非灾变时期金属矿复杂矿井通风系统稳定性及数值模拟研究
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摘要
金属矿地下开采的发展必须安全、稳定、高效，这主要取决于构成金属矿地下开采各大系统的正常运行和应用的先进技术。金属矿山生产时期，正常生产作业活动和矿山内外部条件的变化，常常会改变矿井通风系统的部分参数，降低了矿井通风系统的稳定性和安全性。随着我国金属矿地下开采向深部发展，矿井通风系统稳定性问题比以前显得更加突出。基于对国内外矿井通风系统稳定性问题的研究现状综合分析的基础上，结合国家“十五”科技攻关专题项目和各矿山通风系统优化、改造项目的试验和研究，开展了本文的研究工作。本文采用理论研究、现场测定、数值分析相结合的研究方法，取得了如下主要研究成果和结论：
(1)编制了以正常生产时期的矿井通风系统工作不稳定为顶上事件的事故树，研究了事故树的结构特征，得到了影响矿井通风系统稳定性的九类原因，分析了其影响范围和程度。
(2)编写了基于Windows平台的矿井通风系统网络解算程序，并与矿井通风理论计算值、现场实测值进行比较，验证了计算程序的可靠性和适用性。
(3)论述了应用矿井通风系统网络分析软件及其解算结果分析矿井通风系统稳定性的可行性，研究了给定精度、迭代初值、网络复杂程度对矿井通风网络解算迭代次数的影响，分析了网络结构和风机工作特性曲线与实际不符、电网波动等因素对网络解算结果可靠性的影响，并提出了相关控制措施。
(4)通过改变特征分支的风阻值，借助网络解算，探讨了矿井通风系统特征参数的可调节性，得到了分支风阻变化与风机工况点及相关分支风量之间的耦合关系。通过对凡口铅锌矿矿井通风系统网络解算，说明了各分支在矿井通风网络中的作用不一、分支风阻预先输入的可行性，阐述了矿井进、回风分支风阻变化对风机等效风压的综合影响，分析了多风机矿井通风子系统稳定性问题，获得了矿井通风系统网络解算的经验。
(5)探讨了矿井通风系统稳定性与自然风压之间的耦合关系，分析了分支风量对自然风压的敏感度，采用Q与H_N相图分析，说明在自然风压作用下矿内分支风流可能改变方向的几种情况，并对临界状态进行了研究。
(6)建立了中段运输设备在巷道中和提升设备在井筒中运动时所产生的活塞风速计算模型，分析了影响活塞风速的因素，比较了不同类型矿井活塞风对矿井通风系统稳定性的影响程度，确定了计算模型中参数的计算方法，重点研究了巷道长度、运行速度和巷道面积与矿井活塞风速之间的关系。
(7)采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对矿井运输巷道内活塞风的风流组织进行了三维数值模拟，得出了不同状态下各特征子平面上的速度、静压分布，并对巷道内空气流域进行了分区，分析了典型位置上的速度、静压变化趋势，探讨了活塞风形成的力学原因。
(8)阐述了矿井通风系统是一个开放、远离平衡、本质不稳定的系统，从耗散结构形成的三个必要条件出发分析了矿井通风系统稳定性问题，从耗散行为角度描述了矿井通风系统内物质、能量形成“堆积”导致原定态失稳、新耗散结构形成、完成一次非平衡相变的条件和过程，提出了控制矿井通风系统稳定性的具体方法。
The development of an underground metal mine has to be safe, stable and high efficienct.It is mainly depended on the normal status of all the systems and the advanced technology ofapplied in the mine. During the period of the normal production of the mine, the regularproduction activity and the mine internal and external condition variation can changefrequently the partial parameters of the mine ventilation system, which reduces the safety andstability of the mine ventilation system. With the rapid development of underground metalmine toward the depth, above problems of mine ventilation system become more and obviousthan before. The study of this dissertation is based on the research reviews of the mineventilation system over the world and the generalized analysis, the investigation of the KeyResearch Projects of Chinese Science and Technology of the tenth "Five-Year-Plan" andother mine ventilation system optimization project at several mines. Theory study, in-situ test,numerical analysis and other approaches were comprehensively used in the study ofdissertation. The main research work of this dissertation and results can be summarized asbelow.
(1) The fault tree of mine ventilation system of un-stability operation was established.By analyzing the structure characteristics of the fault tree, the nine type factors that influencemine ventilation system stability and its influence scope and degree were obtained.
(2) By developing the mine ventilation network analysis program and comparing thecalculating results of the mine ventilation systems in theory with those field measured data,the reliability and applicability of the program were examined.
(3) It was proved that analyzing the stability of mine ventilation system by the achieveddata of running the network analysis software on computer is feasible. The relationshipsbetween iterative times of the mine ventilation system network analysis and assigned theprecision, the iterative starting value and the network complex degree were studied. Someinfluence factors on the reliability of mine ventilation network analysis, such as networkstructure, fan characteristic curves and electricity network fluctuation were discussed. At thesame time, the correlation control measures were proposed.
(4) By changing the aerodynamic resistance value of characteristic branch and in virtueof the network solution, the mine ventilation system characteristic parameters adjustabilitywas discussed. The coupling relationships between branch aerodynamic resistance and fanoperating points and branch air flux were discussed. The network calculation results ofFankou Lead-Zinc Mine ventilation system show that different branch in the mine ventilationnetwork has different function and branch aerodynamic resistance value input in advance is feasible. The synthesis influence of branch aerodynamic resistance value at entrance and exitto fan equivalent wind pressure were elaborated. Some mine ventilation subsystem stabilityproblem was analyzed and mine ventilation system network calculation experiences wereobtained.
(5) The coupling relationship between natural ventilation pressure and mine ventilationsystem stability was discussed. The sensitivity of branch air quantity to the natural ventilationpressure was discussed. The critical state was studied by analyzing phase chart between Qand H. The results show that the direction of mine air flows may be changed when naturalventilation pressure changes.
(6) The mine piston wind speed mathematical models of transport and hoist equipmentwere established. The influence factors of piston wind speed were analyzed. The influencedegrees of different type piston wind to mine ventilation system stability were compared. Thecomputational methods of parameters in the mathematical model were determined. Therelationships between the mine piston wind speed and the tunnel length, the running speed,the tunnel area were studied.
(7) Used CFD software FLUENT, the three dimensional simulation to piston windorganization at the mine transportation drift were studied. The speeds, static pressuredistribution map at various characteristics sub-plane under different condition were obtained.The entire flow field was divided to different sub-area. The speeds, static pressure changingtendency at the typical position were analyzed. Mechanics origin of the piston wind wasdiscussed.
(8) Since a mine ventilation system is an open, far from balance and unstableconstitutionally system, from three necessary conditions of dissipative structure formation,the stability question of mine ventilation system was described. From the point of dissipationbehavior in mine ventilation system, matter and energy accumulation lead to instability of oldstationary state and formation of new dissipative structure. The conditions and process ofcompleting a non-equilibrium phase transition were described. The detailed methods ofcontrolling mine ventilation system stability were proposed.
(1)编制了以正常生产时期的矿井通风系统工作不稳定为顶上事件的事故树，研究了事故树的结构特征，得到了影响矿井通风系统稳定性的九类原因，分析了其影响范围和程度。
(2)编写了基于Windows平台的矿井通风系统网络解算程序，并与矿井通风理论计算值、现场实测值进行比较，验证了计算程序的可靠性和适用性。
(3)论述了应用矿井通风系统网络分析软件及其解算结果分析矿井通风系统稳定性的可行性，研究了给定精度、迭代初值、网络复杂程度对矿井通风网络解算迭代次数的影响，分析了网络结构和风机工作特性曲线与实际不符、电网波动等因素对网络解算结果可靠性的影响，并提出了相关控制措施。
(4)通过改变特征分支的风阻值，借助网络解算，探讨了矿井通风系统特征参数的可调节性，得到了分支风阻变化与风机工况点及相关分支风量之间的耦合关系。通过对凡口铅锌矿矿井通风系统网络解算，说明了各分支在矿井通风网络中的作用不一、分支风阻预先输入的可行性，阐述了矿井进、回风分支风阻变化对风机等效风压的综合影响，分析了多风机矿井通风子系统稳定性问题，获得了矿井通风系统网络解算的经验。
(5)探讨了矿井通风系统稳定性与自然风压之间的耦合关系，分析了分支风量对自然风压的敏感度，采用Q与H_N相图分析，说明在自然风压作用下矿内分支风流可能改变方向的几种情况，并对临界状态进行了研究。
(6)建立了中段运输设备在巷道中和提升设备在井筒中运动时所产生的活塞风速计算模型，分析了影响活塞风速的因素，比较了不同类型矿井活塞风对矿井通风系统稳定性的影响程度，确定了计算模型中参数的计算方法，重点研究了巷道长度、运行速度和巷道面积与矿井活塞风速之间的关系。
(7)采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对矿井运输巷道内活塞风的风流组织进行了三维数值模拟，得出了不同状态下各特征子平面上的速度、静压分布，并对巷道内空气流域进行了分区，分析了典型位置上的速度、静压变化趋势，探讨了活塞风形成的力学原因。
(8)阐述了矿井通风系统是一个开放、远离平衡、本质不稳定的系统，从耗散结构形成的三个必要条件出发分析了矿井通风系统稳定性问题，从耗散行为角度描述了矿井通风系统内物质、能量形成“堆积”导致原定态失稳、新耗散结构形成、完成一次非平衡相变的条件和过程，提出了控制矿井通风系统稳定性的具体方法。
The development of an underground metal mine has to be safe, stable and high efficienct.It is mainly depended on the normal status of all the systems and the advanced technology ofapplied in the mine. During the period of the normal production of the mine, the regularproduction activity and the mine internal and external condition variation can changefrequently the partial parameters of the mine ventilation system, which reduces the safety andstability of the mine ventilation system. With the rapid development of underground metalmine toward the depth, above problems of mine ventilation system become more and obviousthan before. The study of this dissertation is based on the research reviews of the mineventilation system over the world and the generalized analysis, the investigation of the KeyResearch Projects of Chinese Science and Technology of the tenth "Five-Year-Plan" andother mine ventilation system optimization project at several mines. Theory study, in-situ test,numerical analysis and other approaches were comprehensively used in the study ofdissertation. The main research work of this dissertation and results can be summarized asbelow.
(1) The fault tree of mine ventilation system of un-stability operation was established.By analyzing the structure characteristics of the fault tree, the nine type factors that influencemine ventilation system stability and its influence scope and degree were obtained.
(2) By developing the mine ventilation network analysis program and comparing thecalculating results of the mine ventilation systems in theory with those field measured data,the reliability and applicability of the program were examined.
(3) It was proved that analyzing the stability of mine ventilation system by the achieveddata of running the network analysis software on computer is feasible. The relationshipsbetween iterative times of the mine ventilation system network analysis and assigned theprecision, the iterative starting value and the network complex degree were studied. Someinfluence factors on the reliability of mine ventilation network analysis, such as networkstructure, fan characteristic curves and electricity network fluctuation were discussed. At thesame time, the correlation control measures were proposed.
(4) By changing the aerodynamic resistance value of characteristic branch and in virtueof the network solution, the mine ventilation system characteristic parameters adjustabilitywas discussed. The coupling relationships between branch aerodynamic resistance and fanoperating points and branch air flux were discussed. The network calculation results ofFankou Lead-Zinc Mine ventilation system show that different branch in the mine ventilationnetwork has different function and branch aerodynamic resistance value input in advance is feasible. The synthesis influence of branch aerodynamic resistance value at entrance and exitto fan equivalent wind pressure were elaborated. Some mine ventilation subsystem stabilityproblem was analyzed and mine ventilation system network calculation experiences wereobtained.
(5) The coupling relationship between natural ventilation pressure and mine ventilationsystem stability was discussed. The sensitivity of branch air quantity to the natural ventilationpressure was discussed. The critical state was studied by analyzing phase chart between Qand H. The results show that the direction of mine air flows may be changed when naturalventilation pressure changes.
(6) The mine piston wind speed mathematical models of transport and hoist equipmentwere established. The influence factors of piston wind speed were analyzed. The influencedegrees of different type piston wind to mine ventilation system stability were compared. Thecomputational methods of parameters in the mathematical model were determined. Therelationships between the mine piston wind speed and the tunnel length, the running speed,the tunnel area were studied.
(7) Used CFD software FLUENT, the three dimensional simulation to piston windorganization at the mine transportation drift were studied. The speeds, static pressuredistribution map at various characteristics sub-plane under different condition were obtained.The entire flow field was divided to different sub-area. The speeds, static pressure changingtendency at the typical position were analyzed. Mechanics origin of the piston wind wasdiscussed.
(8) Since a mine ventilation system is an open, far from balance and unstableconstitutionally system, from three necessary conditions of dissipative structure formation,the stability question of mine ventilation system was described. From the point of dissipationbehavior in mine ventilation system, matter and energy accumulation lead to instability of oldstationary state and formation of new dissipative structure. The conditions and process ofcompleting a non-equilibrium phase transition were described. The detailed methods ofcontrolling mine ventilation system stability were proposed.
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