东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练目标管理研究
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摘要
体能是军人的基本素质之一,它是军人战斗力生成的基础,是部队重要的训练内容之一。随着社会的发展,公安边防机动部队的执勤和作战环境变得更加复杂多样,武警官兵在各种复杂、恶劣的环境中,要圆满完成上级赋予的各项任务,必须具备过硬的体能素质,这就对边防官兵的体能状况、体能水平、精神状态提出了更高的要求。由于不同地域公安边防部队的训练及作战环境不同,而且由于不同地区公安边防部队所承担的任务也不尽相同,公安边防部队体能训练的原则从“练为战”角度讲,其目标的设置、组织实施及考评等多个管理环节应有所区别。而目前东三省公安边防部队的体能训练管理采用“一刀切”的管理方法,即使地处特殊地域的基层单位采取了一些相应的管理办法,但总体来说,边防部队体能训练管理相对于公安边防部队的地域性差别及训练场地小、参训人员少、训练时间短且分散的特点没有针对性。目标管理理论作为一个成熟的管理理论,并且具有普适性,适应公安边防部队体能训练管理,对提升部队体能训练管理水平具有积极的推动作用。
本文主要采用了文献研究法、问卷调查法、逻辑分析法、专家访谈法、数理统计法、田野调查法进行研究。研究结果为：
(1)东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练无系统的目标设置；根据目标管理理论的SMART原则,东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练目标的设立缺乏科学性指导。
东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练计划季节性差别比较大,最为明显的是冬季。其每年及不同年份相同时间段的体能训练计划差别不大、要求不变；短时期计划比长时期计划细、且有针对性。在体能训练计划的制定中,东北地区公安边防机动部队除了周体能训练计划外其余的年、季度、月体能训练计划与上级体能训练计划无明显差别。
(2)影响东北地区公安边防机动部队官兵体能训练满意度、态度及训练氛围的主要因素有：体能训练本身就是一项相对来说比较累、苦并且枯燥的训练；部分单位在组训一些难度大的科目时存在盲目性；部分单位的体能训练缺乏科学性；带兵干部的个人素质；奖惩机制不健全；工作分工不合理。影响东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练的因素依次为训练场地器材缺乏、训练方法手段单一、训练时间得不到保证、训练计划制定的不合理、官兵对体能训练的认识程度。
在体能训练的过程中东北地区公安边防机动部队没有根据驻地地形情况采取有针对性的体能与技能训练。其体能训练在项目的安排上季节性突出。
(3)东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练考核有一定的滞后性,同时也存在—些误区：只注重个人考评而轻视单位考评,只注重结果考核而忽视细致审查,单方面追求达标数量,而忽视达标率、达标质量,以及对士兵身体健康状况、伤病残疾统计考核较少；只注重实践考核而忽略理论策略的研究,只重视训练结果,忽略了士兵参训过程中成功或失败经验教训的总结。
(4)东北地区公安边防机动部队奖惩主要分为奖和惩两个部分。对于体能训练成绩的奖励主要停留在精神层面上。惩罚主要停留在精神层面上。
(5)东北地区公安边防机动部队上级体能训练目标以时间为划分标准目标体系应包括长期目标(年)、阶段目标(季度)、月目标。以建制为划分标准目标体系依次为机动队目标、各分队目标、各班目标及个人目标。分队体能训练总(年)目标、季度目标、月目标则由分队领导、班长在机动部队总目标的基础上根抓本分队情况制定。班的体能训练目标应在分队体能训练目标的基础上制定。个人应根据班体能训练目标根据个人情况来制定自己的体能训练目标。
东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练目标评价标准为：该目标应与上级目标是一致的、遵循SMART原则、具有挑战性的；体能训练目标设定原则为练为战原则、体能与技能相结合原则、区别对待原则、训战结合原则。
由于东北地区公安边防机动部队所承担的任务存在不定性、机动性,执行任务的时间与体能训练的时间相冲突。所以其体能训练目标应是一个区间。
东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练目标设定影响因素有设施条件、人员素质(基础)、管理水平；客观因素为气候。
(6)东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练包括五大要素：组训者、受训者、训练内容、训练方法和训练环境；组训者具有主导性、层次性、服务性特征。他们在组织体能训练的过程中起到了决策筹划、组织实施、管理保障、指导监察的作用；受训者在体能训练中的特征为主体性、差异性、可塑性、能动性。目标管理理论对其的要求为：坚决完成体能训练任务,自觉遵守训练法规,主动、勤奋地开展训练；东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练的内容应具有科学性、针对性、先进性的特征。东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练的方法应具备对应性、多样性及适应性；东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练环境呈现多元复杂、优劣并存、现实逼真的特点,它起到了保证体能训练、制约体能训练的重要作用。
激励及协调与控制要求组训者应做到：统一领导、分级管理、按级负责；按照训练法规和规章制度对体能训练活动进行管理；通过科学组织和合理利用人、财、物、时间、空间、信息等资源,争取最佳的管理效益,进而提高体能训练效果；最重要的是坚持训管一致。
执勤官兵体能训练应因地制宜的做好体能训练计划,并且根据执勤官兵居住的实际情况引入成本低、重量轻、占地小的训练器材为辅助。
(7)东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练考核体系的制定原则为综合性原则、针对性原则、激励性原则、周期性原则、系统性原则、科学性原则、可行性原则；考核的具体内容分为达标考核内容和过程考核内容两个部分。其内容的组成包括达标考核标准的制定、考核的内容突出差异性、达标考核场地和相关条件、开发利用软件考核系统。过程考核内容的组成包括训练方式考核、训练制度考核、不同人群训练考核；其结果评定标准要根据不同考核项目在本区域内的难易程度,采用百分比的评定方式；公安边防部队体能训练考核体系中的不足及今后更改方向为：没有考虑场地的差异性、季节的差异性及配备武器装备的更新换代。
(8)根据激励的手段,可将其分为精神激励和物质激励；根据激励的性质,可将其分正激励和负激励；激励的方法主要有：政策激励、民主激励、信任激励、关怀激励、目标激励、强化激励、榜样激励；东北地区公安边防部队体能训练奖惩的原则为：严格标准,按绩奖惩；精神激励为主,物质激励为辅；适度性原则；东北地区公安边防部队体能训练奖惩的保障主要为：法律法规保障、制度保障、环境保障。法律法规保障主要包括整合关于体能训练奖惩的相关法律法规及制定体能训练奖惩法规。制度保障主要包括评议制度、教育制度、信息管理制度、监督制度。环境保障主要包括政策环境、部队环境、社会环境。
Physical agility is one of the soldier's basic qualities, the foundation of the generating of soldiers fighting capacity, and one of the important army trainings. With the development of society, the duty and combat environment of mobile forces of public security and frontier defense becomes much more complicated. Military police officers must have excellent quality to put across various tasks given by superiors in all kinds of complex and bad environment, which requests for the border officers' fitness, fitness level and mental statues. Due to different trainings, battle environment and tasks of the public security and frontier defense forces in different areas, their principle of the training from the point of "practice for battle" is different from the management links including goal setting, organization and implementation, assessment, etc. At present, the physical training management of the forces of public security and frontier defense in three provinces in northeast of China is the sweeping approach. Although the basic units in special region apply corresponding management method, the author found out in the interview that, generally speaking, the physical training management of frontier guards does not focus on the territorial difference and characters of public security and frontier guards, including small training area, a few trainees, and short and dispersive training time. The requirements of management and effectiveness are crucial to high quality and high efficiency of the force training, which plays an important role to improve the fighting capacity of the force actively.
This paper mainly adopts literature research, questionnaire investigation、logical analysis and expert interview method, mathematical statistics method、field investigation for research. Study of the results:
(1) The purpose setting of physical training in mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China is unsystematic. According to the SMART principle of purpose management theory, the setting of training purpose of physical training in mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China is not scientific.
With the dimensionality of season, we can find that the seasonal difference of the physical training plan is obvious in northeast China. The most obvious one is winter festival. The difference of the physical training plan in the same period of same and different year is not obvious and the requirements are not changed. Compared with the long-term plan, the short-term plan is more careful and with pertinence. In the formation process of physical training plan, besides weekly physical training plan, the annual, seasonal, and monthly physical training plan of mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China does not have many differences with superior physical training plan.
(2) The factors that influence the satisfaction, attitude, and training atmosphere of the physical training in mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China are like the following. Physical training is tired, painstaking, and boring. Some institutions are with blindness when organizing the difficulty training subject. Some physical trainings of the institutions are not scientific. The individual quality of the cadre is not good enough. The awards and punishment mechanism is not complete. The division of labor in working is not reasonable. The factors that influence the physical training of mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China include the lack of training yard and equipment, monotonous training method, no ensuring of training time, unreasonable formation of training plan, and cognition to physical training of the soldiers.
The combination of fitness and skills in the process of physical training of northeast mobile forces of public security and frontier defense is not sufficient. They cannot adopt targeted physical training in terms of local terrain conditions. The seasonal arrangement of the training subject of northeast mobile forces of public security and frontier defense is outstanding.
(3) Though our physical examination is general perfect and complete, there are still some disadvantages and shortcomings. The examinations of our physical training have certain hysteresis and some mistaken ideas that can be summarized as follows:pay attention to the individual assessment instead of unit assessment;pay attention to the result assessment and standard number instead of meticulous examination, standard rate, standard quality, health and deformity of soldiers afterwards;pay attention to practice examination and training results, but ignore the theoretical research and exploration and the experience summary of soldiers'success and failure in the process.
(4) In northeast China the rewards and punishment mobile forces of public security and frontier defense are divided into two parts. The rewards for physical training mainly pause in the spirit level.The punishment also parses in the spirit level.
(5) Higher level of physical training objectives of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China with time as the criteria in the classification of target system should include long-term goal (yearly), phase target (quarterly) and monthly goals. Set organizational system as standards for the division are followed successively by tactical units goals, goals of divisions, class goals and personal goals. The general (yearly) goals, quarterly goals, monthly goals of the unit physical training should be settled by the division leader and monitor based on the situation of the unit itself according to the general goal. Influence factors are the same with the factors in the settlement of the Tactical Unit physical training goals. Physical training goals of classes should be formulated on the basis of that of the unit. Personal fitness training goals should develop goals based on class's goals and according to their own personal details.
Goals assessment standards on the physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China are that the goal should be consistent with the goals of the superior, follow the SMART principles and must be challenging. The principles of goal setting are training for war, the combination of physical ability and technical ability, differential treatment principle and the combination of training and war.
Due to the tasks undertaking by Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China are uncertainty and flexibility, the mission time is sometimes conflict with time of physical training.
Therefore, its physical training goal should be in an interval. The setting factors that affect supervisors on the physical training goals are the condition of facilities, personnel quality (base) and management level; the objective factor is climate.
(6) There are five elements for the physical training of the Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China: training organizers, trainees, training content, training methods and training environment. Training organizers in the physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China own three characteristics which are dominant, hierarchical and serviceability. They play a role of decision-making, planning, organization, implementation and guidance supervisory.The trainees in the physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China include police officers and the soldiers. Their features in the physical training are subjectivity, differentiation, plasticity and motility. The requirements for trainees are completing the physical training tasks resolutely, abiding by training regulations consciously, and training actively and industriously. Contents of physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China should be scientific, pertinence and advancing. The methods of the physical training should be in congruity, diversity and adaptability which are one of the decisive factors to achieving the objectives, effects and the bridge of both the subject and object in the physical training. The environment of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China are complex, with both advantages and disadvantages, and vivid than reality which are important for ensuring the restricting the physical training.
Encouragement and coordination and controlling play a key role in the physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China. All these require the training organizers own unity of direction, make level-to-level administration and responsible according to level; let them regulate in accordance with the training rules and regulations; scientifically organize and reasonably use the personnel, financial, material, time, space, information and other resources to secure the best management efficiency, and thus improve physical training effect; and the most important thing is to adhere to the same training tube.
Soldiers on the physical stamina training should adjust measures to local conditions, and completes the physical stamina training plan according to the actual situation of soldiers live on introducing low cost, light weight, covers an area of small training equipment for auxiliary.
(7) The principles for formulating the physical training assessment system in northeast China are comprehensive principle, pertinence, the principle of incentive, cyclical principle, systematic principle, scientific principle and the feasibility principle. The specific content of the assessment is divided into two parts, that are, standard assessment content and process examination content. Standard assessment content on physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China consists of the formulation of the examination standards, the content of the assessment which highlighting the differences, standardizing the examination sites and the related conditions, development and utilization of the software evaluation system. Process assessment contents include training methods assessment, training system assessment and training evaluation of different groups. The assessment of evaluation standard on physical training evaluation results of the Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China should be made according to the difficulty degree of different assessment projects in the region adopting percentage evaluation methods.
(8) Based on the means of motivation, it can be divided into the spiritual drive and substance incentive; according to the nature of incentives, which can be divided as positive incentives and negative incentives; incentive approaches are mainly policy incentives, encourage democracy, trust motivation, caring encouragement, goal motivation, and reinforcement encourages, model incentive. Rewards and punishments principles on physical training of public security border forces in Northeast China are: with strict standard, rewards and punishments according to performance; based on moral encouragement, material incentive as supplement; appropriateness principle. Guarantees against rewards and punishments in physical training of public security border forces in Northeast China are:laws and regulations, institutional guarantee, and environment guarantee. Laws and regulations guarantee is mainly the integration of relating laws and regulations on physical training rewards and punishments and their formulation. Institutional guarantee includes evaluation system, educational system, information management system and supervision system. Environment guarantee is mainly policy environment, environment of the forces and social context.
本文主要采用了文献研究法、问卷调查法、逻辑分析法、专家访谈法、数理统计法、田野调查法进行研究。研究结果为：
(1)东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练无系统的目标设置；根据目标管理理论的SMART原则,东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练目标的设立缺乏科学性指导。
东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练计划季节性差别比较大,最为明显的是冬季。其每年及不同年份相同时间段的体能训练计划差别不大、要求不变；短时期计划比长时期计划细、且有针对性。在体能训练计划的制定中,东北地区公安边防机动部队除了周体能训练计划外其余的年、季度、月体能训练计划与上级体能训练计划无明显差别。
(2)影响东北地区公安边防机动部队官兵体能训练满意度、态度及训练氛围的主要因素有：体能训练本身就是一项相对来说比较累、苦并且枯燥的训练；部分单位在组训一些难度大的科目时存在盲目性；部分单位的体能训练缺乏科学性；带兵干部的个人素质；奖惩机制不健全；工作分工不合理。影响东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练的因素依次为训练场地器材缺乏、训练方法手段单一、训练时间得不到保证、训练计划制定的不合理、官兵对体能训练的认识程度。
在体能训练的过程中东北地区公安边防机动部队没有根据驻地地形情况采取有针对性的体能与技能训练。其体能训练在项目的安排上季节性突出。
(3)东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练考核有一定的滞后性,同时也存在—些误区：只注重个人考评而轻视单位考评,只注重结果考核而忽视细致审查,单方面追求达标数量,而忽视达标率、达标质量,以及对士兵身体健康状况、伤病残疾统计考核较少；只注重实践考核而忽略理论策略的研究,只重视训练结果,忽略了士兵参训过程中成功或失败经验教训的总结。
(4)东北地区公安边防机动部队奖惩主要分为奖和惩两个部分。对于体能训练成绩的奖励主要停留在精神层面上。惩罚主要停留在精神层面上。
(5)东北地区公安边防机动部队上级体能训练目标以时间为划分标准目标体系应包括长期目标(年)、阶段目标(季度)、月目标。以建制为划分标准目标体系依次为机动队目标、各分队目标、各班目标及个人目标。分队体能训练总(年)目标、季度目标、月目标则由分队领导、班长在机动部队总目标的基础上根抓本分队情况制定。班的体能训练目标应在分队体能训练目标的基础上制定。个人应根据班体能训练目标根据个人情况来制定自己的体能训练目标。
东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练目标评价标准为：该目标应与上级目标是一致的、遵循SMART原则、具有挑战性的；体能训练目标设定原则为练为战原则、体能与技能相结合原则、区别对待原则、训战结合原则。
由于东北地区公安边防机动部队所承担的任务存在不定性、机动性,执行任务的时间与体能训练的时间相冲突。所以其体能训练目标应是一个区间。
东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练目标设定影响因素有设施条件、人员素质(基础)、管理水平；客观因素为气候。
(6)东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练包括五大要素：组训者、受训者、训练内容、训练方法和训练环境；组训者具有主导性、层次性、服务性特征。他们在组织体能训练的过程中起到了决策筹划、组织实施、管理保障、指导监察的作用；受训者在体能训练中的特征为主体性、差异性、可塑性、能动性。目标管理理论对其的要求为：坚决完成体能训练任务,自觉遵守训练法规,主动、勤奋地开展训练；东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练的内容应具有科学性、针对性、先进性的特征。东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练的方法应具备对应性、多样性及适应性；东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练环境呈现多元复杂、优劣并存、现实逼真的特点,它起到了保证体能训练、制约体能训练的重要作用。
激励及协调与控制要求组训者应做到：统一领导、分级管理、按级负责；按照训练法规和规章制度对体能训练活动进行管理；通过科学组织和合理利用人、财、物、时间、空间、信息等资源,争取最佳的管理效益,进而提高体能训练效果；最重要的是坚持训管一致。
执勤官兵体能训练应因地制宜的做好体能训练计划,并且根据执勤官兵居住的实际情况引入成本低、重量轻、占地小的训练器材为辅助。
(7)东北地区公安边防机动部队体能训练考核体系的制定原则为综合性原则、针对性原则、激励性原则、周期性原则、系统性原则、科学性原则、可行性原则；考核的具体内容分为达标考核内容和过程考核内容两个部分。其内容的组成包括达标考核标准的制定、考核的内容突出差异性、达标考核场地和相关条件、开发利用软件考核系统。过程考核内容的组成包括训练方式考核、训练制度考核、不同人群训练考核；其结果评定标准要根据不同考核项目在本区域内的难易程度,采用百分比的评定方式；公安边防部队体能训练考核体系中的不足及今后更改方向为：没有考虑场地的差异性、季节的差异性及配备武器装备的更新换代。
(8)根据激励的手段,可将其分为精神激励和物质激励；根据激励的性质,可将其分正激励和负激励；激励的方法主要有：政策激励、民主激励、信任激励、关怀激励、目标激励、强化激励、榜样激励；东北地区公安边防部队体能训练奖惩的原则为：严格标准,按绩奖惩；精神激励为主,物质激励为辅；适度性原则；东北地区公安边防部队体能训练奖惩的保障主要为：法律法规保障、制度保障、环境保障。法律法规保障主要包括整合关于体能训练奖惩的相关法律法规及制定体能训练奖惩法规。制度保障主要包括评议制度、教育制度、信息管理制度、监督制度。环境保障主要包括政策环境、部队环境、社会环境。
Physical agility is one of the soldier's basic qualities, the foundation of the generating of soldiers fighting capacity, and one of the important army trainings. With the development of society, the duty and combat environment of mobile forces of public security and frontier defense becomes much more complicated. Military police officers must have excellent quality to put across various tasks given by superiors in all kinds of complex and bad environment, which requests for the border officers' fitness, fitness level and mental statues. Due to different trainings, battle environment and tasks of the public security and frontier defense forces in different areas, their principle of the training from the point of "practice for battle" is different from the management links including goal setting, organization and implementation, assessment, etc. At present, the physical training management of the forces of public security and frontier defense in three provinces in northeast of China is the sweeping approach. Although the basic units in special region apply corresponding management method, the author found out in the interview that, generally speaking, the physical training management of frontier guards does not focus on the territorial difference and characters of public security and frontier guards, including small training area, a few trainees, and short and dispersive training time. The requirements of management and effectiveness are crucial to high quality and high efficiency of the force training, which plays an important role to improve the fighting capacity of the force actively.
This paper mainly adopts literature research, questionnaire investigation、logical analysis and expert interview method, mathematical statistics method、field investigation for research. Study of the results:
(1) The purpose setting of physical training in mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China is unsystematic. According to the SMART principle of purpose management theory, the setting of training purpose of physical training in mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China is not scientific.
With the dimensionality of season, we can find that the seasonal difference of the physical training plan is obvious in northeast China. The most obvious one is winter festival. The difference of the physical training plan in the same period of same and different year is not obvious and the requirements are not changed. Compared with the long-term plan, the short-term plan is more careful and with pertinence. In the formation process of physical training plan, besides weekly physical training plan, the annual, seasonal, and monthly physical training plan of mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China does not have many differences with superior physical training plan.
(2) The factors that influence the satisfaction, attitude, and training atmosphere of the physical training in mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China are like the following. Physical training is tired, painstaking, and boring. Some institutions are with blindness when organizing the difficulty training subject. Some physical trainings of the institutions are not scientific. The individual quality of the cadre is not good enough. The awards and punishment mechanism is not complete. The division of labor in working is not reasonable. The factors that influence the physical training of mobile forces of public security and frontier defense in northeast China include the lack of training yard and equipment, monotonous training method, no ensuring of training time, unreasonable formation of training plan, and cognition to physical training of the soldiers.
The combination of fitness and skills in the process of physical training of northeast mobile forces of public security and frontier defense is not sufficient. They cannot adopt targeted physical training in terms of local terrain conditions. The seasonal arrangement of the training subject of northeast mobile forces of public security and frontier defense is outstanding.
(3) Though our physical examination is general perfect and complete, there are still some disadvantages and shortcomings. The examinations of our physical training have certain hysteresis and some mistaken ideas that can be summarized as follows:pay attention to the individual assessment instead of unit assessment;pay attention to the result assessment and standard number instead of meticulous examination, standard rate, standard quality, health and deformity of soldiers afterwards;pay attention to practice examination and training results, but ignore the theoretical research and exploration and the experience summary of soldiers'success and failure in the process.
(4) In northeast China the rewards and punishment mobile forces of public security and frontier defense are divided into two parts. The rewards for physical training mainly pause in the spirit level.The punishment also parses in the spirit level.
(5) Higher level of physical training objectives of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China with time as the criteria in the classification of target system should include long-term goal (yearly), phase target (quarterly) and monthly goals. Set organizational system as standards for the division are followed successively by tactical units goals, goals of divisions, class goals and personal goals. The general (yearly) goals, quarterly goals, monthly goals of the unit physical training should be settled by the division leader and monitor based on the situation of the unit itself according to the general goal. Influence factors are the same with the factors in the settlement of the Tactical Unit physical training goals. Physical training goals of classes should be formulated on the basis of that of the unit. Personal fitness training goals should develop goals based on class's goals and according to their own personal details.
Goals assessment standards on the physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China are that the goal should be consistent with the goals of the superior, follow the SMART principles and must be challenging. The principles of goal setting are training for war, the combination of physical ability and technical ability, differential treatment principle and the combination of training and war.
Due to the tasks undertaking by Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China are uncertainty and flexibility, the mission time is sometimes conflict with time of physical training.
Therefore, its physical training goal should be in an interval. The setting factors that affect supervisors on the physical training goals are the condition of facilities, personnel quality (base) and management level; the objective factor is climate.
(6) There are five elements for the physical training of the Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China: training organizers, trainees, training content, training methods and training environment. Training organizers in the physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China own three characteristics which are dominant, hierarchical and serviceability. They play a role of decision-making, planning, organization, implementation and guidance supervisory.The trainees in the physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China include police officers and the soldiers. Their features in the physical training are subjectivity, differentiation, plasticity and motility. The requirements for trainees are completing the physical training tasks resolutely, abiding by training regulations consciously, and training actively and industriously. Contents of physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China should be scientific, pertinence and advancing. The methods of the physical training should be in congruity, diversity and adaptability which are one of the decisive factors to achieving the objectives, effects and the bridge of both the subject and object in the physical training. The environment of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China are complex, with both advantages and disadvantages, and vivid than reality which are important for ensuring the restricting the physical training.
Encouragement and coordination and controlling play a key role in the physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China. All these require the training organizers own unity of direction, make level-to-level administration and responsible according to level; let them regulate in accordance with the training rules and regulations; scientifically organize and reasonably use the personnel, financial, material, time, space, information and other resources to secure the best management efficiency, and thus improve physical training effect; and the most important thing is to adhere to the same training tube.
Soldiers on the physical stamina training should adjust measures to local conditions, and completes the physical stamina training plan according to the actual situation of soldiers live on introducing low cost, light weight, covers an area of small training equipment for auxiliary.
(7) The principles for formulating the physical training assessment system in northeast China are comprehensive principle, pertinence, the principle of incentive, cyclical principle, systematic principle, scientific principle and the feasibility principle. The specific content of the assessment is divided into two parts, that are, standard assessment content and process examination content. Standard assessment content on physical training of Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China consists of the formulation of the examination standards, the content of the assessment which highlighting the differences, standardizing the examination sites and the related conditions, development and utilization of the software evaluation system. Process assessment contents include training methods assessment, training system assessment and training evaluation of different groups. The assessment of evaluation standard on physical training evaluation results of the Police Tactical Unit of Public Security and Frontier Defense in Northeast China should be made according to the difficulty degree of different assessment projects in the region adopting percentage evaluation methods.
(8) Based on the means of motivation, it can be divided into the spiritual drive and substance incentive; according to the nature of incentives, which can be divided as positive incentives and negative incentives; incentive approaches are mainly policy incentives, encourage democracy, trust motivation, caring encouragement, goal motivation, and reinforcement encourages, model incentive. Rewards and punishments principles on physical training of public security border forces in Northeast China are: with strict standard, rewards and punishments according to performance; based on moral encouragement, material incentive as supplement; appropriateness principle. Guarantees against rewards and punishments in physical training of public security border forces in Northeast China are:laws and regulations, institutional guarantee, and environment guarantee. Laws and regulations guarantee is mainly the integration of relating laws and regulations on physical training rewards and punishments and their formulation. Institutional guarantee includes evaluation system, educational system, information management system and supervision system. Environment guarantee is mainly policy environment, environment of the forces and social context.
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