带压开采底板构造裂隙带活化导渗机制
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摘要
随着煤矿延深开采，底板突水已成为威胁煤矿安全生产的最主要灾害之一，构造裂隙带突水是其主要表现形式，研究采掘过程中底板构造裂隙带活化渗流机制，对于矿井水害的预测和防治具有重要意义。为此，论文综合运用室内实验、理论分析及现场实测等方法，针对带压开采过程中的构造裂隙带活化突水通道形成机制及渗流突变规律进行了深入研究，取得如下成果：
对岩石裂隙渗流的细观特征进行试验，分析岩石破坏过程中不同阶段渗透性变化及其与岩石内部微裂纹的演化关系，探讨岩石渗透性随变形的变化特点以及渗透系数应力之间的关联性，得出塑性软岩和脆性坚硬岩石在全应力应变过程中的变形规律及渗透性差异；根据脆性岩石的破坏机制与渗透系数的演化类比关系，结合岩石统计强度和重整化群理论，在岩石试样承载能力概率函数基础上推导出了预测岩石临界破坏点处应变的表达式。
根据底板不同突水模式的力学共性特征，将底板突水划分为突水蓄势和突水失稳两个过程，并阐述各突水过程的基本力学特征，结合已有突水实例的统计结果，分析突水的发生条件、灾变特征及影响因素；通过现场原位压渗实测，获取煤系完整岩层及裂隙带岩体的平均阻渗强度，研究底板岩体的阻渗特征，提出采用底板有效隔水层（单位厚度阻渗强度）评价断层带阻渗条件的方法。
通过室内物理模拟试验，基于采用孔隙流裂隙流管道流的渗流组合类型来表示断层带渗流过程的思想，指出断层带中充填物颗粒的流失是断层突水量和渗流类型发生改变的基础；结合现场压渗试验结果获得了构造裂隙带渗透破坏是底板突水的前兆过程，构造裂隙带活化突水实质是底板岩体发生渗透破坏，也是底板水害防治的重要阶段。
考虑断层破碎带中介质的不同力学性质及外界采掘扰动的影响，用突变理论建立断层活化失稳的非线性模型，推导出断层活化失稳的充要力学判据及突水临界压力；从非线性的角度将诱发断层活化突水的外界扰动条件分为临界微扰动和超前强扰动，分析煤层底板断层活化突水与外界采掘扰动条件的关联性，揭示外界扰动条件下的断层活化突水机理。
论文最后将试验及理论成果应用于现场，检验断层带岩体阻渗强度评价方法及断层活化突变模型的适用性，为带压开采构造扰动底板突水危险性评价提供了理论依据。
With the coal mine extension mining, coal seam floor water inrush has become one of the majorhazards that threaten the safety of mine production. Water inrush from structural fracture zone isthe main form of mine water disasters. The study of seepage mechanism and activation ofstructural fracture floor during the mining process is of great significance for the prediction andprevention of mine water disaster. Therefore, with laboratory test, theoretical analysis and fieldmeasurement used comprehensively, the formation mechanism of fracture fissure zone activationinduced water inrush channel and the seepage mutation law during mining above confinedaquifer was investigated deeply. The results were as follows:
The permeability change at different stages in rock failure process and relationship with theevolution of internal micro cracks were analyzed by the research experiment on micro seepagecharacteristics of rock fracture. With the variation of permeability following with deformationand the correlation between permeability and stress investigated, deformation law and varianceof permeability of plastic soft rock and brittleness hard rock was obtained in complete process ofstress and strain. According to the analogy and development of the failure mechanism andintrinsic permeability of brittle rock, combining with rock statistical strength and renormalizationgroup theory, the expression used to forecast strain on critical destructive point of rock wasderived on basis of probability function used to describe bearing capacity of rock specimen.
According to the common mechanical characteristics of different water inrush mode, theprocess of fault water inrush was divided into two parts: water inrush preparation and activation.According to different mechanism of water inrush, the power of water inrush came fromhydrostatic force and hydrodynamic force. According to main influence factors of water inrush,the fault water inrush was classified into loose fault water inrush, dense filling fault water inrushand intermittent joint fault water inrush. The average water consisting strength of complete rockand fractured rock in coal bed was obtained through in-situ pressure percolation test. Afterwardseepage prevention characteristics of floor analyzed, effective aquiclude under floor was raisedto evaluate condition of seepage prevention in fault zone.
By laboratory simulation test, we proposed the seepage evolution process, pore flow to fissureflow then to pipe flow, to signify the seepage process in fault zone. It is drawn a conclusion thatthe loss of filling particles in fault zone is the basis of fault water inrush quantity and change ofthe seepage type. The result of field water injection test came to the conclusion that the seepagefailure of structural fracture zone was the premonition of the floor water inrush. The structuralfracture zone activation induced water inrush, the important stage of floor water damageprevention, essentially was that the floor was seepage fractured.
Considering the effect of different mechanical properties of medium in the fault zone andexternal mining disturbance, using the catastrophe theory, we established of fault activationinduced instability nonlinear model and derived necessary and sufficient mechanics criterion ofinstability and critical pressure of water inrush. From the non-linear perspective, the externaldisturbance conditions induced fault water inrush was divided into critical perturbationdisturbance and former strong disturbance. On basis of this, with correlation between faultactivation induced water inrush from coal seam floor and external mining disturbance analyzed,mechanism of fault activation induced water inrush under effect of external disturbance wasrevealed.
Finally, the experimental and theoretical results were applied in field test to examine theapplicability of the evaluation method of water resisting strength and fault activation catastrophetheory model. It provide theoretical basis for the water inrush assessment of coal seam floorabove confined aquifer under the effect of structure in mining.
对岩石裂隙渗流的细观特征进行试验，分析岩石破坏过程中不同阶段渗透性变化及其与岩石内部微裂纹的演化关系，探讨岩石渗透性随变形的变化特点以及渗透系数应力之间的关联性，得出塑性软岩和脆性坚硬岩石在全应力应变过程中的变形规律及渗透性差异；根据脆性岩石的破坏机制与渗透系数的演化类比关系，结合岩石统计强度和重整化群理论，在岩石试样承载能力概率函数基础上推导出了预测岩石临界破坏点处应变的表达式。
根据底板不同突水模式的力学共性特征，将底板突水划分为突水蓄势和突水失稳两个过程，并阐述各突水过程的基本力学特征，结合已有突水实例的统计结果，分析突水的发生条件、灾变特征及影响因素；通过现场原位压渗实测，获取煤系完整岩层及裂隙带岩体的平均阻渗强度，研究底板岩体的阻渗特征，提出采用底板有效隔水层（单位厚度阻渗强度）评价断层带阻渗条件的方法。
通过室内物理模拟试验，基于采用孔隙流裂隙流管道流的渗流组合类型来表示断层带渗流过程的思想，指出断层带中充填物颗粒的流失是断层突水量和渗流类型发生改变的基础；结合现场压渗试验结果获得了构造裂隙带渗透破坏是底板突水的前兆过程，构造裂隙带活化突水实质是底板岩体发生渗透破坏，也是底板水害防治的重要阶段。
考虑断层破碎带中介质的不同力学性质及外界采掘扰动的影响，用突变理论建立断层活化失稳的非线性模型，推导出断层活化失稳的充要力学判据及突水临界压力；从非线性的角度将诱发断层活化突水的外界扰动条件分为临界微扰动和超前强扰动，分析煤层底板断层活化突水与外界采掘扰动条件的关联性，揭示外界扰动条件下的断层活化突水机理。
论文最后将试验及理论成果应用于现场，检验断层带岩体阻渗强度评价方法及断层活化突变模型的适用性，为带压开采构造扰动底板突水危险性评价提供了理论依据。
With the coal mine extension mining, coal seam floor water inrush has become one of the majorhazards that threaten the safety of mine production. Water inrush from structural fracture zone isthe main form of mine water disasters. The study of seepage mechanism and activation ofstructural fracture floor during the mining process is of great significance for the prediction andprevention of mine water disaster. Therefore, with laboratory test, theoretical analysis and fieldmeasurement used comprehensively, the formation mechanism of fracture fissure zone activationinduced water inrush channel and the seepage mutation law during mining above confinedaquifer was investigated deeply. The results were as follows:
The permeability change at different stages in rock failure process and relationship with theevolution of internal micro cracks were analyzed by the research experiment on micro seepagecharacteristics of rock fracture. With the variation of permeability following with deformationand the correlation between permeability and stress investigated, deformation law and varianceof permeability of plastic soft rock and brittleness hard rock was obtained in complete process ofstress and strain. According to the analogy and development of the failure mechanism andintrinsic permeability of brittle rock, combining with rock statistical strength and renormalizationgroup theory, the expression used to forecast strain on critical destructive point of rock wasderived on basis of probability function used to describe bearing capacity of rock specimen.
According to the common mechanical characteristics of different water inrush mode, theprocess of fault water inrush was divided into two parts: water inrush preparation and activation.According to different mechanism of water inrush, the power of water inrush came fromhydrostatic force and hydrodynamic force. According to main influence factors of water inrush,the fault water inrush was classified into loose fault water inrush, dense filling fault water inrushand intermittent joint fault water inrush. The average water consisting strength of complete rockand fractured rock in coal bed was obtained through in-situ pressure percolation test. Afterwardseepage prevention characteristics of floor analyzed, effective aquiclude under floor was raisedto evaluate condition of seepage prevention in fault zone.
By laboratory simulation test, we proposed the seepage evolution process, pore flow to fissureflow then to pipe flow, to signify the seepage process in fault zone. It is drawn a conclusion thatthe loss of filling particles in fault zone is the basis of fault water inrush quantity and change ofthe seepage type. The result of field water injection test came to the conclusion that the seepagefailure of structural fracture zone was the premonition of the floor water inrush. The structuralfracture zone activation induced water inrush, the important stage of floor water damageprevention, essentially was that the floor was seepage fractured.
Considering the effect of different mechanical properties of medium in the fault zone andexternal mining disturbance, using the catastrophe theory, we established of fault activationinduced instability nonlinear model and derived necessary and sufficient mechanics criterion ofinstability and critical pressure of water inrush. From the non-linear perspective, the externaldisturbance conditions induced fault water inrush was divided into critical perturbationdisturbance and former strong disturbance. On basis of this, with correlation between faultactivation induced water inrush from coal seam floor and external mining disturbance analyzed,mechanism of fault activation induced water inrush under effect of external disturbance wasrevealed.
Finally, the experimental and theoretical results were applied in field test to examine theapplicability of the evaluation method of water resisting strength and fault activation catastrophetheory model. It provide theoretical basis for the water inrush assessment of coal seam floorabove confined aquifer under the effect of structure in mining.
引文
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