U波段介质加载回旋行波管研究
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摘要
回旋行波管在毫米波段具有高功率、宽频带等特点,在通信及电子对抗、受控核聚变、毫米波雷达、工业加工、等离子体加热等方面有着十分广阔的运用前景,近年来受到各国研究机构的高度重视。回旋行波管的发展过程中,其输出功率、效率和带宽受到对电子注速度零散的敏感性以及工作模式和竞争模式自激振荡等因素影响,长期以来其性能得不到提高。通过各研究机构的不断探索,出现了各种新型高频波导结构以克服这些因素对器件性能的影响。随着对回旋行波管稳定性理论的深入研究,一系列实验证实了采用分布式介质加载方案的回旋行波管能有效抑制工作模式和寄生模式的自激振荡,即在回旋行波管内一定长度的互作用段涂敷高损耗介质材料,抑制接近截止频率的工作模式和寄生返波模式产生的绝对不稳定性,提高输出功率和互作用效率、展宽频带,使器件性能取得重大突破。
U波段也称为极高频段(Extremely High Frequency),定义为30GHz～300GHz,对应波长为1～10mm。与目前广泛使用的C、Ku及正在开发使用的Ka频段相比,U波段卫星通信可以获得相当宽的使用带宽(大于3GHz),适合高数据率、大容量的卫星通信;采用扩频技术可以得到较高的处理增益;在U波段,在波束一定情况下,天线尺寸大大减小,在卫星上可以采用具有波束调零功能的天线和相控阵天线或者采用点波束来防止干扰;在U波段,频率高,天线口径小,可以产生非常窄的波束,这种窄的波束难以阻塞,适合进行保密性很高的军事通信,并且具有较高的接收和发射增益;采用U波段进行卫星通信,业务不拥挤;国内外使用较少,干扰较少,同时波束窄,定向性好。由于具有上述频带宽、干扰少、设备体积小的优点,这一频段通信容量大,可以大大提高扩频、跳频等抗干扰、抗截获措施的性能,特别适合用于军用战略、战术卫星通信和大容量、高数据率的卫星通信。U波段的军事卫星通信系统可为战术用户提供实时、灵活、保密、抗干扰的通信支援,因此应及早进行U波段军事卫星通信对抗的研究,研制出相应的设备,在未来可能发生的局部战争中,夺取电磁空间信息的优势。使用地面干扰站干扰卫星通信EHF上行链路(转发器)时,目前大都仍然采用电真空器件来获得U波段的大功率输出,而回旋行波管放大器作为最具发展潜力的高功率微波源成为首选的器件。
本论文对U波段TE_(01)模式分布式介质加载回旋行波管注-波互作用和输入输出系统进行了理论研究和数值计算和模拟,为研制稳定、高效的回旋行波管提供设计依据和计算程序。本论文的主要工作如下:
1.阐述了工作模式为TE_(mn)圆波导模的回旋行波管线性理论。通过求解Vlasov-Maxwell方程并考虑引入介质对色散方程的影响,对光滑波导小信号色散方程进行修正,使用介质微扰法得到介质加载回旋行波管的色散方程。
2.在小信号分析的基础上,通过自洽求解有源的Maxwell方程与电子运动方程,给出了回旋行波管注-波互作用自洽非线性模拟方程,并考虑了速度零散和介质加载对大信号自洽方程的影响。通过此方程结合回旋行波管的小信号理论,可以给出回旋行波管稳定工作条件下最优化的设计参数,为回旋行波的输出功率提高、带宽展宽和效率提高提供有效的分析与模拟手段。
3.利用线性理论对回旋行波管放大器进行了稳定性分析。编制了小信号工作模式稳定性分析程序,小信号返波模式稳定性分析程序,对分布式介质加载互作用结构中工作和寄生模式的自激振荡作了理论分析及数值计算。数值求解了工作模式在不同趋肤深度和介质加载条件下的起振电流;介质加载条件下工作和寄生模式的传播损耗;对不同介质加载条件和工作电流,给出了主要寄生模式的起振长度;确定了介质加载厚度以及相对介电常数。对介质加载回旋行波管互作用系统进行了小信号增益分析,给出了小信号增益带宽曲线。在综合分析工作与寄生模式稳定性和小信号增益的基础上,确定了达到设计要求的分布式介质加载回旋行波管工作参数。
4.编制了自洽非线性互作用模拟软件,对回旋行波管的大信号特性进行数值计算,讨论了回旋行波管克服模式竞争的机理和有关工作点及物理参数的选取,并结合用三维电磁仿真软件Magic对分布式介质加载互作用结构进行模拟,验证理论计算结果。通过理论分析和数值计算,分析电子注参量、高频输入功率及频率、外部磁场、高频结构等对互作用效率、输出功率及频带的影响,进行高频系统的整体优化。
5.利用场匹配方法优化设计了输入耦合器,利用高频模拟软件HFSS分析了耦合器中的模式纯度。比较了耦合器各个结构参数对模式纯度的影响,最终设计出了高模式纯度宽频带输入耦合器。对回旋行波管输出渐变段与输出窗进行了理论分析和数值计算,设计出了与高频结构和收集极匹配很好的输出渐变段和低反射系数且吸收功率很低的输出窗。
6.结合项目组大功率回旋管热测实验平台给出U波段回旋行波管注-波互作用和输入输出系统的基本参数,对介质加载方案对自激振荡的抑制进行了实验验证。理论分析与数值模拟为本课题组成功研制出峰值功率150kW、增益34dB和3dB带宽2GHz的回旋行波管提供了理论支撑和优化设计的工具。
The gyrotron traveling-wave tube amplifier (gyro-TWT) featuring high power and broad bandwidth is an ideal source for advanced radar, communication and radio-electronic warfare applications. Many institutions have been paid much attention to it. However, an actual gyro-TWT interaction system is highly susceptible to potential absolute instabilities and velocity spread of electron beam. The performance of early gyro-TWT experiments was severely limited by the oscillation problems for a long time. Therefore, kinds of high frequency structures come forth to suppress oscillations. Of these novel structures, distributed-loss loaded scheme has been successfully applied to beam-wave interaction system. The emphasis on the fundamental issues of stability in gyro-TWTs has lead to the recent series of experimental demonstrations of distributed wall loss gyro-TWTs which have efficiently suppressed oscillations of opration mode and parasitic modes and obtained exciting results. The distributed-loss scheme employs lossy material in considerable part of interaction section of gyro-TWT to suppress the absolute instability induced by opration mode and parasitic modes at cutoff frequency region which lead to enhancing of output power and widen of bandwidth.
U band, which also known as Extremely High Frequency Band, is defined as 30GHz～300GHz and corresponding wavelength is 1～10mm. Comparing with C, Ku and Ka band, which is under applying, U band satellite communications could attain considerable band-width(more than 3GHz), applicable for high data rate and large capacity satellite communications.Taking advantage of frequency-expanding technology, high disposing gain could be achieved. With certain beam, U band antenna size could be greatly decreased and interference could be prevented by means of applying antenna with zero beam function and phased array antenna or spot beam. At U band, frequency is high enough and antenna caliber size is small, therefore, very narrow beam could be produced. Such narrow beam is hard to block and suit for military communication for safety purpose. Meanwhile, high reception and radiation gain could also be met. Due to its good directional property, narrow beam, as well as interference is less for few countries using it, operation crowd could be avoided if satellite communications applying at U band. Due to advantages such as wide band-width, less interference, small equipment volume etc. as mentioned above, communications at this band has large capacity, properties of anti-disturbing and anti-capture techniques such as frequency-expand, frequency-leap, can also be greatly enhanced, therefore, it’s very suitable for strategic, tactic and high data rate, large capacity satellite communications. U band military satellite communication system provides tactic user’s real time, flexible, safe and anti-interference communication support. We must carry out studies on oppositional U band military satellite communication system as soon as possible and develop corresponding equipment to take up dominance of special electromagnetism communication in possible local war in the future. At present, electro-vacuum instruments are mostly used to produce U band high output power to interfere satellite communication uplink in ground interference station, as the most potential evolution microwave source, Gyro-TWT is the preferred instruments.
Supporting by the“Momentous Technic Item”and“863 Plan”, this thesis has analyzed and simulated a u-band, TE_(01) mode gyro-TWT distributed-loss loaded interaction section and input/output coupler. Calculation programs and design criterion of a stable and high efficiency gyro-TWT are presented. The main works of this dissertation are listed as following:
1. The linear small signal theory of TE_(mn) mode gyro-TWT is expatiated. With the help of Vlasov-Maxwell equation and taking the dielectric loss into consideration, the small signal dispersion equation of gyro-TWT is modified by perturbation-method.
2. Based on analysis of the linear small signal theory, self-consistent nonlinear simulation code of gyro-TWT beam-wave interaction is obtained by solving Maxwell equation taking source into consideration, effection on nonlinear self-consistent equations caused by velocity spread and dielectric-loading are taken into consideration also. Combine the small signal theory with the equation, optimum parameters of stable working gyro-TWT, and effective analyzing and simulation method to improve output power, widen banwidth and increase efficiency of gyro-TWT are present.
3. The linear theory is used to analyze stability of gyro-TWT. Absolute instability simulation code and small signal gyro-BWO code are programmed to calculate and analyse oscillations of operation mode and parasitic modes in distributed-loss loading structure. By numerically calculating distributed-losss gyro-TWT’s dispersion equation and with the help of Briggs-Bers absolute instability criterion, propagation loss of operation and parasitic modes, start current of operation mode under different propagation loss are calculated. Star length of the three main parasitic modes under different loss-loading conditions and operation current are given. Dielectric loss parameters including thickness of loss layer and relative permittivity are decided. The small signal gain of gyro-TWT with dielectric loading is analyzed, and relationship of the small signal gain response to bandwidth is obtained. Based on integrative small signal gain analysis, initial parameters of gyro-TWT are determined.
4. The performance of gyro-TWT nonlinear characteristics has been evaluated using a self-consistent nonlinear particle-tracing code to meet requirements of oscillation suppressing and choice of operation parameters. The 3 dimension PIC software Magic is used to build distributed-loss interaction structure of gyro-TWT and to validate the calculation results. Based on theoretical analysis and a great deal of simulations, a series of parameters including electron beam, power and frequency of RF input, magnetic field, interaction circuit and dielectric loading, etc. are analyzed about their relationships with interaction efficiency, output power and bandwidth. The optimum procedure of RF circuit together with electro-optic system is presented.
5. With the help of field match method and HFSS, an input coupler with high mode purity is simulated and optimized. Effects on mode purity of the parameters of input coupler structure are compared and a wide-band, high mode purity input coupler is designed. The output taper and the output window are theoretically analized and numerically calculated, an output taper matched with RF circuit and the collector with a low reflectivity, low power absorbtion output window are designed.
6. According to the status of our high power Gyrotron hot test Lab, essential parameters of distributed-loss loading circuit and input/output coupler of U-band gyro-TWT are determined and proved by experiments carried out on the Gyrotron Lab. This thesis proffers theoretical analysis and simulation tools for high gain U-band TE_(01) mode gyro-TWT, producing 150kW saturated output power at 34 dB stable gain with a 3-dB bandwidth of 2GHz.
U波段也称为极高频段(Extremely High Frequency),定义为30GHz～300GHz,对应波长为1～10mm。与目前广泛使用的C、Ku及正在开发使用的Ka频段相比,U波段卫星通信可以获得相当宽的使用带宽(大于3GHz),适合高数据率、大容量的卫星通信;采用扩频技术可以得到较高的处理增益;在U波段,在波束一定情况下,天线尺寸大大减小,在卫星上可以采用具有波束调零功能的天线和相控阵天线或者采用点波束来防止干扰;在U波段,频率高,天线口径小,可以产生非常窄的波束,这种窄的波束难以阻塞,适合进行保密性很高的军事通信,并且具有较高的接收和发射增益;采用U波段进行卫星通信,业务不拥挤;国内外使用较少,干扰较少,同时波束窄,定向性好。由于具有上述频带宽、干扰少、设备体积小的优点,这一频段通信容量大,可以大大提高扩频、跳频等抗干扰、抗截获措施的性能,特别适合用于军用战略、战术卫星通信和大容量、高数据率的卫星通信。U波段的军事卫星通信系统可为战术用户提供实时、灵活、保密、抗干扰的通信支援,因此应及早进行U波段军事卫星通信对抗的研究,研制出相应的设备,在未来可能发生的局部战争中,夺取电磁空间信息的优势。使用地面干扰站干扰卫星通信EHF上行链路(转发器)时,目前大都仍然采用电真空器件来获得U波段的大功率输出,而回旋行波管放大器作为最具发展潜力的高功率微波源成为首选的器件。
本论文对U波段TE_(01)模式分布式介质加载回旋行波管注-波互作用和输入输出系统进行了理论研究和数值计算和模拟,为研制稳定、高效的回旋行波管提供设计依据和计算程序。本论文的主要工作如下:
1.阐述了工作模式为TE_(mn)圆波导模的回旋行波管线性理论。通过求解Vlasov-Maxwell方程并考虑引入介质对色散方程的影响,对光滑波导小信号色散方程进行修正,使用介质微扰法得到介质加载回旋行波管的色散方程。
2.在小信号分析的基础上,通过自洽求解有源的Maxwell方程与电子运动方程,给出了回旋行波管注-波互作用自洽非线性模拟方程,并考虑了速度零散和介质加载对大信号自洽方程的影响。通过此方程结合回旋行波管的小信号理论,可以给出回旋行波管稳定工作条件下最优化的设计参数,为回旋行波的输出功率提高、带宽展宽和效率提高提供有效的分析与模拟手段。
3.利用线性理论对回旋行波管放大器进行了稳定性分析。编制了小信号工作模式稳定性分析程序,小信号返波模式稳定性分析程序,对分布式介质加载互作用结构中工作和寄生模式的自激振荡作了理论分析及数值计算。数值求解了工作模式在不同趋肤深度和介质加载条件下的起振电流;介质加载条件下工作和寄生模式的传播损耗;对不同介质加载条件和工作电流,给出了主要寄生模式的起振长度;确定了介质加载厚度以及相对介电常数。对介质加载回旋行波管互作用系统进行了小信号增益分析,给出了小信号增益带宽曲线。在综合分析工作与寄生模式稳定性和小信号增益的基础上,确定了达到设计要求的分布式介质加载回旋行波管工作参数。
4.编制了自洽非线性互作用模拟软件,对回旋行波管的大信号特性进行数值计算,讨论了回旋行波管克服模式竞争的机理和有关工作点及物理参数的选取,并结合用三维电磁仿真软件Magic对分布式介质加载互作用结构进行模拟,验证理论计算结果。通过理论分析和数值计算,分析电子注参量、高频输入功率及频率、外部磁场、高频结构等对互作用效率、输出功率及频带的影响,进行高频系统的整体优化。
5.利用场匹配方法优化设计了输入耦合器,利用高频模拟软件HFSS分析了耦合器中的模式纯度。比较了耦合器各个结构参数对模式纯度的影响,最终设计出了高模式纯度宽频带输入耦合器。对回旋行波管输出渐变段与输出窗进行了理论分析和数值计算,设计出了与高频结构和收集极匹配很好的输出渐变段和低反射系数且吸收功率很低的输出窗。
6.结合项目组大功率回旋管热测实验平台给出U波段回旋行波管注-波互作用和输入输出系统的基本参数,对介质加载方案对自激振荡的抑制进行了实验验证。理论分析与数值模拟为本课题组成功研制出峰值功率150kW、增益34dB和3dB带宽2GHz的回旋行波管提供了理论支撑和优化设计的工具。
The gyrotron traveling-wave tube amplifier (gyro-TWT) featuring high power and broad bandwidth is an ideal source for advanced radar, communication and radio-electronic warfare applications. Many institutions have been paid much attention to it. However, an actual gyro-TWT interaction system is highly susceptible to potential absolute instabilities and velocity spread of electron beam. The performance of early gyro-TWT experiments was severely limited by the oscillation problems for a long time. Therefore, kinds of high frequency structures come forth to suppress oscillations. Of these novel structures, distributed-loss loaded scheme has been successfully applied to beam-wave interaction system. The emphasis on the fundamental issues of stability in gyro-TWTs has lead to the recent series of experimental demonstrations of distributed wall loss gyro-TWTs which have efficiently suppressed oscillations of opration mode and parasitic modes and obtained exciting results. The distributed-loss scheme employs lossy material in considerable part of interaction section of gyro-TWT to suppress the absolute instability induced by opration mode and parasitic modes at cutoff frequency region which lead to enhancing of output power and widen of bandwidth.
U band, which also known as Extremely High Frequency Band, is defined as 30GHz～300GHz and corresponding wavelength is 1～10mm. Comparing with C, Ku and Ka band, which is under applying, U band satellite communications could attain considerable band-width(more than 3GHz), applicable for high data rate and large capacity satellite communications.Taking advantage of frequency-expanding technology, high disposing gain could be achieved. With certain beam, U band antenna size could be greatly decreased and interference could be prevented by means of applying antenna with zero beam function and phased array antenna or spot beam. At U band, frequency is high enough and antenna caliber size is small, therefore, very narrow beam could be produced. Such narrow beam is hard to block and suit for military communication for safety purpose. Meanwhile, high reception and radiation gain could also be met. Due to its good directional property, narrow beam, as well as interference is less for few countries using it, operation crowd could be avoided if satellite communications applying at U band. Due to advantages such as wide band-width, less interference, small equipment volume etc. as mentioned above, communications at this band has large capacity, properties of anti-disturbing and anti-capture techniques such as frequency-expand, frequency-leap, can also be greatly enhanced, therefore, it’s very suitable for strategic, tactic and high data rate, large capacity satellite communications. U band military satellite communication system provides tactic user’s real time, flexible, safe and anti-interference communication support. We must carry out studies on oppositional U band military satellite communication system as soon as possible and develop corresponding equipment to take up dominance of special electromagnetism communication in possible local war in the future. At present, electro-vacuum instruments are mostly used to produce U band high output power to interfere satellite communication uplink in ground interference station, as the most potential evolution microwave source, Gyro-TWT is the preferred instruments.
Supporting by the“Momentous Technic Item”and“863 Plan”, this thesis has analyzed and simulated a u-band, TE_(01) mode gyro-TWT distributed-loss loaded interaction section and input/output coupler. Calculation programs and design criterion of a stable and high efficiency gyro-TWT are presented. The main works of this dissertation are listed as following:
1. The linear small signal theory of TE_(mn) mode gyro-TWT is expatiated. With the help of Vlasov-Maxwell equation and taking the dielectric loss into consideration, the small signal dispersion equation of gyro-TWT is modified by perturbation-method.
2. Based on analysis of the linear small signal theory, self-consistent nonlinear simulation code of gyro-TWT beam-wave interaction is obtained by solving Maxwell equation taking source into consideration, effection on nonlinear self-consistent equations caused by velocity spread and dielectric-loading are taken into consideration also. Combine the small signal theory with the equation, optimum parameters of stable working gyro-TWT, and effective analyzing and simulation method to improve output power, widen banwidth and increase efficiency of gyro-TWT are present.
3. The linear theory is used to analyze stability of gyro-TWT. Absolute instability simulation code and small signal gyro-BWO code are programmed to calculate and analyse oscillations of operation mode and parasitic modes in distributed-loss loading structure. By numerically calculating distributed-losss gyro-TWT’s dispersion equation and with the help of Briggs-Bers absolute instability criterion, propagation loss of operation and parasitic modes, start current of operation mode under different propagation loss are calculated. Star length of the three main parasitic modes under different loss-loading conditions and operation current are given. Dielectric loss parameters including thickness of loss layer and relative permittivity are decided. The small signal gain of gyro-TWT with dielectric loading is analyzed, and relationship of the small signal gain response to bandwidth is obtained. Based on integrative small signal gain analysis, initial parameters of gyro-TWT are determined.
4. The performance of gyro-TWT nonlinear characteristics has been evaluated using a self-consistent nonlinear particle-tracing code to meet requirements of oscillation suppressing and choice of operation parameters. The 3 dimension PIC software Magic is used to build distributed-loss interaction structure of gyro-TWT and to validate the calculation results. Based on theoretical analysis and a great deal of simulations, a series of parameters including electron beam, power and frequency of RF input, magnetic field, interaction circuit and dielectric loading, etc. are analyzed about their relationships with interaction efficiency, output power and bandwidth. The optimum procedure of RF circuit together with electro-optic system is presented.
5. With the help of field match method and HFSS, an input coupler with high mode purity is simulated and optimized. Effects on mode purity of the parameters of input coupler structure are compared and a wide-band, high mode purity input coupler is designed. The output taper and the output window are theoretically analized and numerically calculated, an output taper matched with RF circuit and the collector with a low reflectivity, low power absorbtion output window are designed.
6. According to the status of our high power Gyrotron hot test Lab, essential parameters of distributed-loss loading circuit and input/output coupler of U-band gyro-TWT are determined and proved by experiments carried out on the Gyrotron Lab. This thesis proffers theoretical analysis and simulation tools for high gain U-band TE_(01) mode gyro-TWT, producing 150kW saturated output power at 34 dB stable gain with a 3-dB bandwidth of 2GHz.
引文
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