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基于XML的WebGIS网关设计与实现
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摘要
在当今信息技术时代,互联网飞速发展的同时,地理信息系统也从桌面应用逐渐升级到了网络应用。特别是互联网的广泛应用,使得网络上的空间信息资源不断增长,在现在或不久的将来,数以万计的Web站点已经或者将要提供空间信息服务,通过互联网和地理信息技术的整合,使得原来由特定GIS系统建设的各自独立、相对封闭、无法互相沟通和协作的空间信息孤岛能够通过Internet由浏览器来访问、处理,以达到空间信息共享与互操作。
     近年来随着计算机技术的高速发展,如何将空间数据通过网络来进行共享,是WebGIS所研究的主要课题。WebGIS的主要目的就是通过Internet进行地理信息的发布、数据共享,使用户能够直接通过Web浏览器对GIS数据进行访问,实现地理数据和业务逻辑数据的查询、统计、编辑、专题图等GIS功能。XML技术的出现为互联网的发展带来了新的机遇,它以其结构化、可扩展性及灵活性的特点引起了业界的普遍关注,有着广阔的发展前景。对于WebGIS而言,XML相关技术可以用于地理空间数据的规范化存储、地理数据共享、网络传输、电子地图显示和GIS软件体系架构的建立等。
     论文在对WebGIS技术特点、发展现状进行深入分析的基础上,指出了传统WebGIS系统面临网上地理数据发布、空间互操作等方面的挑战,探讨了利用XML相关技术来表达和处理空间数据、解决WebGIS系统之间互操作的问题。本文针对WebGIS的研究和开发中,有关地理空间数据的存储,网络传输,数据共享和互操作等方面存在的问题展开研究,研究的主要目标是基于SVG、GML和SOAP/WebService技术建立地理数据的Web发布服务系统,设计并实现了WebGIS的地理信息服务系统。主要研究内容包括:地理空间数据的GML编码存储与共享和SVG格式编码与地理信息的可视化表达;地理空间数据的组织以及它与关系对象数据库的整合;GML、SVG和Shape格式的解析与转换;用SOAP/WebService技术构建分布式多层体系的WebGIS服务器端软件系统的总体架构和原型系统的开发实现。
     在WebGIS的数据组织与体系结构设计的基础上,以Borland C++ Builder为主要工具开发了一个服务器端多层分布式体系结构的WebGIS原型系统,实现了WebGIS的网关设计。以校园图为地理数据源,在互联网上进行了地图发布的网络测试。本原型系统在数据组织、存储、表达和检索方面遵循OGC和W3C的相关开放标准,系统的设计与实现参考了多项国际规范,具有一些独特之处,如地理数据的GML、SVG格式表达、依比例动态数据加载、数据一次下载多次使用和数据的粒状更新等等。
     总之,XML相关技术在WebGIS的应用与开发中具有非常多的优越性,是未来信息技术发展的基石,当然也是WebGIS发展的基础。相信将来人们会以XML技术为基础开发和设计出更多GIS的技术规范和系统工具,因为XML是未来Internent技术发展的基础和主流。
With the development of internet technology, the application of GIS (Geographic Information System) is being gradually upgraded from desktop application to network application. Especially, with the extensive use of Internet, the spatial information resource on the network is broadened continually, and at present or in the future, all kinds of spatial information services are or will be supplied through tens of thousands web sites. Moreover, through the technical conformity of internet and geographic information, spatial information's share and interoperation can be realized by visiting and handling the information islands constructed by special GIS platform formerly, which are independent, relatively close, and unable to communicate and collaborate with each other.
    In recent years, with the rapidly development of the computer technologies, how to share spatial data through network becomes the primary research task of Web GIS. The main purpose of Web GIS is to realize the issue of spatial geographic information and data sharing on the Internet, to make user be able to access GIS data straightway via web browser, and to execute such GIS functions as query, statistics, edit and creating thematic map of geographic data and business logic data. The appearance of XML technologies bring Internet a new developing chance, which has been paid more attention to by IT enterprises for its structuralization, extensibility and flexibility, and its developing prospect is promising. As far as Web GIS is concerned, XML can be used in standard storage for spatial data, data sharing, network transmission, electric map displaying and GIS software framework building.
    In this paper, challenges faced by traditional Web GIS in such aspects as spatial geographic information issue on the Internet and spatial interoperation are pointed out, and the problems as how to express and handle spatial data and how to solve the interoperation among several different Web GIS applying XML technologies are described in details. The research work is done for such problems as spatial data storage, network transmission, data sharing and interoperation in Web GIS research and exploitation. The primary research target is to establish a web service system for geographic data issue based on SVG, GML and SOAP/Web Service technologies, and to establish a CGI-based Web GIS service system. The main research work are summarized: geographic spatial data storage and sharing in GML format, SVG format encoding and visualization; geographic spatial data organization and conformity with object-oriented relation database; the data parsing and format transforming among GML, SVG and Shape file; a general framework establishing
    
    
    
    and a prototype development of Web GIS server software system in a multi-tiered distribute structure utilizing SOAP/Web Service.
    Based on the data organization and the architecture design of Web GIS, a multi-tiered distributing Web GIS prototype system is developed, and the CGI design of Web GIS is implemented. Using the campus map as the geographic data source, a network test for the map issue on the Internet is executed here. OGC and W3C corresponding open standards are conformed to in the prototype system design, and some international specifications are consulted for the system design and realization. Some characteristics of this prototype system are as follows: GML and SVG format applying in geographic data expressing, dynamic data loading according to scale, one downloading and many times using of geographic data and data's granular updating.
    In a word, XML related technologies present much superiority in the Web GIS application and development. In the future, XML could be the base of the information technology, and also be the base for Web GIS developing. It is believed that more and more GIS technology specifications and system tools should be developed and designed based on XML technology in the near future, for its great potentialities in the future Internet's development.
引文
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