松花江流域（吉林省部分）水环境持久性污染物的环境特征
|
摘要
本文对松花江流域（吉林省部分）地表水体和沉积物中的持久性污染物的背景值、含量、分布特征进行研究，讨论了沉积物中重金属和多环芳烃释放的影响因素，释放动力学特征并比较了松花江流域内不同类别沉积物污染物的释放特征；同时开展了水环境重金属和多环芳烃对水生生物的生态风险特征研究。研究发现：松花江流域河源亚区水环境重金属的含量基本维持在自然背景值左右，上游亚区铅、铜、镉污染较为严重，中下游亚区铅、镉的污染仍较为严重，且含量比上游有明显的升高；水体多环芳烃在河源、上游亚区的含量较低，而下游亚区多环芳烃无论含量还是检出率都明显高于河源、上游亚区，有机氯农药在上游亚区含量和检出率较高，但中下游亚区检出率不高，且污染也较轻。沉积物多环芳烃在河源亚区含量较低，但上游、中下游亚区含量明显高于河源亚区，且两个区域变化不大。有机氯农药在河源亚区和中下游含量较低，而在上游亚区检出率和含量都非常高，污染较严重。持久性污染物释放特征研究表明：搅拌速率、腐殖质、温度等因素对持久性污染物的释放有显著影响，沉积物的性质和重金属的形态对重金属的释放有显著的影响；沉积物PAHs释放速率较快，0.5h就已释放完成。荧蒽和芘吸附速率/解吸速率远大于菲、苊烯、荧蒽，说明高环多环芳烃进入水中后更容易进入沉积物而难以释放；沉积物有机质的含量与PAHs的释放率成反比。生态风险分析表明：松花江流域水环境重金属生态风险较低，镉的含量几乎是生态危害风险程度的决定依据；多环芳烃对水生生物的生态风险不突出。通过对流域持久性污染物环境特征的研究，对于深入了解松花江流域持久性污染物的分布特征、环境行为和生态效应，流域的水环境管理和污染治理具有重要的理论和现实意义。
Songhua River (Jilin Province) is the main water source of agricultural andindustrial production and the main artery of the economic development of JilinProvince, China. Emissions of pollutants along Songhua River were significantlyreduced and the water quality had some improvement afer the policy of recuperateand build up strength from China's environmental protection department in2006. ButIndustrial structure was not reasonable and the extensive mode of economic growthwas backward along Songhua River.With the rise of the modern industrial, more andmore types and emissions of pollutants were discharged into Songhua River directlyor indirectly, which produced more and more serious water environmental problems.Persistent pollutants (including heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, etc.) areresistant to degradation and have the characteristics of biomagnification andbiomagnification, which led to its pollution problems caused for concern. Theunderstanding of the content and spatial distribution of persistent pollutants and thepollution status quo evaluation, exploring the formation process and mechanism of thepollution of the main characteristics of pollutants and evaluation of the waterpersistent organic pollutants to the effects on aquatic organisms in Songhua Rive haveimportant significance to the pollution control and the formulation of the developmentplan of Songhua River.
The whole studied area of Songhua River (Jilin Province) was dvided into threerepresentative regions: the source of the river, the upper reaches of the river, themiddle and lower reaches of the river, which were set50water samples and39surface sediment sampling sites and4core sediment sampling sites. Research ofpersistent pollutants in the water samples, surface sediments and core sediments of these areas was carried out from August2011to June2012. Heavy metals,hexachloro-cyclohexane (HCHs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDTs) aswell as16kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in thewater samples. Heavy metals, HCHs, DDTs and16PAHs were analysed in the surfacesediment samples. Analysis of heavy metals, HCHs and DDTs was in the coresediment samples. The contents of heavy metal and persistent organic pollutants weremeasured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gas chromatogramphy-massspectrometry respectively.
The object of this study was the preindustrial sediment samples and thesediments and water samples of source water area that were less affected by human.The background values of heavy metals in the water samples and sediments wereinvestigated. The results showed that the mean background values of heavy metalsand in the aqueous phase were: Zn7.70μg/L, Pb1.60μg/L, Cu5.25μg/L, Fe1.03mg/L.The values were similar to the background of the major rivers and lakes ofthe Heilongjiang River. Compared with chemical properties of the source of SonghuaRiver, the research data was basically similar. The average background values ofheavy metals in the pre-industrial sediments: Cd1.72μg/g, Cu15.83μg/g, Pb23.26μg/g, Ni62.16μg/g, Zn63.25μg/g, Mn329.07μg/g, Fe0.63%. The contents ofCd, Ni were significantly higher compared with background values of heavy metals inthe sediments of other tributaries of Songhua River Basin.
The analysis result of heavy metals showed that: the water quality of samplesfrom source of the river remained in a state of the natural background, basicallyunpolluted. The pollution of Pb, Cu, Cr were more serious in the upper reaches of theriver, and and only reached Grade Ⅴ standard.Pb pollution was the most serious inthe middle and lower reaches of the sub-region. The content anlysis of PAHs andOCPs showed that: the contents of PAHs were maintained at the state of naturalbackground in the the source of the river and the upper reaches of the river. Thepollution of OCPs in the region was more serious. The monitoring results of themiddle and lower reaches of the river were much higher than the source and upperreaches of the river. Detection rate of organochlorine pesticides in the region was very low, and β-HCH was the major isomer. The contents of DDTs were not detected. Themore serious point was Xinxing Forest Town from the spatial distribution of waterpollution in the region of the source of the river. The pollution of Piao River, MuqiRiver, Lishugou and Huifa River were more serious in the upper reaches of the river.The pollution of Xiushui River was the most serious in the middle and lower reachesof the river.
The analysis of content of heavy metals in the surface sediments showed that thecontent of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the source of the river remained inthe state of the natural background. The contents of Cd and Pb were significantlymore than the natural background and the content of Ni was also higher. The contentsof heavy metals in the middle and lower reaches of the river were similar to the theupper reaches of the river. The pollution of Cd and Pb was also serious and theaverage contents increased. The analysis of content of PAHs in the surface sedimetsshowed that the rings of PAHs were mainly lower than4rings and the proportion of5～6rings increased in the middle and lower reaches of the river. The total content ofPAHs in the surface sediments of the the upper reaches of the river was similar to themiddle and lower reaches of the river but they were all higher than the averagecontent of PAHs of the source of the river. The sources of heavy metals and PAHs inthe sediments were evaluated quantitatively with application of factor analysis model.The results showed that the sources of heavy metals were the wastewater of lead-acidbatteries, metal smelting, automobile exhaust and coal-fired which was Pb as themajor pollutant and the industrial wastewater of electroplate, iron and steel, electricalmachinery and equipment manufacturing which was Cd as the major pollutant. Thesources of PAHs were mainly from traffic, coal combustion and life and industrialsewage discharge. Most of the sampling sites were influenced by two and two or moresources. Analysis of the content of OCPs showed that the HCHs average content inthe surface sediments of the upper and lower reaches of the river was lower than thecontent of the source of the river and the isomers of HCHs were mainly β-HCH. Thesouce of HCHs was mainly from historical emissions and there was no DDTspollution in recent years in the region. Analysis of vertical distribution of the persistent pollutants showed that distribution characteristics of Cu, Zn, Pb wereaffected by human factors mostly and the contents had a clear upward trend in thesurface sediments. The contents of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments werevery low with the peak values between12～18cm. It illustrated that a large number oforganochlorine pesticides were used in agricultural production in history. Theevaluation results of the content of heavy metals in the surface sediments showed thatthe contents of heavy metals were almost lower than the natural background valuesexcept Cd if making an assessment of soil quality standards. The evaluation resultswhich applied Index of Geoaccumulation and Multivariate Pollution Index showedthat most of the sampling points located in the minor contamination. There werefewer sampling points which were moderately polluted and severely polluted and theywere all concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the river.
The influencing factors of release, release kinetics as well as the different releaseof different texture sediments of persistant pollutants were studied in the sediments.The release law of heavy metals showed that the release rate of heavy metals from thesediments was accelerated with the increasing of stirring speed, humus concentrationand aeration. The release of heavy metals was inhibited with the rise of pH. Kineticstudies indicated that the release of heavy metals from sediments was basicallycompleted in about eight hours. The release quantities of heavy metals from differentsediments were affected by properties of sediments and heavy metal speciation. Therelease law of PAHs showed that the release rate of PAHs from the sediments wasaccelerated with the increasing of stirring speed and temperatures while other factorshad little effect. Kinetic studies indicated that PAHs in the sediments had been in arapid-release and the release time was0.5h. Kinetic studies showed the adsorption/desorption rate of fluoranthene and pyrene was much greater than the Philippines,acenaphthylene and fluoranthene, which illustrated that multi-ring PAHs whichentered the water were more easily into the sediment and difficult to release. Therelease rate of the five kinds of PAHs was fluorene> phenanthrene> acenaphthylene>pyrene> fluoranthene. The release rates of PAHs from different sediments were ininversely proportional to the amount of the sediment organic matters.
The indicative characteristics of heavy metal pollution on the quality of theaquatic ecosystems were evaluated by SEM and the AVI relationship research. Theresults showed that ΣSEM/AVS of sampling sites were less than2and SEM-AVSwere less than0.5which indicated heavy metals in the sediments of Sencond SonghuaRiver basically did not produce toxic on benthic animals. The ecological risk indexmethod was applicated to evaluate the risk of heavy metals in the sediments to benthicanimals. The results showed that the ecological risk of heavy metals of most locationshad a minor level. Cd was overwhelmingly dominant from the contrast of potentialecological risk which was almost decisive basis in the evaluation of potentialecological risk in the current heavy metal pollution in the sediments. The exposure riskevaluation of PAHs in the sediments showed that the risk of exposure of PAHs werelower than10%except fluorene and acenaphthylene. The total contents of PAHs werelower than ERL, which suggested not obvious risk of exposure of PAHs in thesediments.Quantitative analysis of the risk to aquatic organisms of PAHs in the watershowed that PAHs in the water were no prominent influence on aquatic organismexcept sand fleas. Therefore, the risk of PAHs in the water to aquatic organisms wasvery low and the pollution was also slightly polluted on the whole.
Songhua River (Jilin Province) is the main water source of agricultural andindustrial production and the main artery of the economic development of JilinProvince, China. Emissions of pollutants along Songhua River were significantlyreduced and the water quality had some improvement afer the policy of recuperateand build up strength from China's environmental protection department in2006. ButIndustrial structure was not reasonable and the extensive mode of economic growthwas backward along Songhua River.With the rise of the modern industrial, more andmore types and emissions of pollutants were discharged into Songhua River directlyor indirectly, which produced more and more serious water environmental problems.Persistent pollutants (including heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, etc.) areresistant to degradation and have the characteristics of biomagnification andbiomagnification, which led to its pollution problems caused for concern. Theunderstanding of the content and spatial distribution of persistent pollutants and thepollution status quo evaluation, exploring the formation process and mechanism of thepollution of the main characteristics of pollutants and evaluation of the waterpersistent organic pollutants to the effects on aquatic organisms in Songhua Rive haveimportant significance to the pollution control and the formulation of the developmentplan of Songhua River.
The whole studied area of Songhua River (Jilin Province) was dvided into threerepresentative regions: the source of the river, the upper reaches of the river, themiddle and lower reaches of the river, which were set50water samples and39surface sediment sampling sites and4core sediment sampling sites. Research ofpersistent pollutants in the water samples, surface sediments and core sediments of these areas was carried out from August2011to June2012. Heavy metals,hexachloro-cyclohexane (HCHs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDTs) aswell as16kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in thewater samples. Heavy metals, HCHs, DDTs and16PAHs were analysed in the surfacesediment samples. Analysis of heavy metals, HCHs and DDTs was in the coresediment samples. The contents of heavy metal and persistent organic pollutants weremeasured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gas chromatogramphy-massspectrometry respectively.
The object of this study was the preindustrial sediment samples and thesediments and water samples of source water area that were less affected by human.The background values of heavy metals in the water samples and sediments wereinvestigated. The results showed that the mean background values of heavy metalsand in the aqueous phase were: Zn7.70μg/L, Pb1.60μg/L, Cu5.25μg/L, Fe1.03mg/L.The values were similar to the background of the major rivers and lakes ofthe Heilongjiang River. Compared with chemical properties of the source of SonghuaRiver, the research data was basically similar. The average background values ofheavy metals in the pre-industrial sediments: Cd1.72μg/g, Cu15.83μg/g, Pb23.26μg/g, Ni62.16μg/g, Zn63.25μg/g, Mn329.07μg/g, Fe0.63%. The contents ofCd, Ni were significantly higher compared with background values of heavy metals inthe sediments of other tributaries of Songhua River Basin.
The analysis result of heavy metals showed that: the water quality of samplesfrom source of the river remained in a state of the natural background, basicallyunpolluted. The pollution of Pb, Cu, Cr were more serious in the upper reaches of theriver, and and only reached Grade Ⅴ standard.Pb pollution was the most serious inthe middle and lower reaches of the sub-region. The content anlysis of PAHs andOCPs showed that: the contents of PAHs were maintained at the state of naturalbackground in the the source of the river and the upper reaches of the river. Thepollution of OCPs in the region was more serious. The monitoring results of themiddle and lower reaches of the river were much higher than the source and upperreaches of the river. Detection rate of organochlorine pesticides in the region was very low, and β-HCH was the major isomer. The contents of DDTs were not detected. Themore serious point was Xinxing Forest Town from the spatial distribution of waterpollution in the region of the source of the river. The pollution of Piao River, MuqiRiver, Lishugou and Huifa River were more serious in the upper reaches of the river.The pollution of Xiushui River was the most serious in the middle and lower reachesof the river.
The analysis of content of heavy metals in the surface sediments showed that thecontent of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the source of the river remained inthe state of the natural background. The contents of Cd and Pb were significantlymore than the natural background and the content of Ni was also higher. The contentsof heavy metals in the middle and lower reaches of the river were similar to the theupper reaches of the river. The pollution of Cd and Pb was also serious and theaverage contents increased. The analysis of content of PAHs in the surface sedimetsshowed that the rings of PAHs were mainly lower than4rings and the proportion of5～6rings increased in the middle and lower reaches of the river. The total content ofPAHs in the surface sediments of the the upper reaches of the river was similar to themiddle and lower reaches of the river but they were all higher than the averagecontent of PAHs of the source of the river. The sources of heavy metals and PAHs inthe sediments were evaluated quantitatively with application of factor analysis model.The results showed that the sources of heavy metals were the wastewater of lead-acidbatteries, metal smelting, automobile exhaust and coal-fired which was Pb as themajor pollutant and the industrial wastewater of electroplate, iron and steel, electricalmachinery and equipment manufacturing which was Cd as the major pollutant. Thesources of PAHs were mainly from traffic, coal combustion and life and industrialsewage discharge. Most of the sampling sites were influenced by two and two or moresources. Analysis of the content of OCPs showed that the HCHs average content inthe surface sediments of the upper and lower reaches of the river was lower than thecontent of the source of the river and the isomers of HCHs were mainly β-HCH. Thesouce of HCHs was mainly from historical emissions and there was no DDTspollution in recent years in the region. Analysis of vertical distribution of the persistent pollutants showed that distribution characteristics of Cu, Zn, Pb wereaffected by human factors mostly and the contents had a clear upward trend in thesurface sediments. The contents of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments werevery low with the peak values between12～18cm. It illustrated that a large number oforganochlorine pesticides were used in agricultural production in history. Theevaluation results of the content of heavy metals in the surface sediments showed thatthe contents of heavy metals were almost lower than the natural background valuesexcept Cd if making an assessment of soil quality standards. The evaluation resultswhich applied Index of Geoaccumulation and Multivariate Pollution Index showedthat most of the sampling points located in the minor contamination. There werefewer sampling points which were moderately polluted and severely polluted and theywere all concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the river.
The influencing factors of release, release kinetics as well as the different releaseof different texture sediments of persistant pollutants were studied in the sediments.The release law of heavy metals showed that the release rate of heavy metals from thesediments was accelerated with the increasing of stirring speed, humus concentrationand aeration. The release of heavy metals was inhibited with the rise of pH. Kineticstudies indicated that the release of heavy metals from sediments was basicallycompleted in about eight hours. The release quantities of heavy metals from differentsediments were affected by properties of sediments and heavy metal speciation. Therelease law of PAHs showed that the release rate of PAHs from the sediments wasaccelerated with the increasing of stirring speed and temperatures while other factorshad little effect. Kinetic studies indicated that PAHs in the sediments had been in arapid-release and the release time was0.5h. Kinetic studies showed the adsorption/desorption rate of fluoranthene and pyrene was much greater than the Philippines,acenaphthylene and fluoranthene, which illustrated that multi-ring PAHs whichentered the water were more easily into the sediment and difficult to release. Therelease rate of the five kinds of PAHs was fluorene> phenanthrene> acenaphthylene>pyrene> fluoranthene. The release rates of PAHs from different sediments were ininversely proportional to the amount of the sediment organic matters.
The indicative characteristics of heavy metal pollution on the quality of theaquatic ecosystems were evaluated by SEM and the AVI relationship research. Theresults showed that ΣSEM/AVS of sampling sites were less than2and SEM-AVSwere less than0.5which indicated heavy metals in the sediments of Sencond SonghuaRiver basically did not produce toxic on benthic animals. The ecological risk indexmethod was applicated to evaluate the risk of heavy metals in the sediments to benthicanimals. The results showed that the ecological risk of heavy metals of most locationshad a minor level. Cd was overwhelmingly dominant from the contrast of potentialecological risk which was almost decisive basis in the evaluation of potentialecological risk in the current heavy metal pollution in the sediments. The exposure riskevaluation of PAHs in the sediments showed that the risk of exposure of PAHs werelower than10%except fluorene and acenaphthylene. The total contents of PAHs werelower than ERL, which suggested not obvious risk of exposure of PAHs in thesediments.Quantitative analysis of the risk to aquatic organisms of PAHs in the watershowed that PAHs in the water were no prominent influence on aquatic organismexcept sand fleas. Therefore, the risk of PAHs in the water to aquatic organisms wasvery low and the pollution was also slightly polluted on the whole.
引文
1. Clarke F W. Data of Geochemistry.5th ed [M]. U S: Geol Bull,1924.770.
2. Alekin O A, Brazhnikova L V. Runoff of dissolved substances from the USSRTerritory (in Russian)[M]. Moscow: Nauka,1964.
3. Livingstone D A. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes [M].. In: Data ofChemistry. U S: Geol Survey Prof Paper440G.1963.1-64.
4. Gibbs R J. Water chemistry of the Amazon River [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1972,36:1061-1066.
5. Stallard R F, Edmond J M. Geochemistry of the Amazon1. Precipitation chemistryand the marine contribution to the dissolved load at the time of peak discharge[M]. J Geophys Res,1981,86:9844-9855.
6. Stallard R F, Edmond J M. Geochemistry of the Amazon2. The influence ofgeology and weathering environment on the dissolved load [M]. J Geophy Res,1983,88:9671-9688.
7. Stallard R F, Edmond J M. Geochemistry of the Amazon3. Weathering chemistryand limits to dissolved inputs [M]. J Geophys Res,1987,92:8293-8302.
8. Gaillardet J, Dupre B, Allegre C J et al. Chemical and physical denudation in theAmazon river basin [J]. Chem Geol,1997,142:141-173.
9. Stallard R F, Koehnken L, Johnson M J. Weathering processes and the compositionof inorganic material transported through the Orinoco River system, Venezuelaand Colombia [J]. Geoderma,1991,51:133-165.
10. Edmond J M, Palmer M R, Measures C I et al. Fluvial geochemistry of the easternslope of the north-eastern Andes and its foredeep in the drainage of the Orinocoin Colombia and Venezuela [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1996,60:2949-2976.
11. Reeder S W, Hithchon B, Levinson A A. Hydrogeochemistry of the surface watersof the Mackenzie River drainage basin, Canada-1. Factors controlling inorganiccomposition [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1972,36:181-192.
12. Millot R, Gaillardet J, Dupre B et al. Northern latitude chemical weathering rates:Clues from the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2003,67:1305-1329.
13. Gordeev V V, Sidorov L S. Concentrations of major elements and their outflowinto the Lapev Sea by the Lena River [J]. Mar chem,1993,43:33-45.
14. Huh Y, Tsoi M-Y, Zaitev A et al. The fluvial geochemistry of the rivers of EasternSiberia: Ⅰ. Tributaries of the River draining the sedimentary platform of theSiberian Craton [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1988a,62:1657-1676.
15. Huh Y, Panteleyev G, Babith D et al. The fluvial geochemistry of rivers of EasternSiberia: Ⅱ. Tributaries of the Lena, Omoloy, Yana, Indigirka/Kolyma, andAnadyr draining the collisional/accretionary zone of the Verkhoyansk andCherskiy ranges [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1988b,62:2053-2075.
16. Sarin M M, Krishnaswami S, Dili K et al. Major ion chemistry of theGanga-Brahmaputra river system: Weathering processes and fluxes to the Bay ofBengal [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1989,53:997-1009.
17. Sarin M M, Krishnaswami S, Trivedi J R et al. Major ion chemistry of the Gangasource waters: Weathering in the high altitude Himalaya.[M] Proc Ind Acad Sci(Earth Planet Sci),1992,101:89-98.
18. Crutzen P J, Stoermer E F. The Anthropocene [J]. Global Change Newsletter,2000,41:17-18.
19. Meybeck M. Global occurence of major elements in rivers [M]. In: Drever J J ed.Surface and Ground water, Weathering, and Soils, Vol.5. Treatise onGeochemistry (Holland H D, Turekian K K eds.). Oxford: Elsevier-Pergamon,2003.207-223.
20. Hu M H, Stallard R F, Edmond J M. Major ion chemistry of some large Chineserivers [J]. Nature,1982,298:550-553.
21. Chen J S, Wang F Y, Xia X H et al. Major element chemistry of the Changjiang(Yangtze River)[J]. Chemical Geology,2002,187:231-255.
22. Chen J S, Wang F Y, Maybeck. Spatial and temporal analysis of water chemistryrecords (1958-2000) in the Huanghe (Yellow River) Basin [J]. GlobalBiogeochemical Cycles, Vol.19, GB3016, doi:10.1029/2004GB002325,2005.
23.郎佩珍，袁星，丁蕴铮等.第二松花江吉林段水中有机污染物研究[M].中国环境科学出版社，2008,3-12.
24. Liu B L, Hua X Y, Dong D M et al. Simulation study on natural attenuation ofnitrobenzene in natural water [J]. Asian Journal of Chemistry,2013,25(4):1981-1986.
25.赵红梅，徐宏恩，王士君.松花江佳木斯段水环境容量分析[J].东北师范大学学报（自然科学版），2008，40（2）：109-114.
26.汪晓梅，王新智，张虎子等.松花江吉林段有机污染调查与模糊评价[J].国土与自然环境研究，2012，4：60-63.
27. Irion G. Sedimentdatierung durch anthropogene Schwermetalle [J]. Nutur andMuseum,1982,112:183-189.
28. Broecker W S and Peng T H. Tracers in the Sea.[M] Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory Press, Palisades, NY,690pp.
29. Singh A K, Hasnain S I, Banerjee D K. Granin size and geochemical partitioningof heavy metals in sediments of the Damodar River-atributary of the lowerGanga, India [J]. Environmental Geology, l999,39(l):90-98.
30. Ford T E，Mitehel R. Mierobial transport of toxic metals. In: Mitchel Red.Environmental Mierobiol [J]. New York:John Wiley-Liss.1992,83-101.
31.陈静生，王飞越.我国天然水体颗粒物的地域特征及数据库.见：汤鸿霄，钱易，文湘华.水体颗粒物和难降解有机物的特性和控制技术原理（上卷·水体颗粒物）[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2000.1-46.
32.霍文毅、黄风茹、陈静生、贾振邦.河流颗粒物重金属污染评价方法比较研究[J].地理科学，1997，17(l):81-86.
33.吴国元.长江河口南支南岸潮滩底质重金属污染与评价[J].海洋环境科学，1994，13(2):46-51.
34.丘耀文、王肇鼎.大亚湾海域重金属潜在生态危害评价[J].热带海洋，1997，16(4):49-53.
35. Kwon Y T，Lee C W. Application of multiple ecological risk indices for theevaluation of heavy metal contamination in a coastal dredging area [J]. TheScience of the Total Environment.1998,214:203-210.
36.甘居利、贾晓平、林钦等.近岸海域底质重金属生态风险评价初步研究[J].水产学报，2000，24(6):534-538.
37. Long E R, MacDonald D D, Smith S L et al. Incidence of adverse biologicaleffects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarinesediments[J]. Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81–97.
38. Long E R, Field L J, MacDonald D D. Predicting toxicity marine sediments withnumerical sediment quality guidelines [J]. Environ Toxicol Chem,1998,17(4):714-727.
39.陈云增、杨浩、张振克等.水体沉积物环境质量基准建立方法研究进展[J].地球科学进展，21（1）：53-61.
40.聂海峰、赵传东、彭敏等.松花江流域河流沉积物中多氯联苯的分布、来源及风险评价[J].环境科学，2012,33（10）：3434-3442.
41.张凤英、阎百兴、潘月鹏等.松花江沉积物重金属时空变化与来源分析[J].云南农业大学学报，2010，25（5）：670-674.
42.聂海峰、李括、彭敏等.松花江底积物中多环芳烃生态风险评价[J].中国地质，2011,38（4）：1102-1110.
43.陆继龙、郝立波、赵玉岩等.松花江流域（吉林省部分）中下游水体重金属特征及潜在生态风险[J].环境科学学报，2009,32（5）：168-172.
44.孙晓静、王起超、邵志国等.松花江流域（吉林省部分）下游沉积物汞的时空变化规律[J].环境科学，2007,28（5）：1062-1066.
45.林春野、周豫湘、呼丽娟等.松花江水体沉积物汞污染的生态风险[J].环境科学学报，2007,27（3）：466-473.
46. Goldberg E D, Hodge V F, Greffin J J, Koide M et al. Impact of fossil fuelcombustion on the sediments of lake Michigan [J]. Environmental Science andTechnology, l98l,15:466-471.
47. Trefrey J H, Metz S, Trocine R P et al. A decline in lead transport by theMississippi River [J]. Science,1985,230:439-441.
48. Sehmidt H and Tiemers C E. The recent history of trace metal accumulation in theSanta Basin southern California Borderland [J]. Estuarine，Coastal and Shelfscience，1991,33:485-500.
49. Brieker S B. The history of Cu，Pb，and Zn in put to Narragansett bay，Rhodeisland as recorded by salt-marsh sediment [J]. Estuaries,1993,16(3B):589-607.
50. Macias-Zamora J V, Villaescusa-Celaya J A, Muńoz-Barbosa A, et al. Trace metalsin sediment cores from the Campeche shelf, Gulf of Mexico [J]. EnvironmentalPollution,1999,104:69-77.
51. Brack K, Stevens R L. Historical Pollution trends in a disturbed, estuarinesedimentary environment, SW Sweden [J]. Environmental Geology,2001,40:1017-1029.
52.刘月、程岩、李富祥等.鸭绿江近百年来重金属垂向沉积的污染评价[J].环境科学研究，2012,25（5）：489-494.
53.杨清书、雷亚平、欧素英等.珠江虎门河口水体有机氯农药的垂向分布及二次污染初步研究[J].地理科学，2008，28（6）：820-825.
54.兰兰、祁士华、胡英等.洋浦湾沉积柱中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征[J].海洋环境科学，2010，29（3）：368-372.
55.张原、祁士华、杨丹等.天鹅洲长江故道沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药高分辨率沉积记录[J].安全与环境工程，2009,16（4）：9-13.
56.曾光明，卓利，钟政林等.水环境健康风险评价模型[J].水科学进展，1998,9（3）：212-217.
57.叶常明，雷志芳，弓爱君等.阿特拉津生产废水排放对水稻危害的风险分析[J].环境科学，1999,20（3）：82-84.
58.袁旭音，王禹，陈骏等.太湖沉积物有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评估[J].环境科学，24（1）：121-125.
59.李清波，黄国宏，王颜红等.阿特拉津生态风险及其检测和修复技术研究进展[J].应用生态学报，2002，,13（5）：625-628.
60.高继军，张力平，黄圣彪等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学，2004,25（2）：47-50.
61. Steven W, John M C, John H et al. Sulfide specices as a sink for mercury in lakesediments [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2005,39:6644-6648.
62. Di Toro D M, McGrath J A, Hansen D J et al. Predicting sediment metal toxicityusing asediment biotic ligand model: methodology and initial application [J].Envion Toxicol Chem,2005,24:2410-2427.
63. Di Toro D M, McGrath J A, Hansen D J et al. Acid volatile sulphide predicts theacute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments [J]. Environ Sci Technol,1991,26:96-101.
64. Burton G A, Green A, Baudo R et al. Characterizing sediment acid volatile sulfideconcentration in European streams [J]. Environ Toxicol Chem,2007,26(1):1-12.
65. Leonard E N, Mattson V R, Benoit D A et al. Seasonal variation of acid volatilesulfide concentration on sediment cores from three northeastern Minnesota lakes[J]. Hudrobiologia,1993,271:87-95.
66. Akira Hoshika and Takayuki Shiozawa. Sedimentation rates and heavy metalpollution of sediments in the seto inland sea [J]. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan.1985,41(5):283-290.
67. Carral E., Puente X., Villares R et al. Background heavy metal levels in estuarinesediments and organisms in Galicia (northwest Spain) as determined by modalanalysis [J]. The Science of the Toal Environment1995,172,175-188.
68. Cobelo-Garc A., Prego R. Heavy metal sedimentary record in a Galician Ria (NWSpain): background values and recent contamination [J]. Marine PollutionBulletin,2003,46:1253-1262.
69. Hanson P J, Evans D W, Colby D R. Assessment of elemental contamination inestuarine and coastal environments based on geochemical and statisticalmodeling of sediments [J]. Marine Environmental Research,1993,36:237-266.
70. Wedepohl K H. The composition of the upper earth_s crust and the natural cyclesof selected metals. Metals in natural raw materials [J]. Natural resources. In:Merian, E.(Ed.), Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. VCH,Weinheim, pp.1991,3-17.1262A. Cobelo-Garc, R. Preo/Marine PollutionBulletin46(2003):1253-1262.
71. Zhang C S, Selinus O, Kjellstrom G. Discrimination between natural backgroundand anthropogenic pollution in environmental geochemistry-exemplified in anarea of south-eastern Sweden [J]. The Science of the Total Environment243/2441999:129-140
72.鲍永恩.辽河口海湾沉积物中若干重金属环境背景值的关系[J].海洋环境科学，1988，7（2）：20-27.
73.陈静生等.锦州湾沉积物重金属污染若干问题研究[J].环境科学学报，1985，5（2）：129-139.
74.甘居利，林钦，贾晓平，周国君，王增焕.红海湾底质重金属分布与背景值探讨[J].热带海洋，1999，18（2）：64-71.
75.甘居利，贾晓平，李纯厚，蔡文贵，王增焕，吴洽儿.南海北部陆架区表层沉积物中重金属分布与污染状况[J].热带海洋学报，2003，22（1）：36-42.
76.韩永志.统计学在理化检验中的应用[M].理化检验—化学分册，1999,35（11）：525—526.
77.胡晴晖.湄洲湾海域底质重金属环境背景研究[J].中国环境监测，2001，17（3）：19-21.
78. J.J.康纳. H.T.沙克利特（王景华等译），美国大陆某些岩石、土壤、植物及蔬菜的地球化学背景值[M].科学出版社，1980.
79.李建，郑春江.环境背景值数据手册[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989.
80.李淑媛，苗丰民，刘国贤.北黄海沉积物中重金属分布及环境背景值[J].黄渤海海洋，1994，12（3）：20-24.
81.刘月，程岩，李富祥等.鸭绿江口近百年来重金属垂向沉积的污染评价[J].环境科学研究，2012，25（5）：489-494.
82.刘永清.福建省海岸带土壤环境背景值研究及其用[J].海洋环境科学，1995，14(2):68-73.
83.吴景阳，李云飞.渤海湾沉积物中若干重金属的环境地球化学[J].海洋与湖泊，1985，16（2）：92-101.
84.吴瑜端，曾继业.河口、港湾和近岸海域重金属的污染程度与背景值[J].海洋环境科学，1983，2（4）：60-67.
85.张朝生、章申、张立成等.长江水系河流沉积物重金属元素含量的计算方法研究[J].环境科学学报，1995，15(3):257-264.
86.刘洪年.松花江水系污染与水源保护研究[M].哈尔滨黑龙江科学技术出版社，1986：8-21.
87.中国科学院长春分院《松花江流域环境问题研究》编辑委员会.松花江流域环境问题研究[C].北京：科学出版社，1992:111-145.
88. Loring D H, Rantala R T T. Manual for the geochemical analyses of marinesediments and suspended Particulate matter [J]. Earth Science Reviews,1992,32:235—283.
89. Aloupi M，Angelidis M O.Geoehemistry of natural and anthropogenic metals inthe coastal sediments of the island of Lesvos，Aegean Sea [J]. EnvironmentalPollution,2001,113:211—219.
90. Simeonov V, Massart D L, Andreev G et al. Assessment of metal pollution basedon multivariate statistical modeling of “hot spot” sediments from the Black Sea[J]. Chemosphere,2000,41:1411-1417.
91.段小丽，陶澍，徐东群等.多环芳烃污染的人体暴露和健康风险评价方法[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2011，41-42.
92.徐盈,吴文忠,张银华等.鸭儿湖地区六氯环己烷的残留动态与长期归宿[J].水生生物学报,1999,23(4):337-345.
93.张秀芳,董晓丽.辽河中下游水体中有机氯农药的残留调查[J].大连轻工业学院学报,2002,21(2):102-104.
94.张祖麟,陈伟琪,哈里德等.九龙江口水体中有机氯农药分布特征及归宿[J].环境科学,2001,22(3):88-92.
95.吕景才,赵元凤,徐恒振等.大连湾、辽东湾养殖水域有机氯农药污染状况[J].中国水产科学,2002,9(1):73-77.
96.杨清书,麦碧娴,罗孝俊等.澳门水域水体有机氯农药的垂线分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):428-434.
97.杨清书,麦碧娴,傅家谟等.珠江干流河口水体有机氯农药的研究[J].中国环境科学,2005,25:47-51.
98.胡雄星,夏德祥,韩中豪等.苏州河水及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与归宿[J].中国环境科学,2005,25(1):124-128
99.王新华,陆晓华,沈韫芬. PFU微型生物群落采样法研究有机氯污染物在水中相间分布[J].水生生物学报,2005,29(1):65-69.
100.王泰,张祖麟,黄俊等.海河与渤海湾水体中溶解态多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染状况调查[J].环境科学,2007,28(4):730-735.
101.张菲娜,祁士华,苏秋克等.福建兴化湾水体有机氯农药污染状况[J].地质科技情报,2006,25(4):86-91.
102. Nriagu J. O. and Pacyna J. M. Quantitative assessment of worldwidecontamination of air water and soils by trace metals [J]. Nature,1988,333:134-139.
103.陈静生，王飞越.我国天然水体颗粒物的地域特征及数据库.见：汤鸿霄，浅易，文湘华.水体颗粒物和难降解有机物的特征和控制技术原理（上卷·水体颗粒物）[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2000，1-46.
104. Horowitz A J, Elrick K A. The relation of stream sediment surface area, grainsize and composition to trace element chemistry [J]. Applied Geochem,1987,2:437-415.
105. Horowitz A J, Rinella F, Lamothe P et al. Variations in suspended sediments andassociated trace element concentrations in selected riverine cross sections [J].Environ, Sci Technol,1990:1313-1320.
106. Krumgalz B S. Unusual grain size effect on trace metals and organic matter incontaminated sediments [J]. Mar Pollt Bull,1989,20:608-611.
107. Müller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River [J].Geojournal,1969,2(3):108—118.
108. Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: asedimeological approach [J]. Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
109. Long E R, MacDonald D D, Smith S L et al. Incidence of adverse biologicaleffects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarinesediments [J]. Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
110. Yang G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the South ChinaSea [J]. Environ. Pollut.,2000,108：163-171.
111.程家丽，黄启飞，魏世强等.我国环境介质中多环芳烃的分布及生态风险[J].环境工程学报，2007，1（4）：138-144.
112.林建清,王新红,洪华生等.湄洲湾表层底积物中多环芳烃的含量分布及来源分析[J].厦门大学学报,2003,42(5)：633-637.
113.张宗雁,郭志刚,张干等.东海泥质区表层底积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及物源[J].地球化学,2005,34(4)：379-386.
114.张军,袁东星,陆志强等.九龙江口红树林区表层底积物中多环芳烃的含量与来源[J].厦门大学学报,2003,42(4)：499-503.
115.周俊丽,刘征涛,孟伟等.长江河口表层底积物中PAHs的生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(7)：778-783.
116. Hong H, Xu L, Zhang L et al. Environmental fate and chemistry of organicpollutions in the sediments of Xiamen and Victoria Harbours[J]. Mar. Pollut.Bull.,1995,31:229-236.
117.聂海峰，李括，彭敏等.松花江底积物多环芳烃生态风险评价[J].中国地质，2011,38(4):1102-1110.
118. Forster G D, Wright D A. Unsubstitute polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons insediments,clams, and clam worms from Chesapeaker Bay[J]. Mar. Pollut.Bull.,1988,19：459-465.
119. Botelloav, Villanueva S F, Diaz G G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons insediments from Salina cruz harbour and coastal areas, Oaxaca, Mexico[J]. Mar.Pollut. Bull.,1998,36：554-558.
120. Kimg B, Maruyak A, Lee R F et al. Distribution and source of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay, Korea[J]. Mar. Pollut.Bull.,1999,38：7-15.
121. Vladimir M S, Tatiana N S, Gennady G M et al. Polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines (OCs) in bottom sediments of theGuba Pechenga, Barents Sea, Russia [J]. The Science of the Total Environment,2003.306：39-56.
122. Johnsona C, Larsen P F, Gadbois D F et al. The distribution of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Phenobscot Bay (Maine,USA) in relation to possible sources and to other sites worldwide [J]. Mar.Environ. Res.,1985,15：1-16.
123. Kennicutt M C, Wade T L, Presley B J et al. Sediment contaminants in CascoBay, Maine：inventories, sources, and potential for biological impact[J]. Environ.Sci. Technol.,1994,28：1-5.
124. Pereira We, Hosterrlerfd, Rapp J B. Distribution and fate of chlorinatedinsecticides biomarkers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sedimentsalong a contamination gradient from a point-source in San Francisco Bay,Califonia [J]. Mar. Environ. Res.,1996,41：299-314.
125. Zakariam P, Takada H, Tsutsumi S et al. Distribution of polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons in rivers and Estuaries in Malaysia： a widespread input ofpetrogenic PAHs [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol.,2002,36：1907-1918.
126.文湘华.水体沉积物重金属质量基准研究[J].环境化学,1993,12(5)：334-341.
127.佘中盛.松花湖及入湖河流沉积物的重金属分布与污染研究.中国环境科学,1984,4(3):76-79
128. Griethuysen C A, Erwin W M, Koelmans A A. Spatial variation of metals andacid volatie sulfide in floodplain lake sediment [J]. Environ Toxicol Chem,2003,22(3):457-465.
129. Heieh Y P, Shieh Y N. Analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur by diffusionmethods: improved apparatus and evaluation for sulfur isotopic syudies [J].Chem Geol,1997,137:255-261.
130. Glenn A U, Lee R K, Suflita J M. A rapid and simple method for estimatingsulfate reduction activity and quantifying inorganic sulfides [J]. Appl EnvironMicrobil,63(4):1627-1630.
131. Oehm N J, Luben T J, Ostrofsky M L. Spatial distribution of acid-volatile sulfurin the sediments of Canadohta Lake, PA [J]. Hudrobiologia,1997,345:79-85.
132. Ng A and Patterson C C. Changes of lead and barium with time in Califomiaoff-shore basin sediments [J]. Geoehimiea et Cosmochimiea Acta,1982,4:2307-2321.
133. Forstner U. and Wittmann G T. Metal pollution in th eaquatic environment [M].1983, Springer Verlag，Berlin，486PP.
134. Salomons W&Forstner U. Metals in the hydro cycle [M].1984, SpringerVerlag，Berlin，349PP.
135. Szefer P, Glasey G P, Pempkowlak J. Extraction studies of heavy metal pollutantsin surficial sediments from the southern Baltic sea off Poland[J]. ChemicalGealogy,1995,120:111-126.
136. Attri M J, Tomas R. Heavy metal concentration in sediment from the Thamesestuary, UK[J]. Mar Pollut Bull,1995,34(10):742-744.
137. Teksoz G, Yetis U, Tuneel G et al. Pollution chronology of the golden hornsediments [J]. Marine Pollution bulletin.1991，22:447-451.
138. Fung Y S and Lo C K. Determination of heavy metal profiles in dated sedimentcores from Sai Kung Bay Hong Kong [J]. Environment International,1997,23(3):317-335.
139. Goldberg E D, Hodge V F, Greffin J J et al. Impact of fossil fuel combustion onthe sediments of lake Miehigan [J]. Environmental Science and Teehnology, l98l,15:466-471.
140. Trefrey J H, Metz S, Trocine R P et al. A decline in lead transport by theMississippi River [J]. Science,1985,230:439-441.
141. Sehmidt H and Tiemers C. E. The recent history of trace metal accumulation inthe Santa Basin southern California Border land [J]. Estuarine, Coastal andShelf Science,1991,33:485-500.
142. Brieker S B. The history of Cu，Pb，and Zn input to Narragansett bay. Rhodeisland as recorded by salt-marsh sediment [J]. Estuaries,1993,16(3B):589-607.
143. Macias-Zamora J V, Villaescusa-Celaya J A, Munoz-Barbosa A et al.Trace metalsin sediment cores from the Campeche shelf, Gulf of Mexico [J]. EnvironmentalPollution,1999,104:69-77.
144. Brack K, Stevens R L. Historical Pollution trends in a disturbed, estuarinesedimentary environment, SW Sweden [J]. Environmental Geology,2001,40:1017-1029.
145.杨清书，雷亚平，欧素英等.珠江虎门河口水体有机氯农药的垂向分布及二次污染初步研究[J].地理科学，2008，28(6):820-825.
146. Liu W X，Li X D et al..Multivariate statistieal study of heavy metal enriehmentin sediments of the Pearl River estuary [J]. Environmental Pollution,2003,121:377-38
147.李丽娜.上海市多介质环境中持久性毒害污染物的健康风险评价[D].2007.
148.乔永民.粤东近岸海域沉积物重金属环境地球化学研究[D].2004.
149.赵元慧，何艺兵，王连生.有机化合物在自然沉积物上吸附与解吸动力学常数快速测定方法[J].环境化学，1994，13，222-224.
150.郭炜锋，戴树桂.水环境多环芳烃源解析研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备，2005，6（10），8-12.
2. Alekin O A, Brazhnikova L V. Runoff of dissolved substances from the USSRTerritory (in Russian)[M]. Moscow: Nauka,1964.
3. Livingstone D A. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes [M].. In: Data ofChemistry. U S: Geol Survey Prof Paper440G.1963.1-64.
4. Gibbs R J. Water chemistry of the Amazon River [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1972,36:1061-1066.
5. Stallard R F, Edmond J M. Geochemistry of the Amazon1. Precipitation chemistryand the marine contribution to the dissolved load at the time of peak discharge[M]. J Geophys Res,1981,86:9844-9855.
6. Stallard R F, Edmond J M. Geochemistry of the Amazon2. The influence ofgeology and weathering environment on the dissolved load [M]. J Geophy Res,1983,88:9671-9688.
7. Stallard R F, Edmond J M. Geochemistry of the Amazon3. Weathering chemistryand limits to dissolved inputs [M]. J Geophys Res,1987,92:8293-8302.
8. Gaillardet J, Dupre B, Allegre C J et al. Chemical and physical denudation in theAmazon river basin [J]. Chem Geol,1997,142:141-173.
9. Stallard R F, Koehnken L, Johnson M J. Weathering processes and the compositionof inorganic material transported through the Orinoco River system, Venezuelaand Colombia [J]. Geoderma,1991,51:133-165.
10. Edmond J M, Palmer M R, Measures C I et al. Fluvial geochemistry of the easternslope of the north-eastern Andes and its foredeep in the drainage of the Orinocoin Colombia and Venezuela [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1996,60:2949-2976.
11. Reeder S W, Hithchon B, Levinson A A. Hydrogeochemistry of the surface watersof the Mackenzie River drainage basin, Canada-1. Factors controlling inorganiccomposition [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1972,36:181-192.
12. Millot R, Gaillardet J, Dupre B et al. Northern latitude chemical weathering rates:Clues from the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,2003,67:1305-1329.
13. Gordeev V V, Sidorov L S. Concentrations of major elements and their outflowinto the Lapev Sea by the Lena River [J]. Mar chem,1993,43:33-45.
14. Huh Y, Tsoi M-Y, Zaitev A et al. The fluvial geochemistry of the rivers of EasternSiberia: Ⅰ. Tributaries of the River draining the sedimentary platform of theSiberian Craton [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1988a,62:1657-1676.
15. Huh Y, Panteleyev G, Babith D et al. The fluvial geochemistry of rivers of EasternSiberia: Ⅱ. Tributaries of the Lena, Omoloy, Yana, Indigirka/Kolyma, andAnadyr draining the collisional/accretionary zone of the Verkhoyansk andCherskiy ranges [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1988b,62:2053-2075.
16. Sarin M M, Krishnaswami S, Dili K et al. Major ion chemistry of theGanga-Brahmaputra river system: Weathering processes and fluxes to the Bay ofBengal [J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1989,53:997-1009.
17. Sarin M M, Krishnaswami S, Trivedi J R et al. Major ion chemistry of the Gangasource waters: Weathering in the high altitude Himalaya.[M] Proc Ind Acad Sci(Earth Planet Sci),1992,101:89-98.
18. Crutzen P J, Stoermer E F. The Anthropocene [J]. Global Change Newsletter,2000,41:17-18.
19. Meybeck M. Global occurence of major elements in rivers [M]. In: Drever J J ed.Surface and Ground water, Weathering, and Soils, Vol.5. Treatise onGeochemistry (Holland H D, Turekian K K eds.). Oxford: Elsevier-Pergamon,2003.207-223.
20. Hu M H, Stallard R F, Edmond J M. Major ion chemistry of some large Chineserivers [J]. Nature,1982,298:550-553.
21. Chen J S, Wang F Y, Xia X H et al. Major element chemistry of the Changjiang(Yangtze River)[J]. Chemical Geology,2002,187:231-255.
22. Chen J S, Wang F Y, Maybeck. Spatial and temporal analysis of water chemistryrecords (1958-2000) in the Huanghe (Yellow River) Basin [J]. GlobalBiogeochemical Cycles, Vol.19, GB3016, doi:10.1029/2004GB002325,2005.
23.郎佩珍，袁星，丁蕴铮等.第二松花江吉林段水中有机污染物研究[M].中国环境科学出版社，2008,3-12.
24. Liu B L, Hua X Y, Dong D M et al. Simulation study on natural attenuation ofnitrobenzene in natural water [J]. Asian Journal of Chemistry,2013,25(4):1981-1986.
25.赵红梅，徐宏恩，王士君.松花江佳木斯段水环境容量分析[J].东北师范大学学报（自然科学版），2008，40（2）：109-114.
26.汪晓梅，王新智，张虎子等.松花江吉林段有机污染调查与模糊评价[J].国土与自然环境研究，2012，4：60-63.
27. Irion G. Sedimentdatierung durch anthropogene Schwermetalle [J]. Nutur andMuseum,1982,112:183-189.
28. Broecker W S and Peng T H. Tracers in the Sea.[M] Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory Press, Palisades, NY,690pp.
29. Singh A K, Hasnain S I, Banerjee D K. Granin size and geochemical partitioningof heavy metals in sediments of the Damodar River-atributary of the lowerGanga, India [J]. Environmental Geology, l999,39(l):90-98.
30. Ford T E，Mitehel R. Mierobial transport of toxic metals. In: Mitchel Red.Environmental Mierobiol [J]. New York:John Wiley-Liss.1992,83-101.
31.陈静生，王飞越.我国天然水体颗粒物的地域特征及数据库.见：汤鸿霄，钱易，文湘华.水体颗粒物和难降解有机物的特性和控制技术原理（上卷·水体颗粒物）[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2000.1-46.
32.霍文毅、黄风茹、陈静生、贾振邦.河流颗粒物重金属污染评价方法比较研究[J].地理科学，1997，17(l):81-86.
33.吴国元.长江河口南支南岸潮滩底质重金属污染与评价[J].海洋环境科学，1994，13(2):46-51.
34.丘耀文、王肇鼎.大亚湾海域重金属潜在生态危害评价[J].热带海洋，1997，16(4):49-53.
35. Kwon Y T，Lee C W. Application of multiple ecological risk indices for theevaluation of heavy metal contamination in a coastal dredging area [J]. TheScience of the Total Environment.1998,214:203-210.
36.甘居利、贾晓平、林钦等.近岸海域底质重金属生态风险评价初步研究[J].水产学报，2000，24(6):534-538.
37. Long E R, MacDonald D D, Smith S L et al. Incidence of adverse biologicaleffects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarinesediments[J]. Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81–97.
38. Long E R, Field L J, MacDonald D D. Predicting toxicity marine sediments withnumerical sediment quality guidelines [J]. Environ Toxicol Chem,1998,17(4):714-727.
39.陈云增、杨浩、张振克等.水体沉积物环境质量基准建立方法研究进展[J].地球科学进展，21（1）：53-61.
40.聂海峰、赵传东、彭敏等.松花江流域河流沉积物中多氯联苯的分布、来源及风险评价[J].环境科学，2012,33（10）：3434-3442.
41.张凤英、阎百兴、潘月鹏等.松花江沉积物重金属时空变化与来源分析[J].云南农业大学学报，2010，25（5）：670-674.
42.聂海峰、李括、彭敏等.松花江底积物中多环芳烃生态风险评价[J].中国地质，2011,38（4）：1102-1110.
43.陆继龙、郝立波、赵玉岩等.松花江流域（吉林省部分）中下游水体重金属特征及潜在生态风险[J].环境科学学报，2009,32（5）：168-172.
44.孙晓静、王起超、邵志国等.松花江流域（吉林省部分）下游沉积物汞的时空变化规律[J].环境科学，2007,28（5）：1062-1066.
45.林春野、周豫湘、呼丽娟等.松花江水体沉积物汞污染的生态风险[J].环境科学学报，2007,27（3）：466-473.
46. Goldberg E D, Hodge V F, Greffin J J, Koide M et al. Impact of fossil fuelcombustion on the sediments of lake Michigan [J]. Environmental Science andTechnology, l98l,15:466-471.
47. Trefrey J H, Metz S, Trocine R P et al. A decline in lead transport by theMississippi River [J]. Science,1985,230:439-441.
48. Sehmidt H and Tiemers C E. The recent history of trace metal accumulation in theSanta Basin southern California Borderland [J]. Estuarine，Coastal and Shelfscience，1991,33:485-500.
49. Brieker S B. The history of Cu，Pb，and Zn in put to Narragansett bay，Rhodeisland as recorded by salt-marsh sediment [J]. Estuaries,1993,16(3B):589-607.
50. Macias-Zamora J V, Villaescusa-Celaya J A, Muńoz-Barbosa A, et al. Trace metalsin sediment cores from the Campeche shelf, Gulf of Mexico [J]. EnvironmentalPollution,1999,104:69-77.
51. Brack K, Stevens R L. Historical Pollution trends in a disturbed, estuarinesedimentary environment, SW Sweden [J]. Environmental Geology,2001,40:1017-1029.
52.刘月、程岩、李富祥等.鸭绿江近百年来重金属垂向沉积的污染评价[J].环境科学研究，2012,25（5）：489-494.
53.杨清书、雷亚平、欧素英等.珠江虎门河口水体有机氯农药的垂向分布及二次污染初步研究[J].地理科学，2008，28（6）：820-825.
54.兰兰、祁士华、胡英等.洋浦湾沉积柱中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征[J].海洋环境科学，2010，29（3）：368-372.
55.张原、祁士华、杨丹等.天鹅洲长江故道沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药高分辨率沉积记录[J].安全与环境工程，2009,16（4）：9-13.
56.曾光明，卓利，钟政林等.水环境健康风险评价模型[J].水科学进展，1998,9（3）：212-217.
57.叶常明，雷志芳，弓爱君等.阿特拉津生产废水排放对水稻危害的风险分析[J].环境科学，1999,20（3）：82-84.
58.袁旭音，王禹，陈骏等.太湖沉积物有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评估[J].环境科学，24（1）：121-125.
59.李清波，黄国宏，王颜红等.阿特拉津生态风险及其检测和修复技术研究进展[J].应用生态学报，2002，,13（5）：625-628.
60.高继军，张力平，黄圣彪等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学，2004,25（2）：47-50.
61. Steven W, John M C, John H et al. Sulfide specices as a sink for mercury in lakesediments [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2005,39:6644-6648.
62. Di Toro D M, McGrath J A, Hansen D J et al. Predicting sediment metal toxicityusing asediment biotic ligand model: methodology and initial application [J].Envion Toxicol Chem,2005,24:2410-2427.
63. Di Toro D M, McGrath J A, Hansen D J et al. Acid volatile sulphide predicts theacute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments [J]. Environ Sci Technol,1991,26:96-101.
64. Burton G A, Green A, Baudo R et al. Characterizing sediment acid volatile sulfideconcentration in European streams [J]. Environ Toxicol Chem,2007,26(1):1-12.
65. Leonard E N, Mattson V R, Benoit D A et al. Seasonal variation of acid volatilesulfide concentration on sediment cores from three northeastern Minnesota lakes[J]. Hudrobiologia,1993,271:87-95.
66. Akira Hoshika and Takayuki Shiozawa. Sedimentation rates and heavy metalpollution of sediments in the seto inland sea [J]. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan.1985,41(5):283-290.
67. Carral E., Puente X., Villares R et al. Background heavy metal levels in estuarinesediments and organisms in Galicia (northwest Spain) as determined by modalanalysis [J]. The Science of the Toal Environment1995,172,175-188.
68. Cobelo-Garc A., Prego R. Heavy metal sedimentary record in a Galician Ria (NWSpain): background values and recent contamination [J]. Marine PollutionBulletin,2003,46:1253-1262.
69. Hanson P J, Evans D W, Colby D R. Assessment of elemental contamination inestuarine and coastal environments based on geochemical and statisticalmodeling of sediments [J]. Marine Environmental Research,1993,36:237-266.
70. Wedepohl K H. The composition of the upper earth_s crust and the natural cyclesof selected metals. Metals in natural raw materials [J]. Natural resources. In:Merian, E.(Ed.), Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. VCH,Weinheim, pp.1991,3-17.1262A. Cobelo-Garc, R. Preo/Marine PollutionBulletin46(2003):1253-1262.
71. Zhang C S, Selinus O, Kjellstrom G. Discrimination between natural backgroundand anthropogenic pollution in environmental geochemistry-exemplified in anarea of south-eastern Sweden [J]. The Science of the Total Environment243/2441999:129-140
72.鲍永恩.辽河口海湾沉积物中若干重金属环境背景值的关系[J].海洋环境科学，1988，7（2）：20-27.
73.陈静生等.锦州湾沉积物重金属污染若干问题研究[J].环境科学学报，1985，5（2）：129-139.
74.甘居利，林钦，贾晓平，周国君，王增焕.红海湾底质重金属分布与背景值探讨[J].热带海洋，1999，18（2）：64-71.
75.甘居利，贾晓平，李纯厚，蔡文贵，王增焕，吴洽儿.南海北部陆架区表层沉积物中重金属分布与污染状况[J].热带海洋学报，2003，22（1）：36-42.
76.韩永志.统计学在理化检验中的应用[M].理化检验—化学分册，1999,35（11）：525—526.
77.胡晴晖.湄洲湾海域底质重金属环境背景研究[J].中国环境监测，2001，17（3）：19-21.
78. J.J.康纳. H.T.沙克利特（王景华等译），美国大陆某些岩石、土壤、植物及蔬菜的地球化学背景值[M].科学出版社，1980.
79.李建，郑春江.环境背景值数据手册[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989.
80.李淑媛，苗丰民，刘国贤.北黄海沉积物中重金属分布及环境背景值[J].黄渤海海洋，1994，12（3）：20-24.
81.刘月，程岩，李富祥等.鸭绿江口近百年来重金属垂向沉积的污染评价[J].环境科学研究，2012，25（5）：489-494.
82.刘永清.福建省海岸带土壤环境背景值研究及其用[J].海洋环境科学，1995，14(2):68-73.
83.吴景阳，李云飞.渤海湾沉积物中若干重金属的环境地球化学[J].海洋与湖泊，1985，16（2）：92-101.
84.吴瑜端，曾继业.河口、港湾和近岸海域重金属的污染程度与背景值[J].海洋环境科学，1983，2（4）：60-67.
85.张朝生、章申、张立成等.长江水系河流沉积物重金属元素含量的计算方法研究[J].环境科学学报，1995，15(3):257-264.
86.刘洪年.松花江水系污染与水源保护研究[M].哈尔滨黑龙江科学技术出版社，1986：8-21.
87.中国科学院长春分院《松花江流域环境问题研究》编辑委员会.松花江流域环境问题研究[C].北京：科学出版社，1992:111-145.
88. Loring D H, Rantala R T T. Manual for the geochemical analyses of marinesediments and suspended Particulate matter [J]. Earth Science Reviews,1992,32:235—283.
89. Aloupi M，Angelidis M O.Geoehemistry of natural and anthropogenic metals inthe coastal sediments of the island of Lesvos，Aegean Sea [J]. EnvironmentalPollution,2001,113:211—219.
90. Simeonov V, Massart D L, Andreev G et al. Assessment of metal pollution basedon multivariate statistical modeling of “hot spot” sediments from the Black Sea[J]. Chemosphere,2000,41:1411-1417.
91.段小丽，陶澍，徐东群等.多环芳烃污染的人体暴露和健康风险评价方法[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2011，41-42.
92.徐盈,吴文忠,张银华等.鸭儿湖地区六氯环己烷的残留动态与长期归宿[J].水生生物学报,1999,23(4):337-345.
93.张秀芳,董晓丽.辽河中下游水体中有机氯农药的残留调查[J].大连轻工业学院学报,2002,21(2):102-104.
94.张祖麟,陈伟琪,哈里德等.九龙江口水体中有机氯农药分布特征及归宿[J].环境科学,2001,22(3):88-92.
95.吕景才,赵元凤,徐恒振等.大连湾、辽东湾养殖水域有机氯农药污染状况[J].中国水产科学,2002,9(1):73-77.
96.杨清书,麦碧娴,罗孝俊等.澳门水域水体有机氯农药的垂线分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):428-434.
97.杨清书,麦碧娴,傅家谟等.珠江干流河口水体有机氯农药的研究[J].中国环境科学,2005,25:47-51.
98.胡雄星,夏德祥,韩中豪等.苏州河水及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与归宿[J].中国环境科学,2005,25(1):124-128
99.王新华,陆晓华,沈韫芬. PFU微型生物群落采样法研究有机氯污染物在水中相间分布[J].水生生物学报,2005,29(1):65-69.
100.王泰,张祖麟,黄俊等.海河与渤海湾水体中溶解态多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染状况调查[J].环境科学,2007,28(4):730-735.
101.张菲娜,祁士华,苏秋克等.福建兴化湾水体有机氯农药污染状况[J].地质科技情报,2006,25(4):86-91.
102. Nriagu J. O. and Pacyna J. M. Quantitative assessment of worldwidecontamination of air water and soils by trace metals [J]. Nature,1988,333:134-139.
103.陈静生，王飞越.我国天然水体颗粒物的地域特征及数据库.见：汤鸿霄，浅易，文湘华.水体颗粒物和难降解有机物的特征和控制技术原理（上卷·水体颗粒物）[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社，2000，1-46.
104. Horowitz A J, Elrick K A. The relation of stream sediment surface area, grainsize and composition to trace element chemistry [J]. Applied Geochem,1987,2:437-415.
105. Horowitz A J, Rinella F, Lamothe P et al. Variations in suspended sediments andassociated trace element concentrations in selected riverine cross sections [J].Environ, Sci Technol,1990:1313-1320.
106. Krumgalz B S. Unusual grain size effect on trace metals and organic matter incontaminated sediments [J]. Mar Pollt Bull,1989,20:608-611.
107. Müller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River [J].Geojournal,1969,2(3):108—118.
108. Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: asedimeological approach [J]. Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
109. Long E R, MacDonald D D, Smith S L et al. Incidence of adverse biologicaleffects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarinesediments [J]. Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
110. Yang G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the South ChinaSea [J]. Environ. Pollut.,2000,108：163-171.
111.程家丽，黄启飞，魏世强等.我国环境介质中多环芳烃的分布及生态风险[J].环境工程学报，2007，1（4）：138-144.
112.林建清,王新红,洪华生等.湄洲湾表层底积物中多环芳烃的含量分布及来源分析[J].厦门大学学报,2003,42(5)：633-637.
113.张宗雁,郭志刚,张干等.东海泥质区表层底积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及物源[J].地球化学,2005,34(4)：379-386.
114.张军,袁东星,陆志强等.九龙江口红树林区表层底积物中多环芳烃的含量与来源[J].厦门大学学报,2003,42(4)：499-503.
115.周俊丽,刘征涛,孟伟等.长江河口表层底积物中PAHs的生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(7)：778-783.
116. Hong H, Xu L, Zhang L et al. Environmental fate and chemistry of organicpollutions in the sediments of Xiamen and Victoria Harbours[J]. Mar. Pollut.Bull.,1995,31:229-236.
117.聂海峰，李括，彭敏等.松花江底积物多环芳烃生态风险评价[J].中国地质，2011,38(4):1102-1110.
118. Forster G D, Wright D A. Unsubstitute polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons insediments,clams, and clam worms from Chesapeaker Bay[J]. Mar. Pollut.Bull.,1988,19：459-465.
119. Botelloav, Villanueva S F, Diaz G G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons insediments from Salina cruz harbour and coastal areas, Oaxaca, Mexico[J]. Mar.Pollut. Bull.,1998,36：554-558.
120. Kimg B, Maruyak A, Lee R F et al. Distribution and source of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay, Korea[J]. Mar. Pollut.Bull.,1999,38：7-15.
121. Vladimir M S, Tatiana N S, Gennady G M et al. Polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines (OCs) in bottom sediments of theGuba Pechenga, Barents Sea, Russia [J]. The Science of the Total Environment,2003.306：39-56.
122. Johnsona C, Larsen P F, Gadbois D F et al. The distribution of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Phenobscot Bay (Maine,USA) in relation to possible sources and to other sites worldwide [J]. Mar.Environ. Res.,1985,15：1-16.
123. Kennicutt M C, Wade T L, Presley B J et al. Sediment contaminants in CascoBay, Maine：inventories, sources, and potential for biological impact[J]. Environ.Sci. Technol.,1994,28：1-5.
124. Pereira We, Hosterrlerfd, Rapp J B. Distribution and fate of chlorinatedinsecticides biomarkers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sedimentsalong a contamination gradient from a point-source in San Francisco Bay,Califonia [J]. Mar. Environ. Res.,1996,41：299-314.
125. Zakariam P, Takada H, Tsutsumi S et al. Distribution of polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons in rivers and Estuaries in Malaysia： a widespread input ofpetrogenic PAHs [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol.,2002,36：1907-1918.
126.文湘华.水体沉积物重金属质量基准研究[J].环境化学,1993,12(5)：334-341.
127.佘中盛.松花湖及入湖河流沉积物的重金属分布与污染研究.中国环境科学,1984,4(3):76-79
128. Griethuysen C A, Erwin W M, Koelmans A A. Spatial variation of metals andacid volatie sulfide in floodplain lake sediment [J]. Environ Toxicol Chem,2003,22(3):457-465.
129. Heieh Y P, Shieh Y N. Analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur by diffusionmethods: improved apparatus and evaluation for sulfur isotopic syudies [J].Chem Geol,1997,137:255-261.
130. Glenn A U, Lee R K, Suflita J M. A rapid and simple method for estimatingsulfate reduction activity and quantifying inorganic sulfides [J]. Appl EnvironMicrobil,63(4):1627-1630.
131. Oehm N J, Luben T J, Ostrofsky M L. Spatial distribution of acid-volatile sulfurin the sediments of Canadohta Lake, PA [J]. Hudrobiologia,1997,345:79-85.
132. Ng A and Patterson C C. Changes of lead and barium with time in Califomiaoff-shore basin sediments [J]. Geoehimiea et Cosmochimiea Acta,1982,4:2307-2321.
133. Forstner U. and Wittmann G T. Metal pollution in th eaquatic environment [M].1983, Springer Verlag，Berlin，486PP.
134. Salomons W&Forstner U. Metals in the hydro cycle [M].1984, SpringerVerlag，Berlin，349PP.
135. Szefer P, Glasey G P, Pempkowlak J. Extraction studies of heavy metal pollutantsin surficial sediments from the southern Baltic sea off Poland[J]. ChemicalGealogy,1995,120:111-126.
136. Attri M J, Tomas R. Heavy metal concentration in sediment from the Thamesestuary, UK[J]. Mar Pollut Bull,1995,34(10):742-744.
137. Teksoz G, Yetis U, Tuneel G et al. Pollution chronology of the golden hornsediments [J]. Marine Pollution bulletin.1991，22:447-451.
138. Fung Y S and Lo C K. Determination of heavy metal profiles in dated sedimentcores from Sai Kung Bay Hong Kong [J]. Environment International,1997,23(3):317-335.
139. Goldberg E D, Hodge V F, Greffin J J et al. Impact of fossil fuel combustion onthe sediments of lake Miehigan [J]. Environmental Science and Teehnology, l98l,15:466-471.
140. Trefrey J H, Metz S, Trocine R P et al. A decline in lead transport by theMississippi River [J]. Science,1985,230:439-441.
141. Sehmidt H and Tiemers C. E. The recent history of trace metal accumulation inthe Santa Basin southern California Border land [J]. Estuarine, Coastal andShelf Science,1991,33:485-500.
142. Brieker S B. The history of Cu，Pb，and Zn input to Narragansett bay. Rhodeisland as recorded by salt-marsh sediment [J]. Estuaries,1993,16(3B):589-607.
143. Macias-Zamora J V, Villaescusa-Celaya J A, Munoz-Barbosa A et al.Trace metalsin sediment cores from the Campeche shelf, Gulf of Mexico [J]. EnvironmentalPollution,1999,104:69-77.
144. Brack K, Stevens R L. Historical Pollution trends in a disturbed, estuarinesedimentary environment, SW Sweden [J]. Environmental Geology,2001,40:1017-1029.
145.杨清书，雷亚平，欧素英等.珠江虎门河口水体有机氯农药的垂向分布及二次污染初步研究[J].地理科学，2008，28(6):820-825.
146. Liu W X，Li X D et al..Multivariate statistieal study of heavy metal enriehmentin sediments of the Pearl River estuary [J]. Environmental Pollution,2003,121:377-38
147.李丽娜.上海市多介质环境中持久性毒害污染物的健康风险评价[D].2007.
148.乔永民.粤东近岸海域沉积物重金属环境地球化学研究[D].2004.
149.赵元慧，何艺兵，王连生.有机化合物在自然沉积物上吸附与解吸动力学常数快速测定方法[J].环境化学，1994，13，222-224.
150.郭炜锋，戴树桂.水环境多环芳烃源解析研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备，2005，6（10），8-12.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |