单片CIS AF模块设计及其在监控系统中的应用研究
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摘要
本文的研究内容包括了基于单片CIS的自动聚焦算法研究与实现,以及自动聚焦功能的网络监控中的系统设计实现。
与传统的CCD相比较,CIS具有系统集成、低功耗、低成本等优点,已经在消费类电子设备中获得广泛应用,并逐步进入高端的应用领域,诸如安全监控、工业监控以及航空航天等。网络数字视频监控是近年来一种新兴的监控方式,在很多领域发挥了及其重要的作用。而采用单片自动聚焦CIS的Web数字监控系统将进一步提高传输图像的精度和监控系统的性能,因而越来越受到人们的重视。
结合已有的CIS设计研究成果,本文首先针对单片CIS相机中的自动聚焦模块开展研究,完成的主要工作包括:对已有四大类30余种自动聚焦清晰度评价算子进行系统的验证与评估,从中总结出各类算子的优缺点并筛选出适于硬件实现的清晰度评价算子;针对筛选出的修正拉普拉斯算子计算量大的缺点,提出一种改进的条形窗口化采样SSML算子并与原算子进行对比验证;片上自动聚焦模块的硬件设计与验证及其实验结果表明该自动聚焦模块聚焦精度高,聚焦速度快,资源占用率低,实时性能好,完全符合当初设计的要求。
本文在深入研究CIS工作方式、网络相机功能要求以及数据传输特点的基础上,深入研究了采用单片自动聚焦CIS网络监控系统的架构实现,主要完成的工作包括:网络监控系统的组成原理研究,片上自动聚焦模块在网络监控系统中的应用,网络监控相机系统的原型架构实现,对自动聚焦网络监控相机系统的功能验证等。
验证结果表明,该系统具有稳定可靠,聚焦速度快,图像传输质量高的特点,完全可以满足各种场合下对图像进行远程网络监控的要求,为下一步的产品化设计奠定了良好的基础。
This paper studies the auto focusing arithmetic which is based on CIS on single chip as well as its applications and the net surveillance system with the auto focusing function.
Be a contrast to custom CCD, CIS has merit on system integration, low power dissipation and low cost. Now it is widely used in commercial electronic devices and is stepping to a higher application domain, for example, safe surveillance, industry surveillance and aerospace so on. Net surveillance is a new method for video surveillance. It is quite important in many areas, the web surveillance with auto focusing CIS can improve the accuracy of transport pictures and the performance of the whole system. Therefore, it becomes more and more popular in modern times.
Combined with existing design results, this paper firstly studies the design of single chip auto focusing module. Now some of the task has been ended, such as verification and evaluation of four classes up to 30 kinds of auto focusing evaluation operator and finding the merits or defects of them. Aimed at the defect on SML operator this paper put forward a stripped windowing SML and then compare it with the former. Design the auto focusing hardware and validate it. The result demonstrates that the auto focusing module has the merit on high accuracy, fast speed, low resource costing and good real time performance. And it answers for the original purpose.
This paper studies the work manner of the CIS, net camera functional requirements and the data transition characteristic. Now some of the task has been ended, such as the study of the net surveillance system, the auto focusing module implemented with net surveillance system, the prototype of net surveillance structure and the verification of it so on. The final results demonstrate that this system has merit on stabilization, fast auto focusing speed and high picture performance. It can answer for kinds of occasions which require surveillance on a picture and establish a good base for the next products.
与传统的CCD相比较,CIS具有系统集成、低功耗、低成本等优点,已经在消费类电子设备中获得广泛应用,并逐步进入高端的应用领域,诸如安全监控、工业监控以及航空航天等。网络数字视频监控是近年来一种新兴的监控方式,在很多领域发挥了及其重要的作用。而采用单片自动聚焦CIS的Web数字监控系统将进一步提高传输图像的精度和监控系统的性能,因而越来越受到人们的重视。
结合已有的CIS设计研究成果,本文首先针对单片CIS相机中的自动聚焦模块开展研究,完成的主要工作包括:对已有四大类30余种自动聚焦清晰度评价算子进行系统的验证与评估,从中总结出各类算子的优缺点并筛选出适于硬件实现的清晰度评价算子;针对筛选出的修正拉普拉斯算子计算量大的缺点,提出一种改进的条形窗口化采样SSML算子并与原算子进行对比验证;片上自动聚焦模块的硬件设计与验证及其实验结果表明该自动聚焦模块聚焦精度高,聚焦速度快,资源占用率低,实时性能好,完全符合当初设计的要求。
本文在深入研究CIS工作方式、网络相机功能要求以及数据传输特点的基础上,深入研究了采用单片自动聚焦CIS网络监控系统的架构实现,主要完成的工作包括:网络监控系统的组成原理研究,片上自动聚焦模块在网络监控系统中的应用,网络监控相机系统的原型架构实现,对自动聚焦网络监控相机系统的功能验证等。
验证结果表明,该系统具有稳定可靠,聚焦速度快,图像传输质量高的特点,完全可以满足各种场合下对图像进行远程网络监控的要求,为下一步的产品化设计奠定了良好的基础。
This paper studies the auto focusing arithmetic which is based on CIS on single chip as well as its applications and the net surveillance system with the auto focusing function.
Be a contrast to custom CCD, CIS has merit on system integration, low power dissipation and low cost. Now it is widely used in commercial electronic devices and is stepping to a higher application domain, for example, safe surveillance, industry surveillance and aerospace so on. Net surveillance is a new method for video surveillance. It is quite important in many areas, the web surveillance with auto focusing CIS can improve the accuracy of transport pictures and the performance of the whole system. Therefore, it becomes more and more popular in modern times.
Combined with existing design results, this paper firstly studies the design of single chip auto focusing module. Now some of the task has been ended, such as verification and evaluation of four classes up to 30 kinds of auto focusing evaluation operator and finding the merits or defects of them. Aimed at the defect on SML operator this paper put forward a stripped windowing SML and then compare it with the former. Design the auto focusing hardware and validate it. The result demonstrates that the auto focusing module has the merit on high accuracy, fast speed, low resource costing and good real time performance. And it answers for the original purpose.
This paper studies the work manner of the CIS, net camera functional requirements and the data transition characteristic. Now some of the task has been ended, such as the study of the net surveillance system, the auto focusing module implemented with net surveillance system, the prototype of net surveillance structure and the verification of it so on. The final results demonstrate that this system has merit on stabilization, fast auto focusing speed and high picture performance. It can answer for kinds of occasions which require surveillance on a picture and establish a good base for the next products.
引文
[1] Tsung Han Tsai, Chung Yuan Lin, A New Auto-Focus Method based on Focal Window Searching and Tracking Approach for Digital Camera, ISCCSP 2008. 3rd International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing, 2008: 650~653
[2]菅维乐,数字图像自动聚焦算法的研究,硕士学位论文,山东大学,2004
[3]刘树凤,数码相机自动聚焦算法的研究与实现,硕士学位论文,华南理工大学,2003
[4]黄桂灶,基于单片机的自动聚焦技术研究及应用,硕士学位论文,浙江大学,2002
[5]任四刚,图像式自动聚焦系统及其测量技术的研究,硕士学位论文,重庆大学,2002
[6]徐洲,一种基于图像处理的自动聚焦方法的研究,硕士学位论文,中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,2003
[7] Ke Han, Xue-mei Jiang, A New Auto-Focusing Method Based on WBDCT for Many Object Situations, Ninth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing, 2008: 481~484
[8] Ming Yang, Li Luo, A Rapid Auto-focus Method In Automatic Microscope, ICSP 2008. 9th International Conference on Signal Processing, 2008: 502~505
[9] Weibin Tang, Yinghao Liao, Zhicong Chen, Auto-focusing System for Microscope Based on Computational Verb Controllers, ASID 2008. 2nd International Conference on Anti-counterfeiting, Security and Identification, 2008: 84~87
[10] Sang Jun Lee, Seung Hun Jin, Jae Wook Jeon, FPGA based Auto Focus System using Touch Screen, MFI 2008. IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, 2008: 350~353
[11] Ruian Liu, Shijiu Jin, Xiaorong Wu, Real time auto-focus algorithm for eye gaze tracking system, ISPACS 2007. International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2007: 742~745
[12] Hai Ming, Yan Weiping, Jiang Nan, Realization of Auto-Focusing and Tracking inthe Confocal LIF System, Control Conference 27th Chinese, 2008: 235~238
[13] Mohammad T.Rahman, Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Real-Time Face-Priority Auto Focus for Digital and Cell-Phone Cameras, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2008, 54 (4): 1506~1513
[14] Siavash Yazdanfar, Kevin B.Kenny, Krenar Tasimi, Simple and robust image- based autofocusing for digital microscopy, Optics Express, 2008, 16 (12): 8670~8677
[15] Sang-Yong Lee, Jae-Tack Yoo, Yogendera Kumar, Reduced Energy-Ratio Measure for Robust Autofocusing in Digital Camera, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2009, 16 (2): 133~136
[16] FENG LI, HONG JIN, A FAST AUTO FOCUSING METHOD FOR DIGITAL STILL CAMERA, Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 2005, 8 (8): 5001~5005
[17] Changhai Rul, Xihua Wang, ShuXiang Guo, A Novel Auto Focusing Algorithm for a Micromanipulation System, IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, 2007: 92~95
[18] Mark Gamadia, Low-Light Auto Focus Enhancement for Digital and Cell Phone Camera Image Pipelines, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2007, 53 (2): 249~257
[19] Changhai Ru, Xihua Wang, ShuXiang Guo, An Improved Auto Focusing Algorithm for a Micromanipulation System, ICMA 2007. International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, 2007: 446~450
[20] Cheol Hee Park, Jong Ho Paikt, Young Hwan Yout, Auto Focus Filter Design and Implementation Using Correlation between Filter and Auto Focus Criterion, International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2000: 250~251
[21] Chih Ming Chen, Chin Ming Hong, Han Chun Chuang, Efficient Auto-Focus Algorithm Utilizing Discrete Difference Equation Prediction Model for Digital Still Cameras, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 2006, 52 (4): 1135~1143
[22] Tae Kyu Kim, Jae Sik Sohn, Suk Hwan Lee, FAST AUTO FOCUS CONTROL ALGORITHM USING THE VCM HYSTERESIS COMPENSATION IN THE MOBILE PHONE CAMERA, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2006, 3: 1181~1191
[23] Seung Hun Jin, Jung Uk Cho, Jae Wook Jeon, FPGA based Passive Auto Focus System using Adaptive Thresholding, International Joint Conference SICE-ICASE, 2006: 2290~2295
[24] Jie He, Rongzhen Zhou, Zhiliang Hong, Modified Fast Climbing Search Auto-focus Algorithm with Adaptive Step Size Searching Technique for Digital Camera, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2003, 49 (2): 257~262
[25] Ng Kuang Chern, Nathaniel Poo Aun Neow, Practical issues in pixel based autofocusing for machine vision, IEEE International Conference on Robotics Automation, 2001, 3: 2791~2796
[26] M.Rahman, M.Gamadia, N.Kehtarnavaz, Real time Face based Auto Focus for Digital Still and Cell-Phone Cameras, IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, 2008: 177~180
[27] Chung Nam Cho, Jung Hun Jung, Region selectable auto-focusing system by digital PSF estimation, International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 1999: 92~93
[28] Chen Guojin, Zhu Miaofen, Research on CMOS Image Preprocess Methods for Auto-Focusing System, IEEE Symposium on Virtual Environments, Human- Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems, 2007: 125~130
[29] Sang Ku Kim, Sang Rae Park, Joon Ki Paik, SIMULTANEOUS OUT-OF-FOCUS BLUR ESTIMATION AND RESTORATION FOR DIGITAL AUTO-FOCUSING SYSTEM, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1998, 44 (3): 1071~1075
[30] Kazushige,Ooi, An advanced autofocus system for video camera usine ouasi condition reasonid, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1990, 36 (3): 526~530
[31] K.S.Chai, J.S.Lee, S.1.KO, New autofocus technique using the freauencv selective weighted median filter for video cameras, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1999, 45 (3): 820~827
[32] J.H.Lee, K.S.Kim, B.D.Nam, Implementation of a passive automatic focusing algorithm for digital Still camera, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1995, 41 (3): 449~454
[33] V.Peddigari, M.Gamadia, N.Kehtarnavaz, Real-time implementation issues in passive automatic focusing for digital still cameras, J.Imag.Sci.Technol.(IS&T), 2005, 49, (2): 114~123
[34] C.H.Shen, H.H.Chen, Robust focus measure for low-contrast images, ICCE 2006 Digest of Technical Papers. International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2006: 69~70
[35] M.Kristan, J.Pers, M.Perse, A bayes spectral entropy based measure of camerafocus using a discrete cosine transform, Pattern Recognit.Lett, 2006, 27 (13): 1431~1439
[36] J.Baina, J.Dublet, Automatic focus and iris control for video cameras, IEEE Fifth International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications, 1995: 232~235
[37] Y.Sun, S.Duthaler, B.J.Nelson, Autofocusing in computer microscopy Selecting the optimal focus algorithm, Microscopy Res.Tech, 2004, 65 (3): 139~149
[38] S.K.Nayar, Y.Nakagawa, Shape from focus, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1994 16 (8): 824~831
[39] Liu R A,Jin S J,Song W, Eye-Gaze Tracking Using One Camera, Computer Applications,2006, 26 (9): 2101~2104
[40]蒋凤利,朴在林,王义明,基于嵌入式Web服务器的网络视频监控系统,农业科技与装备,2008,3:49~51
[2]菅维乐,数字图像自动聚焦算法的研究,硕士学位论文,山东大学,2004
[3]刘树凤,数码相机自动聚焦算法的研究与实现,硕士学位论文,华南理工大学,2003
[4]黄桂灶,基于单片机的自动聚焦技术研究及应用,硕士学位论文,浙江大学,2002
[5]任四刚,图像式自动聚焦系统及其测量技术的研究,硕士学位论文,重庆大学,2002
[6]徐洲,一种基于图像处理的自动聚焦方法的研究,硕士学位论文,中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,2003
[7] Ke Han, Xue-mei Jiang, A New Auto-Focusing Method Based on WBDCT for Many Object Situations, Ninth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing, 2008: 481~484
[8] Ming Yang, Li Luo, A Rapid Auto-focus Method In Automatic Microscope, ICSP 2008. 9th International Conference on Signal Processing, 2008: 502~505
[9] Weibin Tang, Yinghao Liao, Zhicong Chen, Auto-focusing System for Microscope Based on Computational Verb Controllers, ASID 2008. 2nd International Conference on Anti-counterfeiting, Security and Identification, 2008: 84~87
[10] Sang Jun Lee, Seung Hun Jin, Jae Wook Jeon, FPGA based Auto Focus System using Touch Screen, MFI 2008. IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, 2008: 350~353
[11] Ruian Liu, Shijiu Jin, Xiaorong Wu, Real time auto-focus algorithm for eye gaze tracking system, ISPACS 2007. International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2007: 742~745
[12] Hai Ming, Yan Weiping, Jiang Nan, Realization of Auto-Focusing and Tracking inthe Confocal LIF System, Control Conference 27th Chinese, 2008: 235~238
[13] Mohammad T.Rahman, Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Real-Time Face-Priority Auto Focus for Digital and Cell-Phone Cameras, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2008, 54 (4): 1506~1513
[14] Siavash Yazdanfar, Kevin B.Kenny, Krenar Tasimi, Simple and robust image- based autofocusing for digital microscopy, Optics Express, 2008, 16 (12): 8670~8677
[15] Sang-Yong Lee, Jae-Tack Yoo, Yogendera Kumar, Reduced Energy-Ratio Measure for Robust Autofocusing in Digital Camera, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2009, 16 (2): 133~136
[16] FENG LI, HONG JIN, A FAST AUTO FOCUSING METHOD FOR DIGITAL STILL CAMERA, Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 2005, 8 (8): 5001~5005
[17] Changhai Rul, Xihua Wang, ShuXiang Guo, A Novel Auto Focusing Algorithm for a Micromanipulation System, IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, 2007: 92~95
[18] Mark Gamadia, Low-Light Auto Focus Enhancement for Digital and Cell Phone Camera Image Pipelines, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2007, 53 (2): 249~257
[19] Changhai Ru, Xihua Wang, ShuXiang Guo, An Improved Auto Focusing Algorithm for a Micromanipulation System, ICMA 2007. International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, 2007: 446~450
[20] Cheol Hee Park, Jong Ho Paikt, Young Hwan Yout, Auto Focus Filter Design and Implementation Using Correlation between Filter and Auto Focus Criterion, International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2000: 250~251
[21] Chih Ming Chen, Chin Ming Hong, Han Chun Chuang, Efficient Auto-Focus Algorithm Utilizing Discrete Difference Equation Prediction Model for Digital Still Cameras, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 2006, 52 (4): 1135~1143
[22] Tae Kyu Kim, Jae Sik Sohn, Suk Hwan Lee, FAST AUTO FOCUS CONTROL ALGORITHM USING THE VCM HYSTERESIS COMPENSATION IN THE MOBILE PHONE CAMERA, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2006, 3: 1181~1191
[23] Seung Hun Jin, Jung Uk Cho, Jae Wook Jeon, FPGA based Passive Auto Focus System using Adaptive Thresholding, International Joint Conference SICE-ICASE, 2006: 2290~2295
[24] Jie He, Rongzhen Zhou, Zhiliang Hong, Modified Fast Climbing Search Auto-focus Algorithm with Adaptive Step Size Searching Technique for Digital Camera, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2003, 49 (2): 257~262
[25] Ng Kuang Chern, Nathaniel Poo Aun Neow, Practical issues in pixel based autofocusing for machine vision, IEEE International Conference on Robotics Automation, 2001, 3: 2791~2796
[26] M.Rahman, M.Gamadia, N.Kehtarnavaz, Real time Face based Auto Focus for Digital Still and Cell-Phone Cameras, IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, 2008: 177~180
[27] Chung Nam Cho, Jung Hun Jung, Region selectable auto-focusing system by digital PSF estimation, International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 1999: 92~93
[28] Chen Guojin, Zhu Miaofen, Research on CMOS Image Preprocess Methods for Auto-Focusing System, IEEE Symposium on Virtual Environments, Human- Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems, 2007: 125~130
[29] Sang Ku Kim, Sang Rae Park, Joon Ki Paik, SIMULTANEOUS OUT-OF-FOCUS BLUR ESTIMATION AND RESTORATION FOR DIGITAL AUTO-FOCUSING SYSTEM, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1998, 44 (3): 1071~1075
[30] Kazushige,Ooi, An advanced autofocus system for video camera usine ouasi condition reasonid, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1990, 36 (3): 526~530
[31] K.S.Chai, J.S.Lee, S.1.KO, New autofocus technique using the freauencv selective weighted median filter for video cameras, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1999, 45 (3): 820~827
[32] J.H.Lee, K.S.Kim, B.D.Nam, Implementation of a passive automatic focusing algorithm for digital Still camera, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1995, 41 (3): 449~454
[33] V.Peddigari, M.Gamadia, N.Kehtarnavaz, Real-time implementation issues in passive automatic focusing for digital still cameras, J.Imag.Sci.Technol.(IS&T), 2005, 49, (2): 114~123
[34] C.H.Shen, H.H.Chen, Robust focus measure for low-contrast images, ICCE 2006 Digest of Technical Papers. International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2006: 69~70
[35] M.Kristan, J.Pers, M.Perse, A bayes spectral entropy based measure of camerafocus using a discrete cosine transform, Pattern Recognit.Lett, 2006, 27 (13): 1431~1439
[36] J.Baina, J.Dublet, Automatic focus and iris control for video cameras, IEEE Fifth International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications, 1995: 232~235
[37] Y.Sun, S.Duthaler, B.J.Nelson, Autofocusing in computer microscopy Selecting the optimal focus algorithm, Microscopy Res.Tech, 2004, 65 (3): 139~149
[38] S.K.Nayar, Y.Nakagawa, Shape from focus, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1994 16 (8): 824~831
[39] Liu R A,Jin S J,Song W, Eye-Gaze Tracking Using One Camera, Computer Applications,2006, 26 (9): 2101~2104
[40]蒋凤利,朴在林,王义明,基于嵌入式Web服务器的网络视频监控系统,农业科技与装备,2008,3:49~51
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