直接式汽车轮胎压力监测系统的研究
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摘要
高速公路上的很多重大交通事故是由爆胎引起的,而爆胎主要是由轮胎欠压、气压过高等因素引起,怎样防止爆胎已成为安全驾驶的一个重要课题。汽车轮胎压力监测系统(Tire Pressure Monitoring System,TPMS)是新兴的、有效防止爆胎的汽车安全装置,该系统通过对轮胎压力的监测进行轮胎的异常报警,保障行车的安全。TPMS除了增强汽车行驶安全性以外,还可以提高车辆操控性能,减少燃油消耗,增加轮胎使用寿命。直接式TPMS (Pressure-Sensor Based,PSB)是主流的汽车轮胎压力监测系统,它依靠安装在轮胎上的传感器来直接获取轮胎的压力值和温度值,并以无线射频方式和安装在车身的中央接收模块通信。美国已立法强制性安装TPMS,因而TPMS在欧美国家得到迅速发展,而我国的TPMS研究相对较晚,技术较落后,研究具有自主知识产权的直接式TPMS对于提高国产汽车的安全性和增加我国汽车工业的国际竟争力具有重要意义。
首先概述了TPMS的重要作用,介绍了直接式和间接式TPMS的工作原理和特点以及成为发展主流的直接式TPMS的国内外现状,并深入分析了直接式TPMS的几大关键技术——可靠性、电源、轮胎检测模块的定位以及安装,指出未来直接式TPMS发展的趋势。
针对目前直接式TPMS存在的一些不足,提出了改进的系统设计方案。首先提出了本系统的总体设计要求,然后通过比较现有的两种直接式TPMS方案——单向通信系统和双向通信系统,提出了本系统的总体结构,随后进行了系统核心芯片的选型,并对轮胎检测模块的定位、系统低功耗、信号免碰撞设计以及气门嘴外置式安装结构提出相应的方案。
根据系统总体方案,进行了各个模块的软硬件设计。在硬件方面,进行了电路原理图和印制电路板的设计,包括轮胎检测模块AVR ATmega48 automotive单片机以及中央接收模块AVR ATmega162单片机的外围电路、SP12传感器电路、无线收发芯片nRF401通信电路、CAN通信电路以及单片机与作为显示模块的PC机的串口通信电路设计。在软件方面,进行了详细的低功耗和信号免碰撞功能设计,制定了无线通信协议,进行了传感器与单片机的SPI通信、无线收发芯片与单片机的串口通信、CAN通信、单片机与PC机的串口通信以及显示模块界面的设计。
最后介绍了TPMS样机,包括轮胎检测模块、中央接收模块以及中央显示模块,并介绍了TPMS轮胎检测模块的机械结构,进行了轮胎检测模块的低功耗分析,然后在样机上进行了系统的软硬件调试。
Many highway traffic accidents major caused by tire blowouts which is mainly the consequences of under-inflation, high pressure of tire and so on. How to prevent tire blowouts has become an important issue for driving safety. Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) is a new and effective automotive safety device preventing from tire blowouts. The system can alarm by monitoring tire pressure when one or more of a vehicle’s tires become abnormal to ensure driving security. TPMS enhances vehicle security, it can also improve control performance, reduce fuel economy, and increase tread life. Pressure-Sensor Based (PSB) TPMS is the mainstream automobile tire pressure monitoring system. It relies on the sensors installed on the tire to directly access the tire pressure and temperature values. And it communicates via wireless RF-transmission with central receiver module installed on body. The United States has legislated mandatory installation of TPMS. And TPMS in Europe and the United States have developed rapidly. But the research on TPMS in China is relatively late, and the technology is slower. Study on PSB TPMS with independent intellectual property rights for increasing domestic automobile safety and automobile industry international competitiveness is become of great significance.
This paper first outlined the important role of TPMS, introduced the operating principle and characteristics of PSB and Wheel-Speed Based (WSB) TPMS, then focused on PSB TPMS, described its status quo, profoundly analyzed the key technologies-reliability, power, location and installation of tire-monitoring module, and described the future development trend.
In view of the current PSB TPMS, there are some shortcomings and this paper proposed a scheme to improve the system design. First the design requirement of the system was brought forward. Then with comparing two PSB TPMS scheme, one-way communication system and two-way communication system, the system architecture has been proposed. And then the paper introduced the selection of system core chip, and put forward the solutions for the location of tire-monitoring module, low-power dissipation, signal collision-free design as well as installation outside tire valve.
According to the system schema, the software and hardware design for every module were accomplished. On the one hand, the schematic circuits and printed circuit board was designed, including the periphery circuits for tire-monitoring module’s single chip microcomputer named AVR ATmega48 automotive and tire receiver module’s named AVR ATmega162, and the circuits for sensor dectecting, wireless communication with single chip transceiver named nRF401, CAN communication, and the serial communication between single chip microcomputer and PC used for display module. On the other hand, system software was designed, including the detailed design of low-power dissipation and signal collision-free, the establishment of wireless communication protocol, the SPI communication between sensor and single chip microcomputer, the serial communication between wireless single chip transceiver and single chip microcomputer, CAN communication, the serial communication between PC and single chip microcomputer, and the design of display module.
Finally, a TPMS prototype composed of tire-monitoring module, central receiver module and display module has been made. Then the physical construction of TPMS’s tire-monitoring module was designed. And then the power dissipation of tire-monitoring module was analyzed. In the end, the system hardware and software was debugged on the TPMS prototype.
首先概述了TPMS的重要作用,介绍了直接式和间接式TPMS的工作原理和特点以及成为发展主流的直接式TPMS的国内外现状,并深入分析了直接式TPMS的几大关键技术——可靠性、电源、轮胎检测模块的定位以及安装,指出未来直接式TPMS发展的趋势。
针对目前直接式TPMS存在的一些不足,提出了改进的系统设计方案。首先提出了本系统的总体设计要求,然后通过比较现有的两种直接式TPMS方案——单向通信系统和双向通信系统,提出了本系统的总体结构,随后进行了系统核心芯片的选型,并对轮胎检测模块的定位、系统低功耗、信号免碰撞设计以及气门嘴外置式安装结构提出相应的方案。
根据系统总体方案,进行了各个模块的软硬件设计。在硬件方面,进行了电路原理图和印制电路板的设计,包括轮胎检测模块AVR ATmega48 automotive单片机以及中央接收模块AVR ATmega162单片机的外围电路、SP12传感器电路、无线收发芯片nRF401通信电路、CAN通信电路以及单片机与作为显示模块的PC机的串口通信电路设计。在软件方面,进行了详细的低功耗和信号免碰撞功能设计,制定了无线通信协议,进行了传感器与单片机的SPI通信、无线收发芯片与单片机的串口通信、CAN通信、单片机与PC机的串口通信以及显示模块界面的设计。
最后介绍了TPMS样机,包括轮胎检测模块、中央接收模块以及中央显示模块,并介绍了TPMS轮胎检测模块的机械结构,进行了轮胎检测模块的低功耗分析,然后在样机上进行了系统的软硬件调试。
Many highway traffic accidents major caused by tire blowouts which is mainly the consequences of under-inflation, high pressure of tire and so on. How to prevent tire blowouts has become an important issue for driving safety. Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) is a new and effective automotive safety device preventing from tire blowouts. The system can alarm by monitoring tire pressure when one or more of a vehicle’s tires become abnormal to ensure driving security. TPMS enhances vehicle security, it can also improve control performance, reduce fuel economy, and increase tread life. Pressure-Sensor Based (PSB) TPMS is the mainstream automobile tire pressure monitoring system. It relies on the sensors installed on the tire to directly access the tire pressure and temperature values. And it communicates via wireless RF-transmission with central receiver module installed on body. The United States has legislated mandatory installation of TPMS. And TPMS in Europe and the United States have developed rapidly. But the research on TPMS in China is relatively late, and the technology is slower. Study on PSB TPMS with independent intellectual property rights for increasing domestic automobile safety and automobile industry international competitiveness is become of great significance.
This paper first outlined the important role of TPMS, introduced the operating principle and characteristics of PSB and Wheel-Speed Based (WSB) TPMS, then focused on PSB TPMS, described its status quo, profoundly analyzed the key technologies-reliability, power, location and installation of tire-monitoring module, and described the future development trend.
In view of the current PSB TPMS, there are some shortcomings and this paper proposed a scheme to improve the system design. First the design requirement of the system was brought forward. Then with comparing two PSB TPMS scheme, one-way communication system and two-way communication system, the system architecture has been proposed. And then the paper introduced the selection of system core chip, and put forward the solutions for the location of tire-monitoring module, low-power dissipation, signal collision-free design as well as installation outside tire valve.
According to the system schema, the software and hardware design for every module were accomplished. On the one hand, the schematic circuits and printed circuit board was designed, including the periphery circuits for tire-monitoring module’s single chip microcomputer named AVR ATmega48 automotive and tire receiver module’s named AVR ATmega162, and the circuits for sensor dectecting, wireless communication with single chip transceiver named nRF401, CAN communication, and the serial communication between single chip microcomputer and PC used for display module. On the other hand, system software was designed, including the detailed design of low-power dissipation and signal collision-free, the establishment of wireless communication protocol, the SPI communication between sensor and single chip microcomputer, the serial communication between wireless single chip transceiver and single chip microcomputer, CAN communication, the serial communication between PC and single chip microcomputer, and the design of display module.
Finally, a TPMS prototype composed of tire-monitoring module, central receiver module and display module has been made. Then the physical construction of TPMS’s tire-monitoring module was designed. And then the power dissipation of tire-monitoring module was analyzed. In the end, the system hardware and software was debugged on the TPMS prototype.
引文
[1] 赵政宁,孙航,曹呈荣.TPMS 解决方案中的几个关键问题.单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2006,(11):52-54.
[2] 庄继德.汽车轮胎学.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1995.
[3] 韩建保,陈厉兵.汽车轮胎气压电子实时监测系统.汽车技术,2002,(7):40-41.
[4] 尹凝霞,赵金先,王吉忠.轮胎气压实时监测与报警系统的研究现状及发展趋势.轮胎工业,2005,25(3):137-139.
[5] Anon.Tire pressure monitoring system(TPMS) FMVSS No138.Washing DC:SAE Governme nt/Industry Meeting,2003.
[6] Bulbeck S.RFID and MEMS for tyre pressure monitoring systems.Smart Labels Analyst,2002, 10(21):22-23.
[7] 英恒科技(中国)科技有限公司.轮胎气压监测系统(TPMS)介绍与发展.2005.
[8] 米林,陈然,谭伟.嵌入式轮胎压力无线监测系统的设计.仪器仪表用户,2006,13(1):24-25.
[9] National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards;Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems;Controls and Displays.Federal Register,2002,67(108):38703- 38749.
[10]Christian Kolle,Wolfgang Scherr,Dirk Hammerschmidt,et al.Ultra Low-Power Monolithically Integrated Capacitive Pressure Sensor for Tire Pressure Monitoring.IEEE,2004(2):244-247.
[11]颜重光.TPMS 技术与发展趋势.2005.http://www.autoelectronic_s.eetchina.com/ART_88004 28141_2100005_TA_b23d776e.HTM
[12]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards;Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems;Controls and Displays.Federal Register,2005,70(67):18136 -18191.
[13]王泽鹏,薛风先,朱由锋.智能轮胎监测技术的发展现状及需解决的关键问题.汽车技术,2005,(2):1-5.
[14]水清木华研究中心·制造业研究部.2007 年全球 TPMS 市场驶入快车道.2007.http://www. waterwood.com.cn/news/2006/2006-12/200714100915.htm
[15]通福科技.通福无源汽车轮胎压力监测系统.http://www.tunefu.com/products_1_01.asp
[16]郑雷.汽车轮胎压力、倒车雷达监测显示报警系统:中国,200420060863.X.2005-08-31
[17]胡云发,陈毅豪,林俏伽.胎压监测系统(TPMS)技术与设计考虑.2006.http://www.Au toelectronics.eetchina.com/ART_8800434908_2100005_1228008720609.HTM?click_from=Y
[18]陆叶强.汽车胎压检测系统中轮胎定位技术的分析与研究.农机化研究,2006 (7):205-207.
[19]李威,尹术飞.TPMS 的无源化发展方向研究.重型汽车,2005(5):14-16.
[20]颜重光.汽车压力轮胎监视系统的设计思考.2005.http://www.eetchina.com/ARTICLES/2005 NOV/PDF/2005NOV03_SECD_TAONLINE160.PDF
[21]英恒科技(中国)科技有限公司.SP12 14-pin 数字式压力传感器.2003.
[22]英恒科技(中国)科技有限公司.SP12T 14-pin 数字式压力传感器.2003.
[23]Infineon Technologies.News Release/Presseinformation.2006.
[24]Freescale.轮胎压力监控系统(TPMS)应用参考指南.2004.
[25]通用电气.汽车轮胎压力监测系统(TPMS).2004.
[26]NORDIC.433MHz Single Chip RF Transceiver nRF401.2002.
[27]ATMEL.ATmega48 automotive.2006.
[28] ATMEL.ATmega162 ATmega162V.2006.
[29]甘永梅,李庆丰,刘晓娟等.现场总线及其应用技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[30]Philips Semiconductors.SJA1000 stand-alone CAN controller.2000 .
[31]广州致远电子有限公司.CTM1050 高速 CAN 隔离收发器.2006.
[32]郭炳焜,徐徽,王先友等.锂离子电池.长沙:中南大学出版社,2002.
[33]颜重光.TPMS 专用传感器模块技术剖析.2006.http://www.eetchina.com/ARTICLES/2006 SEP/PDF/TPMS2006911.pdf
[34]黄智伟,朱卫华.433MHz 单片射频 nRF401 收发芯片.世界电子元器件,2001,(2):26-27.
[35]Daniel ROUCHE.汽车车载网络(VAN/CAN/LIN)技术详解.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.
[36]ISO 11519-3: Vehicle area network (VAN), 1994: 10～47
[37]ISO 11519-2: Low-speed controller area network (CAN), 1994: 22～63
[38]ISO 11519-4: Class B data communication network interface (J1850),1994: 1～30
[39]广州致远电子有限公司.基于 SJA1000 的 CAN 节点设计.2006.
[40]F. Cus, M. Milfelner, J. Balic. An intelligent system for monitoring and optimization of ball-end milling process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2006,175:90-97.
[41]聂光义.点对多点的多任务无线通信.单片机与嵌入式系统应用.2003,(3):24-26
[42]黄恺,李雷,马宝侠.基于 VC++单片机—PC 机串行通讯.现代机械.2001,(2):8-10
[43]Oney Walter.Programming the Microsoft Windows Driver Model.Microsoft Press, 1999
[44]Oney Walter.Programming the Microsoft Windows Driver Model,2ndEd.Microsoft Press, 2003
[45]李廷军,年丽波,李卫华等.一种串口通信程序的设计.通信技术.2003,(7):84-85
[46]谭思亮,邹超群编著.Visual C++串口通信工程开发实例导航.人民邮电出版社, 2003.1
[47]沈阳中模技术开发有限公司.塑料材料的基本性能速查手册.2002.
[48]魏柠柠.TPMS汽车胎压监测系统的关键技术研究和工程实现.浙江:浙江大学信息学院,2006.
[2] 庄继德.汽车轮胎学.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1995.
[3] 韩建保,陈厉兵.汽车轮胎气压电子实时监测系统.汽车技术,2002,(7):40-41.
[4] 尹凝霞,赵金先,王吉忠.轮胎气压实时监测与报警系统的研究现状及发展趋势.轮胎工业,2005,25(3):137-139.
[5] Anon.Tire pressure monitoring system(TPMS) FMVSS No138.Washing DC:SAE Governme nt/Industry Meeting,2003.
[6] Bulbeck S.RFID and MEMS for tyre pressure monitoring systems.Smart Labels Analyst,2002, 10(21):22-23.
[7] 英恒科技(中国)科技有限公司.轮胎气压监测系统(TPMS)介绍与发展.2005.
[8] 米林,陈然,谭伟.嵌入式轮胎压力无线监测系统的设计.仪器仪表用户,2006,13(1):24-25.
[9] National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards;Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems;Controls and Displays.Federal Register,2002,67(108):38703- 38749.
[10]Christian Kolle,Wolfgang Scherr,Dirk Hammerschmidt,et al.Ultra Low-Power Monolithically Integrated Capacitive Pressure Sensor for Tire Pressure Monitoring.IEEE,2004(2):244-247.
[11]颜重光.TPMS 技术与发展趋势.2005.http://www.autoelectronic_s.eetchina.com/ART_88004 28141_2100005_TA_b23d776e.HTM
[12]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards;Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems;Controls and Displays.Federal Register,2005,70(67):18136 -18191.
[13]王泽鹏,薛风先,朱由锋.智能轮胎监测技术的发展现状及需解决的关键问题.汽车技术,2005,(2):1-5.
[14]水清木华研究中心·制造业研究部.2007 年全球 TPMS 市场驶入快车道.2007.http://www. waterwood.com.cn/news/2006/2006-12/200714100915.htm
[15]通福科技.通福无源汽车轮胎压力监测系统.http://www.tunefu.com/products_1_01.asp
[16]郑雷.汽车轮胎压力、倒车雷达监测显示报警系统:中国,200420060863.X.2005-08-31
[17]胡云发,陈毅豪,林俏伽.胎压监测系统(TPMS)技术与设计考虑.2006.http://www.Au toelectronics.eetchina.com/ART_8800434908_2100005_1228008720609.HTM?click_from=Y
[18]陆叶强.汽车胎压检测系统中轮胎定位技术的分析与研究.农机化研究,2006 (7):205-207.
[19]李威,尹术飞.TPMS 的无源化发展方向研究.重型汽车,2005(5):14-16.
[20]颜重光.汽车压力轮胎监视系统的设计思考.2005.http://www.eetchina.com/ARTICLES/2005 NOV/PDF/2005NOV03_SECD_TAONLINE160.PDF
[21]英恒科技(中国)科技有限公司.SP12 14-pin 数字式压力传感器.2003.
[22]英恒科技(中国)科技有限公司.SP12T 14-pin 数字式压力传感器.2003.
[23]Infineon Technologies.News Release/Presseinformation.2006.
[24]Freescale.轮胎压力监控系统(TPMS)应用参考指南.2004.
[25]通用电气.汽车轮胎压力监测系统(TPMS).2004.
[26]NORDIC.433MHz Single Chip RF Transceiver nRF401.2002.
[27]ATMEL.ATmega48 automotive.2006.
[28] ATMEL.ATmega162 ATmega162V.2006.
[29]甘永梅,李庆丰,刘晓娟等.现场总线及其应用技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[30]Philips Semiconductors.SJA1000 stand-alone CAN controller.2000 .
[31]广州致远电子有限公司.CTM1050 高速 CAN 隔离收发器.2006.
[32]郭炳焜,徐徽,王先友等.锂离子电池.长沙:中南大学出版社,2002.
[33]颜重光.TPMS 专用传感器模块技术剖析.2006.http://www.eetchina.com/ARTICLES/2006 SEP/PDF/TPMS2006911.pdf
[34]黄智伟,朱卫华.433MHz 单片射频 nRF401 收发芯片.世界电子元器件,2001,(2):26-27.
[35]Daniel ROUCHE.汽车车载网络(VAN/CAN/LIN)技术详解.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.
[36]ISO 11519-3: Vehicle area network (VAN), 1994: 10～47
[37]ISO 11519-2: Low-speed controller area network (CAN), 1994: 22～63
[38]ISO 11519-4: Class B data communication network interface (J1850),1994: 1～30
[39]广州致远电子有限公司.基于 SJA1000 的 CAN 节点设计.2006.
[40]F. Cus, M. Milfelner, J. Balic. An intelligent system for monitoring and optimization of ball-end milling process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2006,175:90-97.
[41]聂光义.点对多点的多任务无线通信.单片机与嵌入式系统应用.2003,(3):24-26
[42]黄恺,李雷,马宝侠.基于 VC++单片机—PC 机串行通讯.现代机械.2001,(2):8-10
[43]Oney Walter.Programming the Microsoft Windows Driver Model.Microsoft Press, 1999
[44]Oney Walter.Programming the Microsoft Windows Driver Model,2ndEd.Microsoft Press, 2003
[45]李廷军,年丽波,李卫华等.一种串口通信程序的设计.通信技术.2003,(7):84-85
[46]谭思亮,邹超群编著.Visual C++串口通信工程开发实例导航.人民邮电出版社, 2003.1
[47]沈阳中模技术开发有限公司.塑料材料的基本性能速查手册.2002.
[48]魏柠柠.TPMS汽车胎压监测系统的关键技术研究和工程实现.浙江:浙江大学信息学院,2006.
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