苹果绵蚜生态学、风险分析与监测研究
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摘要
苹果绵蚜是世界上严重为害苹果树的一种重要植物检疫性有害生物,给苹果产区造成极大的经济损失。近年来,由于非关税贸易壁垒的取消,植物检疫技术在国际农产品贸易中的作用日益突出,要求植物检疫决策应建立在有害生物风险分析的基础上。苹果在我国对外农产品贸易中占据重要的地位,但因国内部分地区发生苹果绵蚜等检疫性有害生物,某些贸易国家就以此设置检疫技术壁垒,限制我国果品出口。为保护国内苹果生产安全,促进果品的国际贸易,本文系统地开展了苹果绵蚜在鲁西南地区的生态学、风险分析和监测技术研究。
1.采用田间蚜块计数、黄色粘虫板诱集、室内镜检等传统方法研究了苹果绵蚜发生消长动态,分析了其在苹果树体不同部位的动态变化。调查发现,苹果绵蚜种群在鲁西南地区全年发生两个高峰,分别为5月中、下旬～7月上旬和8月下旬～10月中旬;有翅蚜高峰期发生在4月上旬～6月上旬和9月上旬～10月上旬。不同时期,苹果绵蚜在苹果树体不同部位的种群数量存在差异:上半年苹果绵蚜在根、树干及主枝部位分布密集,发生危害较重;7月中、下旬之后,苹果绵蚜在根及树干部位基本不再发生或发生较轻,而在枝干部位,包括主枝、侧枝和新梢部位发生危害较重。调查发现苹果绵蚜在苹果树新梢、侧枝、树干和地下根部等各部位的种群空间分布型均呈聚集分布,研究确定了苹果绵蚜抽样方法。
2.在自然变温条件下测定苹果绵蚜1龄、2龄、3龄、4龄若蚜、若蚜期、成蚜和一个世代的发育始点温度分别为9.10、10.60、12.48、10.78、10.76、10.82和10.56℃,有效积温分别为32.67、33.39、22.00、35.34、123.19、25.92和150.05日度,利用有效积温法则计算其在鲁西南地区年发生14～17代,在烟台地区年发生13～16代。测定苹果绵蚜主要越冬虫态的过冷却点为-19.67℃,表明抗寒能力较强,在鲁西南能够安全越冬,越冬虫态以2龄若蚜为主。
3.田间调查发现,苹果绵蚜在果树不同品种及同一品种不同部位的蚜块数量具有明显差异;利用风洞仪和嗅觉仪测定表明,苹果绵蚜对不同品种枝条的选择性也存在明显差异。田间发生程度和室内选择测定结果,一致表明苹果绵蚜对苹果不同品种的选择性具有显著差异,其中对富士品种的选择性较强,而对金帅与红星等品种选择性较差。
4.利用群落结构特征指数研究了发生苹果绵蚜果园内的昆虫群落结构特征和主要物种生态位,比较了不同时期苹果绵蚜及其天敌的群落多样性。结果表明苹果绵蚜及其天敌群落多样性低,群落稳定性较差;发现天敌23种,其中日光蜂Aphelinus mali Haldeman、七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus、二星瓢虫Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus)和叶色草蛉Chrysopa phyllochroma Waesmael等为优势种天敌。
5.利用基于遗传算法的GARP生态位模型分析了苹果绵蚜在全球及我国的潜在地理分布。全球预测显示:苹果绵蚜在世界六大洲均可适生,主要集中在北美洲、欧洲和东亚大部分地区,南美洲南部及太平洋沿岸,大洋洲南部以及非洲南部的少部分国家和地区亦可适生;在我国的预测显示:吉林、辽宁、河北、山西、陕西、北京、天津、山东、河南、安徽、江苏、湖南、湖北、江西、重庆、上海、浙江、福建、广东、广西及贵州全部,宁夏几乎全部,甘肃、四川、云南、内蒙古、黑龙江的大部以及新疆、青海、西藏、台湾和海南等的零星地区等为适生区。
6.在掌握苹果绵蚜生态学特性的基础上,依照国际植物检疫措施标准的风险分析原则,从国内外分布、寄主范围、为害及经济重要性、生态重要性、定殖后扩散及传入未发生区的可能性、检疫管理难度等六大方面对苹果绵蚜在国内的风险进行了定性分析。综合多种风险评估模型的优势,建立了苹果绵蚜风险综合评估指标体系和评判标准,引入专家赋值的方式对苹果绵蚜进行了定量风险评估,所得综合风险评估值R=2.06,评判确定苹果绵蚜属于高风险性有害生物,分析明确了国内苹果主产区苹果绵蚜的高、中、低风险区域。
7.根据PRA结论,从保护国内苹果生产安全和打破国外检疫技术壁垒两方面分别提出了相应的风险管理备选方案;收集分析各主要贸易国家的疫情信息,根据各贸易国对其关注程度,为冲破国外检疫技术壁垒和及时应对出现的贸易纠纷制定了应急预防措施,提出了新发和零星发生区的铲除措施建议以及针对普遍发生区的苹果绵蚜综合防除技术规范。
8.依照ISPM No.06标准,根据苹果绵蚜生态学特性,研究探索了有效的苹果绵蚜疫情监测技术规范,为发生区疫情调查和高风险区疫情的及时发现提供了技术支撑,提升了我国对植物检疫性有害生物的监测能力。
Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), is an important plant quarantine target all over the world. It seriously damages apple trees, causing significant economic loss in the apple growing areas. Currently plant quarantine plays a crucial role in the international agricultural trade because of the lift of non-tariff trade barriers, and the decision-making of plant quarantine must be based on pest risk analysis (PRA). In the international trade, China takes an advantage over other countries in apple exportation for its good quality and special flavors, but the exportation is often limited by the plant quarantine barrier arising from the quarantine pests, such as woolly apple aphid. In order to promote global apple trade and support domestic apple production, the invasive ecological characters of woolly apple aphid were investigated, and its risk was analyzed. The tactics of monitoring epidemic situation for the pest were carried out in southwestern Shandong Province.
1. Seasonal abundance of woolly apple aphid was studied using the methods of counting aphid patches of the wingless aphids, trapping the alate aphids with yellow sticky board and binocular microscope examination of the mummy aphids in southwestern Shandong Province,and the dynamic of woolly apple aphid on the different parts of the apple trees was analyzed. The results showed that two peaks of the aphid appeared in the orchards, one from the middle or last ten-day of May to the first ten-day of July, and the other from the last ten-day of August to the middle of October. The alate aphids also had two peaks, one from the first ten-day of April to the first ten-day of June and the second from the first ten-day of September to the first ten-day of October. In the different periods of the growing season, the number of the aphid was variable in different parts of the trees. The survey showed that the aphids crowded on roots, trunks and boughes, and seldom on branches and flushes before July. But after the middle of July, the number of aphids was much more on the boughes, branches and flushes than on roots or trunks. Spatial patterns of woolly apple aphid on the flushes,branches,trunks and roots of apple trees belonged to aggregation distribution and a sampling meathod in apple orchards was determined.
2. The developmental zeros of the 1st– 4th instar nymphs, whole nymphs, adult and one generation of the aphid were determined at 9.10℃, 10.60℃, 12.48℃, 10.78℃, 10.76℃, 10.82℃and 10.56℃, respectively. The effective accumulative temperatures of the 1st - 4th instar nymphs, whole nymphs, adult and one generation were 32.67, 33.39, 22.00, 35.34, 123.19, 25.92 and 150.05 day-degree, respectively. By using the law of effective accumulative temperature, it was esitimated that the aphid yearly occurred 14 to 17 generations in southwestern Shandong and 13 -16 generations in the Yantai area. The cold tolerance of woolly apple aphid was studied, the supercooling point of the overwintering stage was -19.67℃, showing that the 2nd instar nymph of the aphid could overwinter safely in southwestern Shandong.
3. Investigation of current apple cultivars in orchards showed that the number of aphid patches on different varieties or different parts on the same variety significantly differed. By using wind tunnel and olfactometer, the selection of apple woolly aphid to the branches of the different varieties was determined, and the responses to various odors from different varieties also varied. The results showed that the selection of woolly apple aphid to various varieties differred significantly, the aphid tended to select and harm Fuji and Gala more than Golden Delious and Red Star.
4. Spatial niches of woolly apple aphid, other major insect pests and the natural enemies on apple trees were studied, and the insect community structure of the apple orchards infested woolly apple aphid was investigated. Twenty-three species of natural enemies were found and the dominant species included Aphelinus mali Haldeman, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus), and Chrysopa phyllochroma Waesmael etc. The community diversity of woolly apple aphid and its natural enemies was low, showing the unstable community was easy to be disturbed in southwestern Shandong. The results could lay the scientific basis for sustainablly controlling woolly apple aphid and conserving its natural enemies.
5. Using the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction modeling system (GARP), the potential geographic distributions of woolly apple aphid both in the world and in China were analyzed. It was predicted that the population of woolly apple aphid could be established in the major areas of North America, Europe and Eastern Asia,as well as a few countries and regions in south of South America, Oceania and Africa. In China, it could be established in whole areas of Jilin,Liaoning,Hebei,Shanxi (Jin),Shanxi (Shan), Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Chongqing,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi and Guizhou, almost whole areas of Ningxia, the most of Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan,Neimenggu and Heilongjiang, as well as a few regions of Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet, Taiwan and Hainan.
6. Based on the relevant ecological characters of woolly apple aphid and the rules of PRA of international standards for pest measurements (ISPM), the risk levels of woolly apple aphid were analyzed qualitatively on the six aspects, i.e. distribution, host plants, potential damaged degree, economical and ecological significance, disperse possibility and risk management difficulty in China. The risk assessment system for woolly apple aphid was proposed and the values of the indices were given by some experts. The quantitative synthetic index of the pest risk is 2.06, suggesting the aphid has reached the high level of risk. According to the risk analysis, the high, middle or low risk of E. lanigerum introduced to the different main apple growing areas of China was determined.
7. Based on the results of PRA, the scientific scheme and measures for the pest management against the plant quarantine barriers and trade issue were proposed in order to reduce the risk to an acceptable level in international apple trade, and to protect the national apple production. The eradication measures of woolly apple aphid in the newly and rarely occurred areas and a tactic norm for integrated management of the aphid for the seriously occurred areas were proposed.
8. According to the Guidelines of ISPM (No.06), the techniques for monitoring epidemic situation of woolly apple aphid were explored, which will help to find and manage the pest timely in the high risk areas, and to improve the monitoring methods for the pest.
1.采用田间蚜块计数、黄色粘虫板诱集、室内镜检等传统方法研究了苹果绵蚜发生消长动态,分析了其在苹果树体不同部位的动态变化。调查发现,苹果绵蚜种群在鲁西南地区全年发生两个高峰,分别为5月中、下旬～7月上旬和8月下旬～10月中旬;有翅蚜高峰期发生在4月上旬～6月上旬和9月上旬～10月上旬。不同时期,苹果绵蚜在苹果树体不同部位的种群数量存在差异:上半年苹果绵蚜在根、树干及主枝部位分布密集,发生危害较重;7月中、下旬之后,苹果绵蚜在根及树干部位基本不再发生或发生较轻,而在枝干部位,包括主枝、侧枝和新梢部位发生危害较重。调查发现苹果绵蚜在苹果树新梢、侧枝、树干和地下根部等各部位的种群空间分布型均呈聚集分布,研究确定了苹果绵蚜抽样方法。
2.在自然变温条件下测定苹果绵蚜1龄、2龄、3龄、4龄若蚜、若蚜期、成蚜和一个世代的发育始点温度分别为9.10、10.60、12.48、10.78、10.76、10.82和10.56℃,有效积温分别为32.67、33.39、22.00、35.34、123.19、25.92和150.05日度,利用有效积温法则计算其在鲁西南地区年发生14～17代,在烟台地区年发生13～16代。测定苹果绵蚜主要越冬虫态的过冷却点为-19.67℃,表明抗寒能力较强,在鲁西南能够安全越冬,越冬虫态以2龄若蚜为主。
3.田间调查发现,苹果绵蚜在果树不同品种及同一品种不同部位的蚜块数量具有明显差异;利用风洞仪和嗅觉仪测定表明,苹果绵蚜对不同品种枝条的选择性也存在明显差异。田间发生程度和室内选择测定结果,一致表明苹果绵蚜对苹果不同品种的选择性具有显著差异,其中对富士品种的选择性较强,而对金帅与红星等品种选择性较差。
4.利用群落结构特征指数研究了发生苹果绵蚜果园内的昆虫群落结构特征和主要物种生态位,比较了不同时期苹果绵蚜及其天敌的群落多样性。结果表明苹果绵蚜及其天敌群落多样性低,群落稳定性较差;发现天敌23种,其中日光蜂Aphelinus mali Haldeman、七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus、二星瓢虫Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus)和叶色草蛉Chrysopa phyllochroma Waesmael等为优势种天敌。
5.利用基于遗传算法的GARP生态位模型分析了苹果绵蚜在全球及我国的潜在地理分布。全球预测显示:苹果绵蚜在世界六大洲均可适生,主要集中在北美洲、欧洲和东亚大部分地区,南美洲南部及太平洋沿岸,大洋洲南部以及非洲南部的少部分国家和地区亦可适生;在我国的预测显示:吉林、辽宁、河北、山西、陕西、北京、天津、山东、河南、安徽、江苏、湖南、湖北、江西、重庆、上海、浙江、福建、广东、广西及贵州全部,宁夏几乎全部,甘肃、四川、云南、内蒙古、黑龙江的大部以及新疆、青海、西藏、台湾和海南等的零星地区等为适生区。
6.在掌握苹果绵蚜生态学特性的基础上,依照国际植物检疫措施标准的风险分析原则,从国内外分布、寄主范围、为害及经济重要性、生态重要性、定殖后扩散及传入未发生区的可能性、检疫管理难度等六大方面对苹果绵蚜在国内的风险进行了定性分析。综合多种风险评估模型的优势,建立了苹果绵蚜风险综合评估指标体系和评判标准,引入专家赋值的方式对苹果绵蚜进行了定量风险评估,所得综合风险评估值R=2.06,评判确定苹果绵蚜属于高风险性有害生物,分析明确了国内苹果主产区苹果绵蚜的高、中、低风险区域。
7.根据PRA结论,从保护国内苹果生产安全和打破国外检疫技术壁垒两方面分别提出了相应的风险管理备选方案;收集分析各主要贸易国家的疫情信息,根据各贸易国对其关注程度,为冲破国外检疫技术壁垒和及时应对出现的贸易纠纷制定了应急预防措施,提出了新发和零星发生区的铲除措施建议以及针对普遍发生区的苹果绵蚜综合防除技术规范。
8.依照ISPM No.06标准,根据苹果绵蚜生态学特性,研究探索了有效的苹果绵蚜疫情监测技术规范,为发生区疫情调查和高风险区疫情的及时发现提供了技术支撑,提升了我国对植物检疫性有害生物的监测能力。
Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), is an important plant quarantine target all over the world. It seriously damages apple trees, causing significant economic loss in the apple growing areas. Currently plant quarantine plays a crucial role in the international agricultural trade because of the lift of non-tariff trade barriers, and the decision-making of plant quarantine must be based on pest risk analysis (PRA). In the international trade, China takes an advantage over other countries in apple exportation for its good quality and special flavors, but the exportation is often limited by the plant quarantine barrier arising from the quarantine pests, such as woolly apple aphid. In order to promote global apple trade and support domestic apple production, the invasive ecological characters of woolly apple aphid were investigated, and its risk was analyzed. The tactics of monitoring epidemic situation for the pest were carried out in southwestern Shandong Province.
1. Seasonal abundance of woolly apple aphid was studied using the methods of counting aphid patches of the wingless aphids, trapping the alate aphids with yellow sticky board and binocular microscope examination of the mummy aphids in southwestern Shandong Province,and the dynamic of woolly apple aphid on the different parts of the apple trees was analyzed. The results showed that two peaks of the aphid appeared in the orchards, one from the middle or last ten-day of May to the first ten-day of July, and the other from the last ten-day of August to the middle of October. The alate aphids also had two peaks, one from the first ten-day of April to the first ten-day of June and the second from the first ten-day of September to the first ten-day of October. In the different periods of the growing season, the number of the aphid was variable in different parts of the trees. The survey showed that the aphids crowded on roots, trunks and boughes, and seldom on branches and flushes before July. But after the middle of July, the number of aphids was much more on the boughes, branches and flushes than on roots or trunks. Spatial patterns of woolly apple aphid on the flushes,branches,trunks and roots of apple trees belonged to aggregation distribution and a sampling meathod in apple orchards was determined.
2. The developmental zeros of the 1st– 4th instar nymphs, whole nymphs, adult and one generation of the aphid were determined at 9.10℃, 10.60℃, 12.48℃, 10.78℃, 10.76℃, 10.82℃and 10.56℃, respectively. The effective accumulative temperatures of the 1st - 4th instar nymphs, whole nymphs, adult and one generation were 32.67, 33.39, 22.00, 35.34, 123.19, 25.92 and 150.05 day-degree, respectively. By using the law of effective accumulative temperature, it was esitimated that the aphid yearly occurred 14 to 17 generations in southwestern Shandong and 13 -16 generations in the Yantai area. The cold tolerance of woolly apple aphid was studied, the supercooling point of the overwintering stage was -19.67℃, showing that the 2nd instar nymph of the aphid could overwinter safely in southwestern Shandong.
3. Investigation of current apple cultivars in orchards showed that the number of aphid patches on different varieties or different parts on the same variety significantly differed. By using wind tunnel and olfactometer, the selection of apple woolly aphid to the branches of the different varieties was determined, and the responses to various odors from different varieties also varied. The results showed that the selection of woolly apple aphid to various varieties differred significantly, the aphid tended to select and harm Fuji and Gala more than Golden Delious and Red Star.
4. Spatial niches of woolly apple aphid, other major insect pests and the natural enemies on apple trees were studied, and the insect community structure of the apple orchards infested woolly apple aphid was investigated. Twenty-three species of natural enemies were found and the dominant species included Aphelinus mali Haldeman, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus), and Chrysopa phyllochroma Waesmael etc. The community diversity of woolly apple aphid and its natural enemies was low, showing the unstable community was easy to be disturbed in southwestern Shandong. The results could lay the scientific basis for sustainablly controlling woolly apple aphid and conserving its natural enemies.
5. Using the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction modeling system (GARP), the potential geographic distributions of woolly apple aphid both in the world and in China were analyzed. It was predicted that the population of woolly apple aphid could be established in the major areas of North America, Europe and Eastern Asia,as well as a few countries and regions in south of South America, Oceania and Africa. In China, it could be established in whole areas of Jilin,Liaoning,Hebei,Shanxi (Jin),Shanxi (Shan), Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Chongqing,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi and Guizhou, almost whole areas of Ningxia, the most of Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan,Neimenggu and Heilongjiang, as well as a few regions of Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet, Taiwan and Hainan.
6. Based on the relevant ecological characters of woolly apple aphid and the rules of PRA of international standards for pest measurements (ISPM), the risk levels of woolly apple aphid were analyzed qualitatively on the six aspects, i.e. distribution, host plants, potential damaged degree, economical and ecological significance, disperse possibility and risk management difficulty in China. The risk assessment system for woolly apple aphid was proposed and the values of the indices were given by some experts. The quantitative synthetic index of the pest risk is 2.06, suggesting the aphid has reached the high level of risk. According to the risk analysis, the high, middle or low risk of E. lanigerum introduced to the different main apple growing areas of China was determined.
7. Based on the results of PRA, the scientific scheme and measures for the pest management against the plant quarantine barriers and trade issue were proposed in order to reduce the risk to an acceptable level in international apple trade, and to protect the national apple production. The eradication measures of woolly apple aphid in the newly and rarely occurred areas and a tactic norm for integrated management of the aphid for the seriously occurred areas were proposed.
8. According to the Guidelines of ISPM (No.06), the techniques for monitoring epidemic situation of woolly apple aphid were explored, which will help to find and manage the pest timely in the high risk areas, and to improve the monitoring methods for the pest.
引文
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