网络环境下公共图书馆借鉴电子商务的研究
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摘要
随着数字化、网络化时代的来临，互联网以其特有的免费、快捷、无国界的特点，被越来越多的人所接受，并且已经成为人们生活的组成部分。同时，人们对信息获取的方式或者说是习惯也正在发生变化。人们对互联网的依赖越来越强。但问题随之而来：互联网的信息泛滥，往往使人们无所适从，难以找到有用信息，难以辨别信息的真伪。本研究就是基于网络经济的新形势下，通过剖析网络环境对读者、对图书馆的影响，介绍电子商务的模式和内涵，分析图书馆开展电子商务的竞争优势及其特点，并结合国外发达国家图书馆实现电子商务的成功经验，探讨图书馆如何将电子商务的概念引入我国的公共图书馆日常的业务之中，为读者提供信息导航和深层次的信息咨询服务。
文章通过深入分析，探讨了电子商务在图书馆的具体应用：在图书馆服务方面，结合了电子商务的BtoC、CtoC模式，提供读者网上读者服务、网上参考咨询和知识导航、网上书目检索、数据库检索、电子期刊的阅览、电子书的阅览和外借、远程用户教育、网络定题服务、网上市场调研、馆际互借和电子文献传递、专题讨论组等。在图书馆的内部运作上，结合了电子商务的BtoB模式，使用网上采购、图书馆的联机编目等方式，降低图书馆运行成本、提高工作效率。管理上，通过引入客户关系管理的方法，为读者提供全面的个性化服务。文章最后指出了图书馆实现电子商务的障碍，并提出了一些建议和措施。
本文共分七章：
第一章介绍了电子商务的基本情况。概述了互联网在全球和中国的发展现状，以及相应的电子商务的发展状况，介绍了电子商务中的一些基本概念和电子商务的四种模式。
第二章介绍了网络环境对图书馆的影响。网络环境对读者阅读习惯和获得信息方式产生影响。同样，对图书馆的信息源、获取资源方式、服务方式、管理方式也产生了影响。进而，介绍了电子商务应用对图书馆的影响，以及图书馆的价值链的变化。
第三章论述了图书馆实现电子商务的意义。分析了图书馆电子商务具有非营利以及模式上的特点，指出图书馆电子商务的四个方面的意义。
第四章分析了图书馆实现电子商务的竞争优势。文章从品牌优势、资源优
势、客户优势、服务优势、投入优势为入口，论述了图书馆开展电子商务的具备
的独特的优势。
第五章分析图书馆电子商务的应用模式。详细介绍了电子商务中Bt0B、
BtoC、CtoC模式在图书馆的具体应用。同时，文章还介绍国外图书馆成功实现
电子商务的案例。
第六章论述了图书馆推进电子商务过程中遇到的具体问题及其解决方法。
主要的问题涉及信息安全、支付方式、物流等电子商务的共性问题，图书馆收费
与免费问题，知识产权问题以及人才短缺的问题，并针对这些问题提出了可行的
建议。
第七章介绍了图书馆实现电子商务的一些具体措施。作者认为，要成功实
现电子商务，图书馆需要建立图书馆门户网站、加强网络服务能力、注重人才‘的
培养及引进、注重与其他单位的合作与联合，并引入CRM系统深层次地开展读者
服务。
On the arrival of a digital and networking era, Internet is being welcomed by more and more people with the characters of charge-free, updating, and borderlessness. It has become an important component of their life. Meanwhile changes take place in the manner or custom that people obtain information, whose dependence on Internet keep increasing. However, Internet brings about information flooding and makes people puzzled. It is quite difficult to capture valuable information and to identify truth or falseness. Under the new situation of Network Economy, this thesis explored to induce Electronic Business into the daily work flow of domestic public libraries, by dissecting the impact of network environments on libraries and readers, explaining the modes and implied meanings of E-business, analyzing the Competitive Advantages and features of Library Electronic business, and making full use of successful experiences in realizing Library E-business by developed countries, so as to be able to offer readers the information navigating and consulting services on deeper levels.
The applications of E-business into libraries may include: first, library services, ie. the BtoC and CtoC modes in combination with E-business make available the online reader service, online reference consultation and knowledge navigation, online bibliographic searches, database searching, E-journal reading, E-book reading and lending, remote education, online SDI services, market investigation via Internet, Interlibrary Loan, E-document delivery and BBS etc. ; And second, library operation, ie. the BtoB mode in combination with E-business facilitates online purchase, online cataloging, which decrease library operation cost and improve working efficiency; Third, library management, ie. Individualization services of full scale for readers can be created via customer relationship management method. In the final part of the thesis,
obstacles in implementing Library E-business were pointed out before giving the corresponding advices and measures.
This thesis is divided into seven chapters:
Chapter one introduced basic instance of EC. The current status of Internet development as well as E-business development in Globe and China was summarized, then some general concepts and four modes of E-business were presented.
Chapter two discussed the impact of network environments on libraries. The network environments make influences on reading habits and information obtainment manners of readers just the same way as they do on libraries of their information sources, resource acquisition ways, service manners, management modes. Furthermore, E-business applications to libraries as well as alternations in library value chains thereby were discussed.
Chapter three dissertated the meaning of implementing Library EC. Significance in four aspects of Library E-business were set forth after analyzing Library EC' s non-profit feature and its special modes.
Chapter four discussed the Competitive Advantages of realizing Library EC. The unique superiorities such as trademark or public image, resources, customers, services and inputs are concluded.
Chapter five analyzed the application modes of Library EC. The use of BtoC and CtoC modes in library were explained in detail. Besides, the success of E-business application in foreign public libraries are illustrated.
Chapter six raised the problems might occur in carrying out Library E-business and gave possible solutions. The main obstacles might be common E-business problems such as information safety, payment manner and logistics, as well as change versus non-charge problem, intellectual property and intelligence shortage of libraries. Some feasible suggestions were given.
Chapter seven gave some practical measures for realizing Library EC. The author suggested to construct portal site, to improve network service capacity, to emphasize talent cultivation and indraught, to enhance cooperation and coalition with other units and to carry out advanced reader service with CRM system.
文章通过深入分析，探讨了电子商务在图书馆的具体应用：在图书馆服务方面，结合了电子商务的BtoC、CtoC模式，提供读者网上读者服务、网上参考咨询和知识导航、网上书目检索、数据库检索、电子期刊的阅览、电子书的阅览和外借、远程用户教育、网络定题服务、网上市场调研、馆际互借和电子文献传递、专题讨论组等。在图书馆的内部运作上，结合了电子商务的BtoB模式，使用网上采购、图书馆的联机编目等方式，降低图书馆运行成本、提高工作效率。管理上，通过引入客户关系管理的方法，为读者提供全面的个性化服务。文章最后指出了图书馆实现电子商务的障碍，并提出了一些建议和措施。
本文共分七章：
第一章介绍了电子商务的基本情况。概述了互联网在全球和中国的发展现状，以及相应的电子商务的发展状况，介绍了电子商务中的一些基本概念和电子商务的四种模式。
第二章介绍了网络环境对图书馆的影响。网络环境对读者阅读习惯和获得信息方式产生影响。同样，对图书馆的信息源、获取资源方式、服务方式、管理方式也产生了影响。进而，介绍了电子商务应用对图书馆的影响，以及图书馆的价值链的变化。
第三章论述了图书馆实现电子商务的意义。分析了图书馆电子商务具有非营利以及模式上的特点，指出图书馆电子商务的四个方面的意义。
第四章分析了图书馆实现电子商务的竞争优势。文章从品牌优势、资源优
势、客户优势、服务优势、投入优势为入口，论述了图书馆开展电子商务的具备
的独特的优势。
第五章分析图书馆电子商务的应用模式。详细介绍了电子商务中Bt0B、
BtoC、CtoC模式在图书馆的具体应用。同时，文章还介绍国外图书馆成功实现
电子商务的案例。
第六章论述了图书馆推进电子商务过程中遇到的具体问题及其解决方法。
主要的问题涉及信息安全、支付方式、物流等电子商务的共性问题，图书馆收费
与免费问题，知识产权问题以及人才短缺的问题，并针对这些问题提出了可行的
建议。
第七章介绍了图书馆实现电子商务的一些具体措施。作者认为，要成功实
现电子商务，图书馆需要建立图书馆门户网站、加强网络服务能力、注重人才‘的
培养及引进、注重与其他单位的合作与联合，并引入CRM系统深层次地开展读者
服务。
On the arrival of a digital and networking era, Internet is being welcomed by more and more people with the characters of charge-free, updating, and borderlessness. It has become an important component of their life. Meanwhile changes take place in the manner or custom that people obtain information, whose dependence on Internet keep increasing. However, Internet brings about information flooding and makes people puzzled. It is quite difficult to capture valuable information and to identify truth or falseness. Under the new situation of Network Economy, this thesis explored to induce Electronic Business into the daily work flow of domestic public libraries, by dissecting the impact of network environments on libraries and readers, explaining the modes and implied meanings of E-business, analyzing the Competitive Advantages and features of Library Electronic business, and making full use of successful experiences in realizing Library E-business by developed countries, so as to be able to offer readers the information navigating and consulting services on deeper levels.
The applications of E-business into libraries may include: first, library services, ie. the BtoC and CtoC modes in combination with E-business make available the online reader service, online reference consultation and knowledge navigation, online bibliographic searches, database searching, E-journal reading, E-book reading and lending, remote education, online SDI services, market investigation via Internet, Interlibrary Loan, E-document delivery and BBS etc. ; And second, library operation, ie. the BtoB mode in combination with E-business facilitates online purchase, online cataloging, which decrease library operation cost and improve working efficiency; Third, library management, ie. Individualization services of full scale for readers can be created via customer relationship management method. In the final part of the thesis,
obstacles in implementing Library E-business were pointed out before giving the corresponding advices and measures.
This thesis is divided into seven chapters:
Chapter one introduced basic instance of EC. The current status of Internet development as well as E-business development in Globe and China was summarized, then some general concepts and four modes of E-business were presented.
Chapter two discussed the impact of network environments on libraries. The network environments make influences on reading habits and information obtainment manners of readers just the same way as they do on libraries of their information sources, resource acquisition ways, service manners, management modes. Furthermore, E-business applications to libraries as well as alternations in library value chains thereby were discussed.
Chapter three dissertated the meaning of implementing Library EC. Significance in four aspects of Library E-business were set forth after analyzing Library EC' s non-profit feature and its special modes.
Chapter four discussed the Competitive Advantages of realizing Library EC. The unique superiorities such as trademark or public image, resources, customers, services and inputs are concluded.
Chapter five analyzed the application modes of Library EC. The use of BtoC and CtoC modes in library were explained in detail. Besides, the success of E-business application in foreign public libraries are illustrated.
Chapter six raised the problems might occur in carrying out Library E-business and gave possible solutions. The main obstacles might be common E-business problems such as information safety, payment manner and logistics, as well as change versus non-charge problem, intellectual property and intelligence shortage of libraries. Some feasible suggestions were given.
Chapter seven gave some practical measures for realizing Library EC. The author suggested to construct portal site, to improve network service capacity, to emphasize talent cultivation and indraught, to enhance cooperation and coalition with other units and to carry out advanced reader service with CRM system.
引文
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Network http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/vertical/publicsector/colapl_cp.pdf
78. Song, S. Electronic commerce and its impacts to library and information profession http://www.slis.ualberta.ca/538-99/ssong/termproj.htm 1999
79. Olson Renee NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY DOES BUSINESS WITH BARNES & NOBLE School Library Journal 1998,44(2)18
80. Sistla A P; Wolfson O. Towards a theory of cost management for digital libraries and electronic commerce ACM TRANSACTIONS ON DATABASE SYSTEMS 1998,23(4) 411-452
81. DAN A., etc. The Coyote project: Framework for multi-party E-commerce Research and advanced technology for digital libraries Lecture notes in computer science 1998,(1513) 873-889
82. Schutzer, D. A Need For A Common Infrastructure: Digital Libraries and Electronic Commerce D-Lib Magazine 1996 http://www.dlib.org/dlib/apri196/04schutzer.html
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8．李玉兰 CRM在图书馆中的应用 农业图书情报学刊 2003(1)，16-17，81
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10．崔宏 论公共图书馆的服务与收费 内蒙古图书馆工作 2003，(1)14-15
11．崔艳华 网络环境下的联机编目工作 沈阳教育学院学报 2003，(1)90-92
12．史田华 基于数字图书馆的电子商务模式探讨 图书馆学．信息科学．资料工作 2003，(1)40-43，39
13．郝渝 数字图书馆与电子商务 现代电子技术 2003，(3)82-85
14．吴建中 中国图书馆发展中的十个热点问题 中国图书馆学报 2002，28(2)7-12
15．罗敏 电子商务在现代图书馆中的应用 渝州大学学报：社会科学版 2002，19(2)126-128
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17．周淮 图书馆电子商务模式探析 情报杂志 2002，21(9)82-83
18．沈萍等 在数字图书馆中推行电子商务的障碍分析 武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版)2002，4(2)102-105
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22．唐洁琼 图书馆网上采购新模式 湘潭师范学院学报 2002，24(3)134-136
23．郝亚玲 网络环境下图书馆信息服务的新模式 青海大学学报：自然科学版 2002，20(4)93-96
24．孙增响 谈图书馆网上文献采购 大学图书情报学刊 2002，20(3)70-71，80
25．孙维等 对图书电子商务未来发展思考 情报科学 2002，20(11)1159-1160
26．陆宝益等 图书馆网络信息咨询研究 情报理论与实践 2002，25(3)196-199
27．郝亚玲 网络环境下图书馆信息服务的新模式 青海大学学报(自然科学版) 2002，20(4)93-96
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29．李清江 网络环境下图书馆信息服务的思考 高校图书馆工作 2002，(3)70-74
30．陆宝益等 论图书馆网络信息咨询服务中的收费问题 现代图书情报技术 2002，(2)28-31
31．黄建年 图书馆网站建设亟待解决的几个问题 冶金信息导刊 2002，(1)34-37
32．陈仰珊等 从中国门户网站的变动看图书馆网站建设 贵图学刊 2002，(2)40-41
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35．苏开颜等 文献采访与电子商务 图书馆建设 2001，(2)28-30
36．孔燕 图书馆利用电子商务发展策略 情报杂志 2001，20(7)58-59
37．谷斌 网络环境对传统信息服务的影响及对策 图书情报知识 2001，(4)33-35
38．王欣 图书馆对电子文献传递服务的选择 情报资料工作 2001，(3)41-42
39．刘陆先 国外图书馆的有偿服务研究与实践 江苏图书馆学报 2000，(5)58-60
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57. Cooper, M.D. Predicting the relevance of a library catalog search Journal of the American Society for Information Soiree & Teehnology 2001,52(10) 813-827
58. Broughton, K Our experiment in online, real-time reference Computers in Libraries 2001,(21) 26-31
59. Neal, K.; Kerr, M. E-commerce and the Iibrarian VINE 2000,(120) 3-5
60. Di Clarke An overview of e-commerce in libraries 2000 http://www.bond.edu.au/library/jpr/ausweb2k/ecomm.html
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62. Harris, L.E. Libraries and e-commerce: improving information services and beyond Information Outlook 2000,4(3), 24-30
63. LOWERV John Going one step further: The British Library joins the ranks of free Internet service providers(ISPS): Electronic Commerce and Information Services VINE 2000,(120) 35-40
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67. Coopee, T. How to climb the search engine rankings InfoWorld 2000,22(24) 61-64
68. Lang, K. R., etc. The role of electronic commerce in the transformation of distance education Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce 2000,10(2) 103-127
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70. Ronald J. Hechart imaging the digital library in a commercialized internet The Journal of Academic Librarianship 1999,25(4) 274-280
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72. Coffman, S. Building Earth's Largest Library: Driving into the Future Searcher 1999,7(3) http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/mar99/coffman.htm
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76. Lesley Ellen Harris E-Commerce for GLAMs and Other Non-Profits http://www.copyrightlaws.com/articles/arglams.html
77. Jon Fullinwider County of Los Angeles Public Library Virtual Reference
Network http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/vertical/publicsector/colapl_cp.pdf
78. Song, S. Electronic commerce and its impacts to library and information profession http://www.slis.ualberta.ca/538-99/ssong/termproj.htm 1999
79. Olson Renee NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY DOES BUSINESS WITH BARNES & NOBLE School Library Journal 1998,44(2)18
80. Sistla A P; Wolfson O. Towards a theory of cost management for digital libraries and electronic commerce ACM TRANSACTIONS ON DATABASE SYSTEMS 1998,23(4) 411-452
81. DAN A., etc. The Coyote project: Framework for multi-party E-commerce Research and advanced technology for digital libraries Lecture notes in computer science 1998,(1513) 873-889
82. Schutzer, D. A Need For A Common Infrastructure: Digital Libraries and Electronic Commerce D-Lib Magazine 1996 http://www.dlib.org/dlib/apri196/04schutzer.html