大牛地气田上古生界流体特征与天然气运移规律研究
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摘要
大牛地气田是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界六大天然气田之一,属于岩性地层气藏,具有低孔、低渗、低压、非均质性强等特征。随着气田勘探开发程度的不断提高,尤其是随着气田勘探开发资料的丰富和对气田成藏成岩规律认识的不断提高,进一步深入研究气田压力特征、流体地球化学特征、天然气运移规律等成藏研究的关键问题,对于促进天然气的勘探开发有着重要的意义。
本文在总结前人对研究区成藏、成岩研究的基础上,通过对泥岩欠压实压力、生烃压力、天然气散失量的计算,并建立封闭孔隙系统气水两相流体压力方程,研究不平衡压实作用、生烃增压作用、天然气散失作用、地层抬升卸载-温度下降-岩石回弹综合作用对大牛地气田低压、常压形成的影响,阐明气田压力成因;通过分析地层水离子间的富集与亏损关系,解释气田地层水成因;通过对天然气地球化学特征的分析,揭示气田天然气运移特征;在上述研究的基础上,通过建立天然气运移方式的力学条件,分析生烃作用、储层物性及裂缝对天然气运移的控制作用,并结合气田气水分布特征,进一步认识天然气运移规律,建立天然气运移模式。
根据本次研究,主要取得了以下成果和认识:
1.晚三叠世至早白垩世,大牛地气田上古生界储层在持续埋深的过程中,先后由不均衡压实作用和生烃作用产生了超压;早白垩世末期,地层发生整体抬升,卸载、温度下降、岩石回弹的综合作用导致了现今储层低压、常压形成,天然气散失主要起限制超压进一步加大的作用。
2.大牛地气田砂岩储层成岩演化过程中,地层水介质的酸碱度与煤系环境及煤系烃源岩的热演化密切相关,并直接控制了储层砂岩的成岩作用。
3.地层水和天然气地球化学特征均表明地质流体发生过跨层流动。
4.大牛地气田储层物性、裂缝、生烃强度等因素控制了天然气的运移。天然气以垂向运移为主,运移通道主要为垂直裂缝;侧向上的运移主要通过物性好的砂体进行,除太2段天然气长距离侧向运移较为容易外,其他层段天然气长距离侧向运移能力微弱。
5.通过综合分析地质流体压力、地球化学特征、气水分布、天然气运移方式及运移控制因素等研究成果建立了天然气运移模式,认为研究区天然气的运移主要存在两个阶段:中侏罗世至早白垩世末期,受生气强度和砂体排泄能力控制,区域上剩余压力差值较大,天然气以活塞式运移为主,但运移距离有限;早白垩世末,地层抬升,生烃能力下降,流体压力从不平衡状态逐渐向平衡状态转化,运移方式由活塞式运移逐渐变为置换式运移,直到达到平衡。
Daniudi gas field is one of the six abundant natural gas fields of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin which belongs to lithostratigraphic gas reservoirs and it shows the characteristics of low porosity, low permeability , subnormal formation pressure, complex reservoir heterogeneity. Along with the increasing degree of the exploration and exploitation, especially the increasing of exploration and exploitation data and cognition for gas accumulation and reservoir diagenesis of Gas Field, it is very important for accelerating gas exploration and exploitation to enough research on pressure character, fluid geochemistry character and gas migration.
Base on summarizing research production of former scholar on gas accumulation and reservoir diagenesis, by calculating fluid pressure, gas diffusivity and establishing liquid pressure equation of the gas-water phase in the closed porosity system, researches disequilibrium compaction effect, hydrocarbon generation effect, gas diffusivity effect and the effects of uplift unload, temperature drop and rock rebounding during the formation of low pressure and normal pressure in Daniudi gas field, and illuminates the mechanisms of generating abnormal pressure. By analyzing the enrichment and deficit of ion in the formation water, explains the mechanisms of generating formation water. By analyzing the gas geochemistry character, illuminates gas migration character. Based on the researches, by establishing the condition of gas migration mode, analyses hydrocarbon generation effect, the petrophysical properties of the reservoir and fracture during gas migration, and combines the gas-water distribution character, farther knows gas migration rule, and establishes gas migration mode.
Though this research, the conclusion are gained in this thesis:
1.From late Triassic to early Cretaceous, because of disequilibrium compaction effect and hydrocarbon generation effect, the Upper Paleozoic formation of Daniudi gas field generated abnormal overpressure, and the end of early Cretaceous, the effects of Uplift unload, temperature drop and rock rebounding made reservoir generate low pressure and normal pressure, gas diffusivity effect limited the increase of abnormal overpressure.
2.During reservoir diagenesis, acidity and alkalescence of formation water related to coal layer environment and thermal evolution characteristics of source rocks, and controlled reservoir diagenesis.
3.Geochemistry character of formation water and gas show that formation fliud occurred crossing formation flow.
4 . The petrophysical properties of the reservoir, fracture and degree of hydrocarbon generation controlled gas migration. Gas migration was mostly vertical migration by vertical fracture. Gas lateral migration occurred commonly in sandstone with better petrophysical properties. Gas lateral migration of long distance in tai2 formation sandstone was relatively easy, but was feebleness in other formations.
5.By analyzing fluid pressure, geochemistry character, gas-water distribution, the condition of gas migration mode and migration control factor, establishes gas migration mode, and consider that gas migration period could be compartmentalized two phases: from middle Jurassic to end of early Cretaceous, because of control of gas generation and sand discharge capability, excess differential pressure was biggish in the area, so gas migrated as piston, but migration distance was short. End of early Cretaceous, stratum uplift and gas generation capacity fall, so fluid pressure transformed from disequilibrium to equilibrium, and gas migration mode transformed from migration of piston to replacement migration, till equilibrium.
本文在总结前人对研究区成藏、成岩研究的基础上,通过对泥岩欠压实压力、生烃压力、天然气散失量的计算,并建立封闭孔隙系统气水两相流体压力方程,研究不平衡压实作用、生烃增压作用、天然气散失作用、地层抬升卸载-温度下降-岩石回弹综合作用对大牛地气田低压、常压形成的影响,阐明气田压力成因;通过分析地层水离子间的富集与亏损关系,解释气田地层水成因;通过对天然气地球化学特征的分析,揭示气田天然气运移特征;在上述研究的基础上,通过建立天然气运移方式的力学条件,分析生烃作用、储层物性及裂缝对天然气运移的控制作用,并结合气田气水分布特征,进一步认识天然气运移规律,建立天然气运移模式。
根据本次研究,主要取得了以下成果和认识:
1.晚三叠世至早白垩世,大牛地气田上古生界储层在持续埋深的过程中,先后由不均衡压实作用和生烃作用产生了超压;早白垩世末期,地层发生整体抬升,卸载、温度下降、岩石回弹的综合作用导致了现今储层低压、常压形成,天然气散失主要起限制超压进一步加大的作用。
2.大牛地气田砂岩储层成岩演化过程中,地层水介质的酸碱度与煤系环境及煤系烃源岩的热演化密切相关,并直接控制了储层砂岩的成岩作用。
3.地层水和天然气地球化学特征均表明地质流体发生过跨层流动。
4.大牛地气田储层物性、裂缝、生烃强度等因素控制了天然气的运移。天然气以垂向运移为主,运移通道主要为垂直裂缝;侧向上的运移主要通过物性好的砂体进行,除太2段天然气长距离侧向运移较为容易外,其他层段天然气长距离侧向运移能力微弱。
5.通过综合分析地质流体压力、地球化学特征、气水分布、天然气运移方式及运移控制因素等研究成果建立了天然气运移模式,认为研究区天然气的运移主要存在两个阶段:中侏罗世至早白垩世末期,受生气强度和砂体排泄能力控制,区域上剩余压力差值较大,天然气以活塞式运移为主,但运移距离有限;早白垩世末,地层抬升,生烃能力下降,流体压力从不平衡状态逐渐向平衡状态转化,运移方式由活塞式运移逐渐变为置换式运移,直到达到平衡。
Daniudi gas field is one of the six abundant natural gas fields of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin which belongs to lithostratigraphic gas reservoirs and it shows the characteristics of low porosity, low permeability , subnormal formation pressure, complex reservoir heterogeneity. Along with the increasing degree of the exploration and exploitation, especially the increasing of exploration and exploitation data and cognition for gas accumulation and reservoir diagenesis of Gas Field, it is very important for accelerating gas exploration and exploitation to enough research on pressure character, fluid geochemistry character and gas migration.
Base on summarizing research production of former scholar on gas accumulation and reservoir diagenesis, by calculating fluid pressure, gas diffusivity and establishing liquid pressure equation of the gas-water phase in the closed porosity system, researches disequilibrium compaction effect, hydrocarbon generation effect, gas diffusivity effect and the effects of uplift unload, temperature drop and rock rebounding during the formation of low pressure and normal pressure in Daniudi gas field, and illuminates the mechanisms of generating abnormal pressure. By analyzing the enrichment and deficit of ion in the formation water, explains the mechanisms of generating formation water. By analyzing the gas geochemistry character, illuminates gas migration character. Based on the researches, by establishing the condition of gas migration mode, analyses hydrocarbon generation effect, the petrophysical properties of the reservoir and fracture during gas migration, and combines the gas-water distribution character, farther knows gas migration rule, and establishes gas migration mode.
Though this research, the conclusion are gained in this thesis:
1.From late Triassic to early Cretaceous, because of disequilibrium compaction effect and hydrocarbon generation effect, the Upper Paleozoic formation of Daniudi gas field generated abnormal overpressure, and the end of early Cretaceous, the effects of Uplift unload, temperature drop and rock rebounding made reservoir generate low pressure and normal pressure, gas diffusivity effect limited the increase of abnormal overpressure.
2.During reservoir diagenesis, acidity and alkalescence of formation water related to coal layer environment and thermal evolution characteristics of source rocks, and controlled reservoir diagenesis.
3.Geochemistry character of formation water and gas show that formation fliud occurred crossing formation flow.
4 . The petrophysical properties of the reservoir, fracture and degree of hydrocarbon generation controlled gas migration. Gas migration was mostly vertical migration by vertical fracture. Gas lateral migration occurred commonly in sandstone with better petrophysical properties. Gas lateral migration of long distance in tai2 formation sandstone was relatively easy, but was feebleness in other formations.
5.By analyzing fluid pressure, geochemistry character, gas-water distribution, the condition of gas migration mode and migration control factor, establishes gas migration mode, and consider that gas migration period could be compartmentalized two phases: from middle Jurassic to end of early Cretaceous, because of control of gas generation and sand discharge capability, excess differential pressure was biggish in the area, so gas migrated as piston, but migration distance was short. End of early Cretaceous, stratum uplift and gas generation capacity fall, so fluid pressure transformed from disequilibrium to equilibrium, and gas migration mode transformed from migration of piston to replacement migration, till equilibrium.
引文
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