基于RS与GIS的城市道路网评价技术研究
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摘要
随着城市化、机动化的快速发展,我国城市道路交通面临日益严峻的挑战,迫切需要依据科学发展观、可持续发展的理念,反思城市道路网规划建设中存在的问题及其症结,开展城市道路网评价技术研究,对城市道路网体系进行科学的分析与评估,为进一步调整、建设城市道路网提供科学依据和技术支持。
我国现行的城市道路网评价,需要投入大量的人力、物力,在各个路口进行人工监测和统计,数据更新周期长,无法对路网状况迅速做出评判。因此,本研究以旅游城市海口的道路网为工程背景,利用遥感(RS)实时、海量信息的特点,快速收集路网信息;结合地理信息系统(GIS)强大的空间分析功能,高效地组织、管理路网数据,以对城市路网进行实时、准确、高效的评价:
(1)道路网评价指标体系的建立。从城市道路网评价的实际出发,兼顾路网规模、结构及交通功能,依据科学性、可测性和可比性等原则,在RS与GIS支持下,建立由道路网密度、等级级配等9项指标组成的合理的城市道路网评价指标体系,以较为全面地反映城市道路网的总体性能。
(2)遥感影像处理。考虑到城市道路信息的精度要求,采用QuickBird高分辨率遥感影像。利用Erdas 8.7对遥感影像进行线性拉伸,以增强图像的层次感。通过提高亮度和对比度,来加大不同地物之间的差异。通过高通滤波处理,来增强不同地物边界,并去除干扰信息,以便清楚地划定地物界线。最后,选取投影体系和控制点,并进行几何校正和配准,为城市道路的数字化做好影像准备。
(3)道路数字化。利用MapInfo 7.0平台在数字化上的优势,来数字化并组织城市道路数据。依据城市道路规范并结合海口道路实际情况,将道路分为主干道、次干道和支路三层,分别予以数字化并建立属性数据表,实现路网数据的地图显示功能,为道路数据库的建库打下基础。
(4)道路数据库建库。ArcGIS新推出的Geodatabase数据模型,其要素关系丰富,能够高效、准确地提取道路及车辆信息,快捷地获取评价所需数据,故用其进行道路数据库建库。依据Geodatabase的模型要素,设计合理的道路数据库结构,并加载道路数据,组织拓扑关系,生成交通网络数据集,建立起道路数据库。
(5)评价结果。海口市的主干道密度为1.230 km/km~2,次干道密度为1.214km/km~2,支路密度为3.455 km/km~2,道路网密度为5.8998 km/km~2,干道网密度为2.4445 km/km~2,干道间距为818.200 m,道路网面积密度为22.6%,人均道路面积为6.119 m~2,道路的等级级配为1:0.987:2.809。结果表明:在海口市现有道路中,主干道和支路能够很好地满足当地道路交通、社会经济的发展需求,而次干道只是基本适应发展需求。
本研究将RS和GIS技术引入城市道路网评价,不失为研究方法的创新。本研究极大地改进了传统评价手段,深化了路网评价技术的研究内容,推动路网评价向定性、定量与定位相结合的综合化方向发展。如何对路网的社会环境影响指标进行科学的量化,是一项有待进一步探索的课题。
With the rapid development of urbanization and motorization, the urban road traffic is faced with increasingly severe challenges in our country. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the problem and its sticking point in the planning and construction of the urban road network with the scientific development view and the sustainable development concept, carry out a research of the urban road network evaluation, and scientifically analyze and assess the urban road network in order to provide scientific evidence and information support for adjustment and new construction of the urban road network.
A lot of manpower and material resources are involved in the current urban road network evaluation in our country, carrying out manual monitoring and statistics at each junction, up-to-date taking a long time, and having no way to rapidly evaluate the road network situation. So, in this paper, the road network of Haikou (a tourist city) is taken for an engineering example, the information quickly collected with remote sensing of real-time and massive information, the data efficiently organized and managed by GIS of powerful spatial analysis. Finally, the urban road network is evaluated real-time, accurately and efficiently:
(1) Establishing road network evaluation indicator system. According to scientificity, testability and comparability, with the support of RS and GIS, an evaluation indicator system, which is composed of nine indicators such as road network density, grade proportion and so on, is set up from the current urban road network evaluation combined with the scale, structure and traffic function, to completely show the total performance of the urban road network.
(2) Processing RS images. QuickBird remote sensing images with the high resolution are adopted to meet the precision need of urban road information. To enhance the layering, linearly stretch the RS image with Erdas 8.7. Enlarge the discrepancy of distinct ground objects by increasing the brightness and contrast. To clearly delimit the boundary, strengthen the border of ground objects by high-pass filtering and removal of interference information. Finally, choose projections and control points, and carry out geometric correction and registration of imagery, preparing for the digitization of urban roads.
(3) Digitizing the road. The urban road data are digitized and organized with powerful Mapinfo 7.0. According to the urban path standard and the actual situation of Haikou, the roads are divided into trunk road, sub-trunk road and branch. All the roads are digitized separately, corresponding attribute tables set up, and the map demonstration function of road network data implemented, laying a foundation for establishment of the road database.
(4) Building the road database. Information of roads and vehicles is extracted efficiently and accurately, and data of evaluation obtained rapidly with the Geodatabase data model of abundant relationships, which is newly released by ArcGIS, thus it is used to build the road database. Based on the model elements of Geodatabase, database structure is reasonably designed, road data loaded, topological relation organized, and traffic network datasets generated, finally the road database established.
(5) Results of evaluation. The trunk road density is 1.230 km/km~2, the sub-trunk road density 1.214km/km~2, the branch density 3.455 km/km~2, the main road network density 2.4445 km/km~2, the road network density 5.8998 km/km~2, the main road spacing 818.200 m, the road network area density 22.6%, the per capita road area 6.119 m~2, and the grade proportion 1:0.987:2.809 in Haikou. It has been shown that the trunk road and branch are able to satisfy the development of the local road traffic and social economy, while the sub-trunk road is basically satisfied.
RS and GIS are introduced into urban road network evaluation, which is an innovation in the research method. In this research, the traditional evaluation method is greatly improved, and the evaluation content of road network deepened, which promotes its development in the integrated direction to qualitative, quantitative and positioning research. It is a problem worthy to be discussed and solved how to scientificly quantify social environment influence indicators of the road network.
我国现行的城市道路网评价,需要投入大量的人力、物力,在各个路口进行人工监测和统计,数据更新周期长,无法对路网状况迅速做出评判。因此,本研究以旅游城市海口的道路网为工程背景,利用遥感(RS)实时、海量信息的特点,快速收集路网信息;结合地理信息系统(GIS)强大的空间分析功能,高效地组织、管理路网数据,以对城市路网进行实时、准确、高效的评价:
(1)道路网评价指标体系的建立。从城市道路网评价的实际出发,兼顾路网规模、结构及交通功能,依据科学性、可测性和可比性等原则,在RS与GIS支持下,建立由道路网密度、等级级配等9项指标组成的合理的城市道路网评价指标体系,以较为全面地反映城市道路网的总体性能。
(2)遥感影像处理。考虑到城市道路信息的精度要求,采用QuickBird高分辨率遥感影像。利用Erdas 8.7对遥感影像进行线性拉伸,以增强图像的层次感。通过提高亮度和对比度,来加大不同地物之间的差异。通过高通滤波处理,来增强不同地物边界,并去除干扰信息,以便清楚地划定地物界线。最后,选取投影体系和控制点,并进行几何校正和配准,为城市道路的数字化做好影像准备。
(3)道路数字化。利用MapInfo 7.0平台在数字化上的优势,来数字化并组织城市道路数据。依据城市道路规范并结合海口道路实际情况,将道路分为主干道、次干道和支路三层,分别予以数字化并建立属性数据表,实现路网数据的地图显示功能,为道路数据库的建库打下基础。
(4)道路数据库建库。ArcGIS新推出的Geodatabase数据模型,其要素关系丰富,能够高效、准确地提取道路及车辆信息,快捷地获取评价所需数据,故用其进行道路数据库建库。依据Geodatabase的模型要素,设计合理的道路数据库结构,并加载道路数据,组织拓扑关系,生成交通网络数据集,建立起道路数据库。
(5)评价结果。海口市的主干道密度为1.230 km/km~2,次干道密度为1.214km/km~2,支路密度为3.455 km/km~2,道路网密度为5.8998 km/km~2,干道网密度为2.4445 km/km~2,干道间距为818.200 m,道路网面积密度为22.6%,人均道路面积为6.119 m~2,道路的等级级配为1:0.987:2.809。结果表明:在海口市现有道路中,主干道和支路能够很好地满足当地道路交通、社会经济的发展需求,而次干道只是基本适应发展需求。
本研究将RS和GIS技术引入城市道路网评价,不失为研究方法的创新。本研究极大地改进了传统评价手段,深化了路网评价技术的研究内容,推动路网评价向定性、定量与定位相结合的综合化方向发展。如何对路网的社会环境影响指标进行科学的量化,是一项有待进一步探索的课题。
With the rapid development of urbanization and motorization, the urban road traffic is faced with increasingly severe challenges in our country. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the problem and its sticking point in the planning and construction of the urban road network with the scientific development view and the sustainable development concept, carry out a research of the urban road network evaluation, and scientifically analyze and assess the urban road network in order to provide scientific evidence and information support for adjustment and new construction of the urban road network.
A lot of manpower and material resources are involved in the current urban road network evaluation in our country, carrying out manual monitoring and statistics at each junction, up-to-date taking a long time, and having no way to rapidly evaluate the road network situation. So, in this paper, the road network of Haikou (a tourist city) is taken for an engineering example, the information quickly collected with remote sensing of real-time and massive information, the data efficiently organized and managed by GIS of powerful spatial analysis. Finally, the urban road network is evaluated real-time, accurately and efficiently:
(1) Establishing road network evaluation indicator system. According to scientificity, testability and comparability, with the support of RS and GIS, an evaluation indicator system, which is composed of nine indicators such as road network density, grade proportion and so on, is set up from the current urban road network evaluation combined with the scale, structure and traffic function, to completely show the total performance of the urban road network.
(2) Processing RS images. QuickBird remote sensing images with the high resolution are adopted to meet the precision need of urban road information. To enhance the layering, linearly stretch the RS image with Erdas 8.7. Enlarge the discrepancy of distinct ground objects by increasing the brightness and contrast. To clearly delimit the boundary, strengthen the border of ground objects by high-pass filtering and removal of interference information. Finally, choose projections and control points, and carry out geometric correction and registration of imagery, preparing for the digitization of urban roads.
(3) Digitizing the road. The urban road data are digitized and organized with powerful Mapinfo 7.0. According to the urban path standard and the actual situation of Haikou, the roads are divided into trunk road, sub-trunk road and branch. All the roads are digitized separately, corresponding attribute tables set up, and the map demonstration function of road network data implemented, laying a foundation for establishment of the road database.
(4) Building the road database. Information of roads and vehicles is extracted efficiently and accurately, and data of evaluation obtained rapidly with the Geodatabase data model of abundant relationships, which is newly released by ArcGIS, thus it is used to build the road database. Based on the model elements of Geodatabase, database structure is reasonably designed, road data loaded, topological relation organized, and traffic network datasets generated, finally the road database established.
(5) Results of evaluation. The trunk road density is 1.230 km/km~2, the sub-trunk road density 1.214km/km~2, the branch density 3.455 km/km~2, the main road network density 2.4445 km/km~2, the road network density 5.8998 km/km~2, the main road spacing 818.200 m, the road network area density 22.6%, the per capita road area 6.119 m~2, and the grade proportion 1:0.987:2.809 in Haikou. It has been shown that the trunk road and branch are able to satisfy the development of the local road traffic and social economy, while the sub-trunk road is basically satisfied.
RS and GIS are introduced into urban road network evaluation, which is an innovation in the research method. In this research, the traditional evaluation method is greatly improved, and the evaluation content of road network deepened, which promotes its development in the integrated direction to qualitative, quantitative and positioning research. It is a problem worthy to be discussed and solved how to scientificly quantify social environment influence indicators of the road network.
引文
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