30%敌畏·氧乐注干液剂对木本植物的药害机理及药效研究
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摘要
本文研究了30％敌畏·氧乐注干液剂对植物的药害机理、药效及植物体对药剂的吸收规律，利用植物抗逆性生理研究方法来揭示药害机理，并讨论了植物体各项生理生化指标变化与药害的关系。
田间实验结果表明，在适宜的药剂浓度条件下，30％敌畏·氧乐注干液剂对杨树、国槐等大多数林木不产生药害，但对苹果等产生药害。而室内条件下相同药液浓度均使杨树、国槐、苹果枝条产生药害，并且超过80倍液时均无明显药害。通过对三种林木对药液吸收速率，田间药害症状、传导方向、部位差异的研究认为苹果、桃树、山楂和梨等由于吸药速率快，且存在单侧输导现象，短时间内植物特定部位药剂积累量超过了其忍受的阈值，从而造成药害。
室内条件测试中新疆杨和苹果产生药害的原因主要有两方面，一是造成植物细胞发生质壁分离，二是细胞膜透性增大、膜质过氧化。注干液剂中单剂、混剂及其各组分都可对新疆杨叶片造成药害，氧化乐果的症状表现比敌敌畏明显。药剂使质膜的结构及稳定性遭到破坏，对膜系统保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性产生影响，药害初期活性上升，随后受到抑制。MDA含量上升，膜的伤害程度进一步加剧。
杀虫剂对新疆杨和苹果的生理生化有显著影响，表现在叶绿素a／b发生变化、光合速率下降、胞内CO2浓度和蒸腾速率升高、多酚氧化酶活性上升及游离态脯氨酸积累等。
实验认为药水系数和累积药水系数能够比较客观地反映植物对药剂的吸收能力，系数值高则表示植物对药剂的吸收能力强，反之则低。
新疆杨、国槐和苹果对敌敌畏和氧化乐果的吸收能力为杨树＞苹果＞国槐：11种不同类型的木本植物对30％敌畏·氧乐5倍稀释液的吸收速率有很大差别，大小次序为：山楂、桃树、苹果、女贞、君迁子、七叶树、侧柏、国槐、泡桐、杨树、核桃。
田间防效结果表明30％敌畏·氧乐对草履蚧的防治效果可以达到95.9％以上，对槐木虱防效分别大于96.4％，对危害新疆杨和合作杨的光肩星天牛幼虫可达到理想防效。
The thesis studied the phytotoxicity, efficiency and absorption of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate injection pesticide in woody plant, showed the phytotoxicity by means of the plant Resistance to Environmental Stresses and discusssed the relationship between change of phsi-ological and biochemical indexes and phytotoxic.
Experiment showed the causes of phytotoxic of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate to apple tree were quick absorption, unilateral translocation and the tolerate threshold value of plant tissue to pesticide was exceeded in short time. Two main phytotoxicity mechanisms were gained by studies on poplar and apple trees: firstly, pesticides can cause plant cell membrane departed from cell wall because of the high concentration. Secondly, can cause cell membrane relative permeability increased and membrane lipid peroxidation. Each components of mixed pesticide can damage the structure of poplar leaves, and the symptoms of omethoate were more obvious than dichlorvos. Pesticides damaged cell membranes, which appeared oxidizing, increased the permeability of cell membranes in poplar trees, so that SOD, POD enzyme activities were inhibited, polyphenol oxidase activity increased at first, then reduced. SOD and POD enzyme activity in apple leaves were remarkably inhibited and the content of MDA was increased.
The pesticide had a remarkable interference on chlorophyll a/b, photosynthesis rate, CO, concentration of cell and evaporation rate, free proline accumulating.
Experiments showed that the ratio of pesticide and water could objectively reflect plant ability" to absorb solvent, the higher ratio, the more absorption.
The plant ability' to absorb dichlorvos and omethoate were: P. alba var bolleanu>M. pumilla>S. japonica. We found there existed a great difference in absorption to 30% diohlorvos and omethoate diluted 5 times among eleven woody plants, the rank of absorption from higher to lower were Crutagus pinnatifida, Pruns persica, M. Pumila, Ligustrus lucidum, Diospyros kaki, Aesculus chinensis, Plutycladus orientalis S. Japonica, Paulownia spp., Populus spp. and Juglans regia.
Field experiments demonstrated that efficacy of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate for Drosicha corpulenta was 95.9% and Psylla willieti 96.4%. For Anoplophora glabripennis and Apriona swainsoni also gained perfected efficiency.
田间实验结果表明，在适宜的药剂浓度条件下，30％敌畏·氧乐注干液剂对杨树、国槐等大多数林木不产生药害，但对苹果等产生药害。而室内条件下相同药液浓度均使杨树、国槐、苹果枝条产生药害，并且超过80倍液时均无明显药害。通过对三种林木对药液吸收速率，田间药害症状、传导方向、部位差异的研究认为苹果、桃树、山楂和梨等由于吸药速率快，且存在单侧输导现象，短时间内植物特定部位药剂积累量超过了其忍受的阈值，从而造成药害。
室内条件测试中新疆杨和苹果产生药害的原因主要有两方面，一是造成植物细胞发生质壁分离，二是细胞膜透性增大、膜质过氧化。注干液剂中单剂、混剂及其各组分都可对新疆杨叶片造成药害，氧化乐果的症状表现比敌敌畏明显。药剂使质膜的结构及稳定性遭到破坏，对膜系统保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性产生影响，药害初期活性上升，随后受到抑制。MDA含量上升，膜的伤害程度进一步加剧。
杀虫剂对新疆杨和苹果的生理生化有显著影响，表现在叶绿素a／b发生变化、光合速率下降、胞内CO2浓度和蒸腾速率升高、多酚氧化酶活性上升及游离态脯氨酸积累等。
实验认为药水系数和累积药水系数能够比较客观地反映植物对药剂的吸收能力，系数值高则表示植物对药剂的吸收能力强，反之则低。
新疆杨、国槐和苹果对敌敌畏和氧化乐果的吸收能力为杨树＞苹果＞国槐：11种不同类型的木本植物对30％敌畏·氧乐5倍稀释液的吸收速率有很大差别，大小次序为：山楂、桃树、苹果、女贞、君迁子、七叶树、侧柏、国槐、泡桐、杨树、核桃。
田间防效结果表明30％敌畏·氧乐对草履蚧的防治效果可以达到95.9％以上，对槐木虱防效分别大于96.4％，对危害新疆杨和合作杨的光肩星天牛幼虫可达到理想防效。
The thesis studied the phytotoxicity, efficiency and absorption of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate injection pesticide in woody plant, showed the phytotoxicity by means of the plant Resistance to Environmental Stresses and discusssed the relationship between change of phsi-ological and biochemical indexes and phytotoxic.
Experiment showed the causes of phytotoxic of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate to apple tree were quick absorption, unilateral translocation and the tolerate threshold value of plant tissue to pesticide was exceeded in short time. Two main phytotoxicity mechanisms were gained by studies on poplar and apple trees: firstly, pesticides can cause plant cell membrane departed from cell wall because of the high concentration. Secondly, can cause cell membrane relative permeability increased and membrane lipid peroxidation. Each components of mixed pesticide can damage the structure of poplar leaves, and the symptoms of omethoate were more obvious than dichlorvos. Pesticides damaged cell membranes, which appeared oxidizing, increased the permeability of cell membranes in poplar trees, so that SOD, POD enzyme activities were inhibited, polyphenol oxidase activity increased at first, then reduced. SOD and POD enzyme activity in apple leaves were remarkably inhibited and the content of MDA was increased.
The pesticide had a remarkable interference on chlorophyll a/b, photosynthesis rate, CO, concentration of cell and evaporation rate, free proline accumulating.
Experiments showed that the ratio of pesticide and water could objectively reflect plant ability" to absorb solvent, the higher ratio, the more absorption.
The plant ability' to absorb dichlorvos and omethoate were: P. alba var bolleanu>M. pumilla>S. japonica. We found there existed a great difference in absorption to 30% diohlorvos and omethoate diluted 5 times among eleven woody plants, the rank of absorption from higher to lower were Crutagus pinnatifida, Pruns persica, M. Pumila, Ligustrus lucidum, Diospyros kaki, Aesculus chinensis, Plutycladus orientalis S. Japonica, Paulownia spp., Populus spp. and Juglans regia.
Field experiments demonstrated that efficacy of 30% dichlorvos and omethoate for Drosicha corpulenta was 95.9% and Psylla willieti 96.4%. For Anoplophora glabripennis and Apriona swainsoni also gained perfected efficiency.
引文
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75 Eric D. Clarke, Daren T. Creenhow Metabolism-related assays and their application to agrochemical research: reactivity of pesticides with glutathione and glutathione transferases Pesticide science 1998(54) : 385-393
76 Gentile IA. Ferairist. Matta A. Variation of phenoloxidase activities as a consequence of stress that induce resitance to Fusarium wilt of tomato J phytopathol. 1988． 122:45
77 Hossain M A, Nakano Y, Asada K. Monodehydroascorbate reductasa in spinach chllyoplasts and its participation in regeneration of ascorbate for scavenging hydrogen peroxide, Plant Cell Phtsiol. 1984, 25:385
78 Jose M. Becerril Acifluorfen effects on intermediates of chlorophyll synthesis in green cucumder cotyledon tieeues Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 1989(35) :119-126
79 kozlowski T. T. , Winget C. H. Practice on the Injection pesticide plant to control pest. Bot, Gaz. 1963, 124, (4) : 301-311
80 Kriton K. Hatzios and Donald Penner Thr effect of diflubenzuron on soybean photosynthesis, respiration, and leaf uitrastructure. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 1978 (9) :65-69
81 Levitt J. Ed. Resposes of Plants to Environmental Stress. New York: Academic Press, Vol. 1． 1980
82 Lucier G W and Menzer R E. 1936． Metabolism of dimethoate in bean plants in relation to its mode of application.J. Agri. Food Chem. 16,936
83 Marison Meyer J J and Van Dyk L P. The phytotoxic Interaction between Bromazil and Dimethoate in Citrus Plants. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 1987(29) : 10-16
84 Milne D L and Villiers E A. The phytotoxic interaction of soil-applied dimethoate with citrus herbicides, Citrus Subtrop. Fruit J.December, 605(1980)
85 Paul J. Kramer & Theodore T. Kozlowski. Physiology of trees. Mcgraw-hell book compny inc. 1960． P50
86 Pauls, K. P. and J. E. Thompson, In vitro simulation of senesencs-related membrane damage by ozone-induced lipid peroxidation. Nature, 1980, 283:209-213
87 Polle A, Otter T, Mehne-Jakobs B. Effect of magnesium deficiency on antioxidatire systems in needles of Norway Sprule grow with different ratios of nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen sources, New Phytol, 1994, 128:621
88 Rabinowitch, H. D. and D. Sklan, Superoxide dismutase: A possible agent against sunscald in tomates Pianta, 1980, 148: 162-167
89 Reardon R. C, Bbarrett, L. J. , Stipe , L. E. Dewey. L. E, Implantation and injection of systemic to supprss seed and cone insects in Douglas fir in Montana Can. Entomol. , 1985,117(8) :961-969
90 Rediske, J. K. , Gauditz, J and Johnson, N. E. , Distribution of dimethoate-32p infir, following stm injection. For, Sci. 1970, 15: 106-112
91 Retign. changes in peroxidase and pdyphone Loxidase associated with natural induced resistance of tomato to Fusarium wilt physiol plant pathoe. 1974． 4:145
92 Ripper, W. E. Application methods for crop protection chemicals , Ann , appl. , 1955, 42:288-344
93 Sandermann, W. , Grudlagen de Chemischen Technologie des holzes. Akad. Verlags-Ges. Geest und Protig, Leipizg, 1956, 498ppm
94 Schneider S. Vllrich WR. Differential induction of resistance and enhanced enzyme activities in Cucumber and tobacco caused by treatment with various abiotic and biotic inducers Physiol nlol Plant pathol 1994． 45:291
95 Stonecypher R W. Inheritance patterns of loblolly pines from from a nonselected natural population. North Carolina Agric. Exp. station. tech. Bull. No. 200, 1973
96 Swanson R H, Whitfield D W A. A numerical analysis of heat pulse velocity theory and practice. J of ExpBot, 1981, 32:221-230
97 Tanaka, k. Roie of superoxide dismutase in defense against SO2 toxicity and increase in superoxide dismutase activity with SO2 fumigation Plant and Cell Physiol. , 1980,21:601-611
98 Werner R. A. Absorption, translocation and metabolism of root-absorbed 14C-monitor in Loblolly pine seedlings. J Econ Entomol. 1973, 66:867-872
99 Zimmer M. G. , Untersuchungen uber den Transport von systemisch wirkenden Phosphorasuure-estern ber Fichfen in. Hinblich anf dre Bekucnpfung des Buch druckers CIPS typographus L. S. Dissertation. Univ. of Gottingen, 1975:111
100 Zuniga S. E. Preliminary Observations on trunk applications of omethoate as a selective chemical control of citrus insect pests and mites. Agricultura Technica (Chile), 1985, 45 (1) :67-71
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36 罗广华．高浓度氧对水稻幼苗的伤害与活性氧的防御酶．中国科学院华南植物研究所集刊，1989，(4)：169-176
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65 Ali A D, Garcia J M. Efficacy and economics of selected systemic insecticides for control Phoracan semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a New Pest in North America. J Econ Entomol, 1988, 8(4): 1124-1127
66 Batra GK. Kvhu CW . Polyphenoloxidase and peroxidas activities associated with acquired resistance and its induction by 2-thieuracil in virus-infected soybean, physiol plant pathoe. 1975． 5:239
67 Briggs G G , Legg T 0． Relations between the characters of herbicide and plant. Pestic. Sci, 1982, 13:495
68 Bromilow R H, Kloft W. Review on the mechanism of herbicide. Weed Sci, 1990,38:305
69 Christopher P. Dionigi and Jack H. Dekker Effects of Tridiphane on Growth and Structure of Soybean Leaf Tissue. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 1990 (37) :287-292
70 Closs R L. The heat pulse method for measuring rate of sap flow in a plant stem. New Zeal Sci, 1985, (1) :281-288
71 Coppel H. C. , Norris D. M. Bark penetration and uptake of systemic insecticide from several treatment formulations in whitepine, J Elon Enfomol, 1966,59:928-931
72 Dedek W. , Grahl R. , Mothes B. et all. Studien zum Abbau und zur Auscheidung von 32P-Mehtamidophos nachoraler Applikation am laktienden Rind. Arch. Exper. Vet.Med. (Leipzig), 1986, 40:621-626
73 Dedek W. , Pape J. . Integrated pest control in Forest Management combined use of pheromones and Insecticides for Attracting and Killing the Bark Beetle Ips typographus. 1． studies with 32p Labelled Methamidophos in the Ascending sap of spruce. Forest Ecology and Management, 1988, 26 (1) : 47-61
74 Edwards W R N.Warwick N W M. Transpiration from a kiwifruit vine as estimation by the heat pulse technique and the Penman-monteith equation. New Zeal J of Agri Res, 1984, 27 :537-548
75 Eric D. Clarke, Daren T. Creenhow Metabolism-related assays and their application to agrochemical research: reactivity of pesticides with glutathione and glutathione transferases Pesticide science 1998(54) : 385-393
76 Gentile IA. Ferairist. Matta A. Variation of phenoloxidase activities as a consequence of stress that induce resitance to Fusarium wilt of tomato J phytopathol. 1988． 122:45
77 Hossain M A, Nakano Y, Asada K. Monodehydroascorbate reductasa in spinach chllyoplasts and its participation in regeneration of ascorbate for scavenging hydrogen peroxide, Plant Cell Phtsiol. 1984, 25:385
78 Jose M. Becerril Acifluorfen effects on intermediates of chlorophyll synthesis in green cucumder cotyledon tieeues Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 1989(35) :119-126
79 kozlowski T. T. , Winget C. H. Practice on the Injection pesticide plant to control pest. Bot, Gaz. 1963, 124, (4) : 301-311
80 Kriton K. Hatzios and Donald Penner Thr effect of diflubenzuron on soybean photosynthesis, respiration, and leaf uitrastructure. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 1978 (9) :65-69
81 Levitt J. Ed. Resposes of Plants to Environmental Stress. New York: Academic Press, Vol. 1． 1980
82 Lucier G W and Menzer R E. 1936． Metabolism of dimethoate in bean plants in relation to its mode of application.J. Agri. Food Chem. 16,936
83 Marison Meyer J J and Van Dyk L P. The phytotoxic Interaction between Bromazil and Dimethoate in Citrus Plants. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 1987(29) : 10-16
84 Milne D L and Villiers E A. The phytotoxic interaction of soil-applied dimethoate with citrus herbicides, Citrus Subtrop. Fruit J.December, 605(1980)
85 Paul J. Kramer & Theodore T. Kozlowski. Physiology of trees. Mcgraw-hell book compny inc. 1960． P50
86 Pauls, K. P. and J. E. Thompson, In vitro simulation of senesencs-related membrane damage by ozone-induced lipid peroxidation. Nature, 1980, 283:209-213
87 Polle A, Otter T, Mehne-Jakobs B. Effect of magnesium deficiency on antioxidatire systems in needles of Norway Sprule grow with different ratios of nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen sources, New Phytol, 1994, 128:621
88 Rabinowitch, H. D. and D. Sklan, Superoxide dismutase: A possible agent against sunscald in tomates Pianta, 1980, 148: 162-167
89 Reardon R. C, Bbarrett, L. J. , Stipe , L. E. Dewey. L. E, Implantation and injection of systemic to supprss seed and cone insects in Douglas fir in Montana Can. Entomol. , 1985,117(8) :961-969
90 Rediske, J. K. , Gauditz, J and Johnson, N. E. , Distribution of dimethoate-32p infir, following stm injection. For, Sci. 1970, 15: 106-112
91 Retign. changes in peroxidase and pdyphone Loxidase associated with natural induced resistance of tomato to Fusarium wilt physiol plant pathoe. 1974． 4:145
92 Ripper, W. E. Application methods for crop protection chemicals , Ann , appl. , 1955, 42:288-344
93 Sandermann, W. , Grudlagen de Chemischen Technologie des holzes. Akad. Verlags-Ges. Geest und Protig, Leipizg, 1956, 498ppm
94 Schneider S. Vllrich WR. Differential induction of resistance and enhanced enzyme activities in Cucumber and tobacco caused by treatment with various abiotic and biotic inducers Physiol nlol Plant pathol 1994． 45:291
95 Stonecypher R W. Inheritance patterns of loblolly pines from from a nonselected natural population. North Carolina Agric. Exp. station. tech. Bull. No. 200, 1973
96 Swanson R H, Whitfield D W A. A numerical analysis of heat pulse velocity theory and practice. J of ExpBot, 1981, 32:221-230
97 Tanaka, k. Roie of superoxide dismutase in defense against SO2 toxicity and increase in superoxide dismutase activity with SO2 fumigation Plant and Cell Physiol. , 1980,21:601-611
98 Werner R. A. Absorption, translocation and metabolism of root-absorbed 14C-monitor in Loblolly pine seedlings. J Econ Entomol. 1973, 66:867-872
99 Zimmer M. G. , Untersuchungen uber den Transport von systemisch wirkenden Phosphorasuure-estern ber Fichfen in. Hinblich anf dre Bekucnpfung des Buch druckers CIPS typographus L. S. Dissertation. Univ. of Gottingen, 1975:111
100 Zuniga S. E. Preliminary Observations on trunk applications of omethoate as a selective chemical control of citrus insect pests and mites. Agricultura Technica (Chile), 1985, 45 (1) :67-71
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