广域行波测距算法及其形式化验证
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摘要
快速、准确地确定故障距离，可加快永久故障的修复，及时消除隐患避免大量瞬时性故障的再次发生，对保证电力系统的安全稳定和经济运行有十分重要的意义。行波测距技术是电力线路精确测距技术。现有的行波测距系统大都是以本线路双端测距原理进行配置，当线路一侧的行波测距装置异常时则会导致测距失败。为可靠记录线路的扰动，避免拒动而导致测距失败，行波采集设备的启动门槛比保护更灵敏，因此可以记录更多的线路扰动信息，而这些信息还缺乏有效的使用。对于未引起保护动作的扰动，其扰动点一般都是绝缘薄弱点，准确的定位该扰动点可以使电力部门在计划检修时重点检查扰动点，最大可能减少电力线路故障的可能性，变被动的故障检修为主动的计划检修。此外，随着行波测距装置应用数量的增加，行波测距系统开始组网使用，这为充分地利用全网的故障行波信息，进一步提高测距的可靠性和精度创造了条件。但由于不同厂家的行波测距装置开放性不足，还存在着互联互通不畅的问题。
针对上述问题，本文在分析广域故障行波传播过程和测距原理的基础上，所做的工作如下：
（1）提出仅使用行波记录信息的基于扰动初始行波到达时间的广域行波测距算法；该算法通过确定扰动点计算区域减小计算规模，使用计算区域内最短路径和变电站记录时间计算可能扰动点位置，通过建立的逻辑判断规则综合判断变电站记录时间的可信度和扰动线路，使用可信的变电站记录时间和最短路径获得可信、精确的扰动点距离。
（2）对于现有单端行波测距方法故障点反射波难于识别的问题，提出了在网络有效区域内构造波形的故障点反射波识别算法。该算法通过引入在行波测距主站获取的电力网络实时拓扑信息，根据拓扑关系计算各阻抗不匹配点的折反射系数，通过小波变换获得模极大值点，并构造各可能故障点的行波传播波形。构造出的波形与实际记录的行波波形的线模分量进行比较后，匹配度最高的则为故障点。通过仿真和现场实际算例验证了所提方法可行、有效。
（3）将形式化逻辑验证的方法引入行波测距领域；通过对基于扰动初始行波到达时间的广域行波测距算法数据集的判断逻辑和扰动线路判断逻辑进行形式化分析并使用SPIN工具建模验证，校验了算法的逻辑正确性。
（4）首次进行行波测距信息的CIM模型的建立；使用IEC61850的建模技术，对行波测距功能进行定义、分解和分配，新建行波测距逻辑节点RTFL并定义其数据属性；定义其通信服务模型并确定其MMS的映射。
（5）对广域行波测距算法的技术实现进行了研究，并在此基础上开发了广域行波测距主站。
对广域行波测距算法形式化分析和验证方法有效地提高了广域行波测距系统的可靠性与正确性。现场实际算例验证了所提基于扰动初始行波到达时间的广域行波测距算法和基于动态网络信息的行波单端波形识别算法的可行性和有效性。研制出的广域行波测距系统已投入电力系统实际运行。
广域行波测距算法由于使用整个网络的故障行波信息测距，可有效避免本线路双端行波原理的不足，因而具有更高的测距可靠性。不依赖于保护信息的广域行波测距算法可以对未引起保护动作的扰动进行定位，适用范围更宽。对这类扰动测距后获得的线路绝缘薄弱点，可为电力线路计划检修提供参考，防患于未然，进而提高线路供电可靠性。
Rapidly and accurately locating the fault distance can reduce therepairing time for the permanent fault, and eliminate potential risks to avoidtransient fault happening. It has important significance to ensure powersystem stability and economic operation. Travelling wave fault location(TWFL) method has been widely applied in the power system because of itswide applicability and high accuracy. However, the existing TWFL systememploys the double ends method and doesn’t make use of the neighboringsubstations data. If one of its data acquisition equipment at both ends of a linefails to capture the fault transient, it will fail to give out fault location result.To record the fault transient reliably, traveling wave fault location equipmentis usually set to be more sensitive than relays and so will record more thanjust fault transients. The source of disturbances that do not trigger the relay,can be determined using the recorded traveling wave data. These disturbancesare normally associated with defective insulators which utilities can focus onreplacing during routine maintenance to avoid future problems. With the rapidgrowth of travelling wave fault location equipments, the wide area travellingwave fault location (WA-TWFL) network is formed. The neighboringsubstations data can be used to increase the reliability and accuracy of TWFLsystem. But TWFL equipments installed at substations may be supplied bydifferent manufacturers using different data models and incompatiblecommunication protocols.
Based on the analysis of the wide area travelling wave propagation andthe travelling wave fault location methods, main achievements weresummarized as follows:
(1) A WA-TWFL algorithm that only uses fault initial travelling wavearrival time and free from operation signal is proposed. The algorithm firstdetermines the valid calculation area of the monitored network to decreasecalculation scale and uses the shortest path and the extended double endsmethod to get possible fault point. Then, the faulty line and the distance tofault can be identified by using the judgment rules.
(2) The single end travelling wave fault location method is usuallydifficult to discriminate the reflection wave of fault point. A reflection waverecognition algorithm based on construct fault waveform is presented. Thealgorithm employs wavelet transform to detect possible fault point in powersystem. Using the real time network topology and possible fault point, thetravelling wave propagation waveform can be constructed. By comparing theconstructed waveforms and real recorded waveform, the reflection wave offault point can be identified. The simulation verifies its correctness, and thefield application proves the feasibility of this method.
(3) For the WA-TWFL algorithm that doesn’t use the operation signal,the preliminary selection of travelling wave arrival time and disturbance lineidentification are the key problems of the algorithm. The formal analysis andverification method was introduced. Applying linear temporal logic (LTL), thelogic of these two problems are analyzed and verified. The logic model ischecked by SPIN, which is a model verification tool. It ensures the logicalcompleteness of the WA-TWFL algorithm.
(4) The travelling wave fault location equipment’s CIM model is firstbuilt. By using the modeling technique of IEC61850, the TWFL functions aredecomposed and defined. Based on the analysis of traveling wave faultlocation system’s communication interface and its data, the travelling wavefault location logic node RTFL is presented. The traveling wave fault locationequipment information model and mapping to MMS are studied to support theopen communication and interoperability.
(5) Based on the analysis of the WA-TWFL master station’s architectureand functional requirements, the master station is developed.
By using formal analysis and verification method, the reliability andcorrectness of the WA-TWFL system are effectively improved. The filedapplication results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposedWA-TWFL algorithm and the reflection wave recognition algorithm. Thedeveloped WA-TWFL system has been put into operation in the powersystem.
The WA-TWFL algorithm makes use of the traveling-wave data ofvarious substations across the monitored network and therefore has betterreliability than the conventional double-end method. And the algorithm usesonly traveling-wave data, and does not require information from protectionrelays and so can be used not only to locate faults that cause replay operations,but also the location of incipient faults which only produce small disturbances.By analyzing the disturbance-traveling wave, utilities can focus on the weakpoints during routine maintenance to avoid problems, and thereby increase thereliability of power supply.
针对上述问题，本文在分析广域故障行波传播过程和测距原理的基础上，所做的工作如下：
（1）提出仅使用行波记录信息的基于扰动初始行波到达时间的广域行波测距算法；该算法通过确定扰动点计算区域减小计算规模，使用计算区域内最短路径和变电站记录时间计算可能扰动点位置，通过建立的逻辑判断规则综合判断变电站记录时间的可信度和扰动线路，使用可信的变电站记录时间和最短路径获得可信、精确的扰动点距离。
（2）对于现有单端行波测距方法故障点反射波难于识别的问题，提出了在网络有效区域内构造波形的故障点反射波识别算法。该算法通过引入在行波测距主站获取的电力网络实时拓扑信息，根据拓扑关系计算各阻抗不匹配点的折反射系数，通过小波变换获得模极大值点，并构造各可能故障点的行波传播波形。构造出的波形与实际记录的行波波形的线模分量进行比较后，匹配度最高的则为故障点。通过仿真和现场实际算例验证了所提方法可行、有效。
（3）将形式化逻辑验证的方法引入行波测距领域；通过对基于扰动初始行波到达时间的广域行波测距算法数据集的判断逻辑和扰动线路判断逻辑进行形式化分析并使用SPIN工具建模验证，校验了算法的逻辑正确性。
（4）首次进行行波测距信息的CIM模型的建立；使用IEC61850的建模技术，对行波测距功能进行定义、分解和分配，新建行波测距逻辑节点RTFL并定义其数据属性；定义其通信服务模型并确定其MMS的映射。
（5）对广域行波测距算法的技术实现进行了研究，并在此基础上开发了广域行波测距主站。
对广域行波测距算法形式化分析和验证方法有效地提高了广域行波测距系统的可靠性与正确性。现场实际算例验证了所提基于扰动初始行波到达时间的广域行波测距算法和基于动态网络信息的行波单端波形识别算法的可行性和有效性。研制出的广域行波测距系统已投入电力系统实际运行。
广域行波测距算法由于使用整个网络的故障行波信息测距，可有效避免本线路双端行波原理的不足，因而具有更高的测距可靠性。不依赖于保护信息的广域行波测距算法可以对未引起保护动作的扰动进行定位，适用范围更宽。对这类扰动测距后获得的线路绝缘薄弱点，可为电力线路计划检修提供参考，防患于未然，进而提高线路供电可靠性。
Rapidly and accurately locating the fault distance can reduce therepairing time for the permanent fault, and eliminate potential risks to avoidtransient fault happening. It has important significance to ensure powersystem stability and economic operation. Travelling wave fault location(TWFL) method has been widely applied in the power system because of itswide applicability and high accuracy. However, the existing TWFL systememploys the double ends method and doesn’t make use of the neighboringsubstations data. If one of its data acquisition equipment at both ends of a linefails to capture the fault transient, it will fail to give out fault location result.To record the fault transient reliably, traveling wave fault location equipmentis usually set to be more sensitive than relays and so will record more thanjust fault transients. The source of disturbances that do not trigger the relay,can be determined using the recorded traveling wave data. These disturbancesare normally associated with defective insulators which utilities can focus onreplacing during routine maintenance to avoid future problems. With the rapidgrowth of travelling wave fault location equipments, the wide area travellingwave fault location (WA-TWFL) network is formed. The neighboringsubstations data can be used to increase the reliability and accuracy of TWFLsystem. But TWFL equipments installed at substations may be supplied bydifferent manufacturers using different data models and incompatiblecommunication protocols.
Based on the analysis of the wide area travelling wave propagation andthe travelling wave fault location methods, main achievements weresummarized as follows:
(1) A WA-TWFL algorithm that only uses fault initial travelling wavearrival time and free from operation signal is proposed. The algorithm firstdetermines the valid calculation area of the monitored network to decreasecalculation scale and uses the shortest path and the extended double endsmethod to get possible fault point. Then, the faulty line and the distance tofault can be identified by using the judgment rules.
(2) The single end travelling wave fault location method is usuallydifficult to discriminate the reflection wave of fault point. A reflection waverecognition algorithm based on construct fault waveform is presented. Thealgorithm employs wavelet transform to detect possible fault point in powersystem. Using the real time network topology and possible fault point, thetravelling wave propagation waveform can be constructed. By comparing theconstructed waveforms and real recorded waveform, the reflection wave offault point can be identified. The simulation verifies its correctness, and thefield application proves the feasibility of this method.
(3) For the WA-TWFL algorithm that doesn’t use the operation signal,the preliminary selection of travelling wave arrival time and disturbance lineidentification are the key problems of the algorithm. The formal analysis andverification method was introduced. Applying linear temporal logic (LTL), thelogic of these two problems are analyzed and verified. The logic model ischecked by SPIN, which is a model verification tool. It ensures the logicalcompleteness of the WA-TWFL algorithm.
(4) The travelling wave fault location equipment’s CIM model is firstbuilt. By using the modeling technique of IEC61850, the TWFL functions aredecomposed and defined. Based on the analysis of traveling wave faultlocation system’s communication interface and its data, the travelling wavefault location logic node RTFL is presented. The traveling wave fault locationequipment information model and mapping to MMS are studied to support theopen communication and interoperability.
(5) Based on the analysis of the WA-TWFL master station’s architectureand functional requirements, the master station is developed.
By using formal analysis and verification method, the reliability andcorrectness of the WA-TWFL system are effectively improved. The filedapplication results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposedWA-TWFL algorithm and the reflection wave recognition algorithm. Thedeveloped WA-TWFL system has been put into operation in the powersystem.
The WA-TWFL algorithm makes use of the traveling-wave data ofvarious substations across the monitored network and therefore has betterreliability than the conventional double-end method. And the algorithm usesonly traveling-wave data, and does not require information from protectionrelays and so can be used not only to locate faults that cause replay operations,but also the location of incipient faults which only produce small disturbances.By analyzing the disturbance-traveling wave, utilities can focus on the weakpoints during routine maintenance to avoid problems, and thereby increase thereliability of power supply.
引文
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