97-125.
216. Rogato A, D'Apuzzo E, Barbulova A, Omrane S, Parlati A, Carfagna S, Costa A, Lo Schiavo F,Esposito S, Chiurazzi M: Characterization of a developmental root response caused byexternal ammonium supply in Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol2010,154(2):784-795.
217. Rolletschek H, Hosein F, Miranda M, Heim U, Gotz KP, Schlereth A, Borisjuk L, Saalbach I,Wobus U, Weber H: Ectopic expression of an amino acid transporter (VfAAP1) in seeds ofVicia narbonensis and pea increases storage proteins. Plant Physiol2005,137(4):1236-1249.
218. Rubin G, Tohge T, Matsuda F, Saito K, Scheible WR: Members of the LBD family oftranscription factors repress anthocyanin synthesis and affect additional nitrogen responses inArabidopsis. Plant Cell2009,21(11):3567-3584.
219. Salado-Navarro, L. R., Hinson K., Sinclai T. R.: Nitrogen partitioning and dry materallocation in soybeans with different seed protein concentration. Crop Science.1985,25:451-455.
220. Salvemini F, Marini A, Riccio A, Patriarca EJ, Chiurazzi M: Functional characterization of anammonium transporter gene from Lotus japonicus. Gene2001,270(1-2):237-243.
221. Sanders A, Collier R, Trethewy A, Gould G, Sieker R, Tegeder M: AAP1regulates import ofamino acids into developing Arabidopsis embryos. Plant J2009,59(4):540-552.
222. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR: DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A1977,74(12):5463-5467.
223. Salvagiotti F, Kenneth G. Cassman, James E. Specht, Daniel T. Walters, Albert Weiss.Nitrogen uptake, fixation and response to fertilizer N in soybeans: A review. Field Crop Resdoi:10.1016/j.fcr.2008.03.001.
224. Sarin S, Prabhu S, O'Meara MM, Pe'er I, Hobert O: Caenorhabditis elegans mutant alleleidentification by whole-genome sequencing. Nat Methods2008,5(10):865-867.
225. Schmidt-Rose T, Jentsch TJ: Reconstitution of functional voltage-gated chloride channelsfrom complementary fragments of CLC-1. J Biol Chem1997,272(33):20515-20521.
226. Schofield RA, Bi YM, Kant S, Rothstein SJ: Over-expression of STP13, a hexose transporter,improves plant growth and nitrogen use in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Plant Cell Environ2009,32(3):271-285.
227. Schuster S C, Chi K R., Wold B, Myers R.M: Method of the year, next-generation DNAsequencing. Functional genomics and medical applications. Nat. Methods2008,5,11-21.
228. Seabra AR, Vieira CP, Cullimore JV, Carvalho HG: Medicago truncatula contains a secondgene encoding a plastid located glutamine synthetase exclusively expressed in developingseeds. BMC Plant Biol2010,10:183.
229. Segonzac C, Boyer JC, Ipotesi E, Szponarski W, Tillard P, Touraine B, Sommerer N,Rossignol M, Gibrat R: Nitrate efflux at the root plasma membrane: identification of anArabidopsis excretion transporter. Plant Cell2007,19(11):3760-3777.
230. Sentoku N, Taniguchi M, Sugiyama T, Ishimaru K, Ohsugi R, et al:Analysis of the transgenictobacco plants expressing Panicum miliaceum aspartate aminotransferase genes. Plant CellRep.2000,19:598-603.
231. She KC, Kusano H, Koizumi K, Yamakawa H, Hakata M, Imamura T, Fukuda M, Naito N,Tsurumaki Y, Yaeshima M et al: A novel factor FLOURY ENDOSPERM2is involved inregulation of rice grain size and starch quality. Plant Cell2010,22(10):3280-3294.
232. Shimono H, Bunce JA: Acclimation of nitrogen uptake capacity of rice to elevatedatmospheric CO2concentration. Ann Bot2009,103(1):87-94.
233. Shrawat AK, Carroll RT, DePauw M, Taylor GJ, Good AG: Genetic engineering of improvednitrogen use efficiency in rice by the tissue-specific expression of alanine aminotransferase.Plant Biotechnol J2008,6(7):722-732.
234. Simon-Rosin U, Wood C, Udvardi MK: Molecular and cellular characterisation of LjAMT2;1,an ammonium transporter from the model legume Lotus japonicus. Plant Mol Biol2003,51(1):99-108.
235. Sinclair TR, deWit CT: Photosynthesis and nitrogen requirements for seed production byvarious crops, Science1975,189:565–567.
236. Sinclair, TR.2004. Improved carbon and nitrogen assimilation for increased yield. In:H.R.Boerma and J.E. specht (eds), Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses. AmericanSociety of Agronomy, Madison WI.537-568.
237. Sinebo W, Gretzmacher R, Edelbauer A: Genotypic variation for nitrogen use efficiency inEthiopian barley. Field Crops Research2004,85:43-60.
238. Singh U, Ladha J K, Castillo E G, et al: Genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency inmedium and long-duration rice. Field Crops Research1998,58:35-53.
239. Skopelitis DS, Paranychianakis NV, Paschalidis KA, Pliakonis ED, Delis ID, Yakoumakis DI,Kouvarakis A, Papadakis AK, Stephanou EG, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA: Abiotic stressgenerates ROS that signal expression of anionic glutamate dehydrogenases to form glutamatefor proline synthesis in tobacco and grapevine. Plant Cell2006,18(10):2767-2781.
240. Slavikova S, Shy G, Yao Y, Glozman R, Levanony H, Pietrokovski S, Elazar Z, Galili G: Theautophagy-associated Atg8gene family operates both under favourable growth conditions andunder starvation stresses in Arabidopsis plants. J Exp Bot2005,56(421):2839-2849.
241. Smith BE: Structure. Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets. Science2002,297(5587):1654-1655.
242. Smith LM, Sanders JZ, Kaiser RJ, Hughes P, Dodd C, Connell CR, Heiner C, Kent SB, HoodLE: Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. Nature1986,321(6071):674-679.
243. Song QX, Liu YF, Hu XY, Zhang WK, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS: Identification of miRNAsand their target genes in developing soybean seeds by deep sequencing. BMC Plant Biol2011,11:5.
244. Stark A, Lin MF, Kheradpour P, Pedersen JS, Parts L, Carlson JW, Crosby MA, RasmussenMD, Roy S, Deoras AN et al: Discovery of functional elements in12Drosophila genomesusing evolutionary signatures. Nature2007,450(7167):219-232.
245. Su RW, Lei W, Liu JL, Zhang ZR, Jia B, Feng XH, Ren G, Hu SJ, Yang ZM: The integrativeanalysis of microRNA and mRNA expression in mouse uterus under delayed implantation andactivation. PLoS One2010,5(11):e15513.
246. Sulpice R, Pyl ET, Ishihara H, Trenkamp S, Steinfath M, et al.: Starch as a major integrator inthe regulation of plant growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2009,106:10348-53.
247. Sun C, Li Y, Wu Q, Luo H, Sun Y, Song J, Lui EM, Chen S: De novo sequencing and analysisof the American ginseng root transcriptome using a GS FLX Titanium platform to discoverputative genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. BMC Genomics2010,11:262.
248. Sun FF, Hou XL, LiY et al: Molecular cloning and characterization of nitrate reductase genecDNA from non-heading Chinese cabbage. Frontiers of Agriculture in China,2007,1:188-192.
249. Sun H, Huang QM, Su J: Highly effective expression of glutamine synthetase genes GS1andGS2in transgenic rice plants increases nitrogen-deficiency tolerance. Journal of PlantPhysiology and Molecular Biology2005,31(5):492-498.
250. t Hoen PA, Ariyurek Y, Thygesen HH, Vreugdenhil E, Vossen RH, de Menezes RX, Boer JM,van Ommen GJ, den Dunnen JT: Deep sequencing-based expression analysis shows majoradvances in robustness, resolution and inter-lab portability over five microarray platforms.Nucleic Acids Res2008,36(21):e141.
251. Tabuchi M, Abiko T, Yamaya T: Assimilation of ammonium ions and reutilization of nitrogenin rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Exp Bot2007,58(9):2319-2327.
252. Takahashi M, Sasaki Y, Ida S, Morikawa H: Nitrite reductase gene enrichment improvesassimilation of NO(2) in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol2001,126(2):731-741.
253. Takei K, Ueda N, Aoki K, Kuromori T, Hirayama T, Shinozaki K, Yamaya T, Sakakibara H:AtIPT3is a key determinant of nitrate-dependent cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PlantCell Physiol2004,45(8):1053-1062.
254. Tamura W, Hidaka Y, Tabuchi M, Kojima S, Hayakawa T, Sato T, Obara M, Kojima M,Sakakibara H, Yamaya T: Reverse genetics approach to characterize a function ofNADH-glutamate synthase1in rice plants. Amino Acids2010,39(4):1003-1012.
255. Taylor L, Nunes-Nesi A, Parsley K, Leiss A, Leach G, Coates S, Wingler A, Fernie AR,Hibberd JM: Cytosolic pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase functions in nitrogen remobilizationduring leaf senescence and limits individual seed growth and nitrogen content. Plant J2010,62(4):641-652.
256. Terao T, Nagata K, Morino K, Hirose T: A gene controlling the number of primary rachisbranches also controls the vascular bundle formation and hence is responsible to increase theharvest index and grain yield in rice. Theor Appl Genet2010,120(5):875-893.
257. Tester M, Langridge P: Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changingworld. Science2010,327(5967):818-822.
258. Turano F J, Muhitch M J: Differential accumulation of ferredoxin-and NADH-dependentglutamate synthase activities, peptides and transcripts in developing soybean seedlings inresponse to light, nitrogen and nodulation. Physiologia Plantarum1999,107:407-418.
259. Uauy C, Distelfeld A, Fahima T, Blechl A, Dubcovsky J: A NAC Gene regulating senescenceimproves grain protein, zinc, and iron content in wheat. Science2006,314(5803):1298-1301.
260. Vidal EA, Araus V, Lu C, Parry G, Green PJ, Coruzzi GM, Gutierrez RA: Nitrate-responsivemiR393/AFB3regulatory module controls root system architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2010,107(9):4477-4482.
261. Vincent, J. M.,1980: Factors controlling the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. Nitrogen fixationVolume2: symbiotic associations and cyanobacteria:103-129.
262. Vincent R, Fraisier V, Chaillou S, Limami MA, Deleens E, Phillipson B, Douat C, Boutin JP,Hirel B: Overexpression of a soybean gene encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase in shootsof transgenic Lotus corniculatus L. plants triggers changes in ammonium assimilation andplant development. Planta1997,201(4):424-433.
263. Vitousek PM, Naylor R, Crews T, David MB, Drinkwater LE, Holland E, Johnes PJ,Katzenberger J, Martinelli LA, Matson PA et al: Agriculture. Nutrient imbalances inagricultural development. Science2009,324(5934):1519-1520.
264. Walch-Liu P, Forde BG: Nitrate signalling mediated by the NRT1.1nitrate transporterantagonises L-glutamate-induced changes in root architecture. Plant J2008,54(5):820-828.
265. Wang QQ, Liu F, Chen XS, Ma XJ, Zeng HQ, Yang ZM: Transcriptome profiling of earlydeveloping cotton fiber by deep-sequencing reveals significantly differential expression ofgenes in a fuzzless/lintless mutant. Genomics2010,96(6):369-376.
266. Wang R, Xing X, Wang Y, Tran A, Crawford NM: A genetic screen for nitrate regulatorymutants captures the nitrate transporter gene NRT1.1. Plant Physiol2009,151(1):472-478.
267. Wang YY, Tsay YF: Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT1.9is important in phloem nitratetransport. Plant Cell2011,23(5):1945-1957.
268. Wang Z, Dong D, Ru B, Young RL, Han N, Guo T, Zhang S: Digital gene expression tagprofiling of bat digits provides robust candidates contributing to wing formation. BMCGenomics2010,11:619.
269. Wang Z, Fang B, Chen J, Zhang X, Luo Z, Huang L, Chen X, Li Y: De novo assembly andcharacterization of root transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing and developmentof cSSR markers in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). BMC Genomics2010,11:726.
270. Wei Y, Chen S, Yang P, Ma Z, Kang L: Characterization and comparative profiling of thesmall RNA transcriptomes in two phases of locust. Genome Biol2009,10(1):R6.
271. Weichert N, Saalbach I, Weichert H, Kohl S, Erban A, Kopka J, Hause B, Varshney A,Sreenivasulu N, Strickert M et al: Increasing sucrose uptake capacity of wheat grainsstimulates storage protein synthesis. Plant Physiol2010,152(2):698-710.
272. Werner T, Nehnevajova E, Kollmer I, Novak O, Strnad M, Kramer U, Schmulling T:Root-specific reduction of cytokinin causes enhanced root growth, drought tolerance, and leafmineral enrichment in Arabidopsis and tobacco. Plant Cell2010,22(12):3905-3920.
273. Williams ME, Torabinejad J, Cohick E, Parker K, Drake EJ, Thompson JE, Hortter M,Dewald DB: Mutations in the Arabidopsis phosphoinositide phosphatase gene SAC9lead tooveraccumulation of PtdIns(4,5)P2and constitutive expression of the stress-response pathway.Plant Physiol2005,138(2):686-700.
274. Wu Q, Chen F, Chen Y, Yuan L, Zhang F, Mi G: Root growth in response to nitrogen supply inChinese maize hybrids released between1973and2009. Sci China Life Sci2011,54(7):642-650.
275. Wu X, Ren C, Joshi T, Vuong T, Xu D, Nguyen HT: SNP discovery by high-throughputsequencing in soybean. BMC Genomics2010,11:469.
276. Wu X, Walker MG, Luo J, Wei L: GBA server: EST-based digital gene expression profiling.Nucleic Acids Res2005,33(Web Server issue):W673-676.
277. Wuebbles D J: Nitrous oxide: no laughing matter. Science2009,326:56-57.
278. Xia T, Xiao D, Liu D, Chai W, Gong Q, Wang NN: Heterologous expression of ATG8c fromsoybean confers tolerance to nitrogen deficiency and increases yield in Arabidopsis. PLoSOne2012,7(5):e37217.
279. Xiang H, Zhu J, Chen Q, Dai F, Li X, Li M, Zhang H, Zhang G, Li D, Dong Y et al: Singlebase-resolution methylome of the silkworm reveals a sparse epigenomic map. Nat Biotechnol2010,28(5):516-520.
280. Xiang LX, He D, Dong WR, Zhang YW, Shao JZ: Deep sequencing-based transcriptomeprofiling analysis of bacteria-challenged Lateolabrax japonicus reveals insight into theimmune-relevant genes in marine fish. BMC Genomics2010,11:472.
281. Xu MJ, Liu Q, Nisbet AJ, Cai XQ, Yan C, Lin RQ, Yuan ZG, Song HQ, He XH, Zhu XQ:Identification and characterization of microRNAs in Clonorchis sinensis of human healthsignificance. BMC Genomics2010,11:521.
282. Xu G, Fan X, Miller AJ: Plant nitrogen assimilation and use efficiency. Annu Rev Plant Biol2012,63:153-182.
283. Yan M, Fan X, Feng H, Miller AJ, Shen Q, Xu G: Rice OsNAR2.1interacts with OsNRT2.1,OsNRT2.2and OsNRT2.3a nitrate transporters to provide uptake over high and lowconcentration ranges. Plant Cell Environ2011,34(8):1360-1372.
284. Yanagisawa S, Akiyama A, Kisaka H, Uchimiya H, Miwa T: Metabolic engineering with Dof1transcription factor in plants: Improved nitrogen assimilation and growth under low-nitrogenconditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2004,101(20):7833-7838.
285. Yokoyama T, Kodama N, Aoshima H, Izu H, Matsushita K, Yamada M: Cloning of a cDNAfor a constitutive NRT1transporter from soybean and comparison of gene expression ofsoybean NRT1transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta2001,1518(1-2):79-86.
286. Yuan L, Loque D, Kojima S, Rauch S, Ishiyama K, Inoue E, Takahashi H, von Wiren N: Theorganization of high-affinity ammonium uptake in Arabidopsis roots depends on the spatialarrangement and biochemical properties of AMT1-type transporters. Plant Cell2007,19(8):2636-2652.
287. Zalapa JE, Cuevas H, Zhu H, Steffan S, Senalik D, Zeldin E, McCown B, Harbut R, Simon P:Using next-generation sequencing approaches to isolate simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci inthe plant sciences. Am J Bot2012,99(2):193-208.
288. Zhang CC, Libs L: Cloning and characterisation of the pknD gene encoding aneukaryotic-type protein kinase in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Mol Gen Genet1998,258(1-2):26-33.
289. Zhang CC: A gene encoding a protein related to eukaryotic protein kinases from thefilamentous heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC7120. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1993,90(24):11840-11844.
290. Zhang G, Guo G, Hu X: Deep RNA sequencing at single base-pair resolution reveals highcomplexity of the rice transcriptome. Genome Res.2010,20:646-654.
291. Zhang H, Forde BG: An Arabidopsis MADS box gene that controls nutrient-induced changesin root architecture. Science1998,279(5349):407-409.
292. Zhou C, Cai Z, Guo Y, Gan S: An arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade,MKK9-MPK6, plays a role in leaf senescence. Plant Physiol2009,150(1):167-177.
293. Zhu Y, Di T, Xu G, Chen X, Zeng H, Yan F, Shen Q: Adaptation of plasma membraneH(+)-ATPase of rice roots to low pH as related to ammonium nutrition. Plant Cell Environ2009,32(10):1428-1440.
294. Zimmermann P, Zentgraf U: The correlation between oxidative stress and leaf senescenceduring plant development. Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters2005,10:515-534.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |