扬子地块西缘新元古代镁铁质—超镁铁质岩的地球化学特征及其地质背景——以盐边高家村杂岩体和冷水箐101号杂岩体为例
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摘要
近年来，应用地球动力学研究镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石演化取得了一些重要进展。同时，不少镁铁质-超镁铁质层状侵入体中赋存具有重要经济价值的大型、乃至超大型岩浆硫化物型的铜、镍、铬、钴与铂族元素矿床和钒、钛磁铁矿矿床。
研究表明，扬子地块西缘新元古代岩浆活动可以与其南缘和东南缘的新元古代岩浆活动进行对比。探讨这些新元古代岩浆岩成因对研究Rodinia超大陆的演化有重要意义。前人对扬子地块西缘的新元古代酸性岩浆活动研究较多，但对基性岩浆活动研究比较薄弱。因此，本论文选择扬子地块西缘最大的、也是最具代表性的高家村似层状镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体及其相关的含铜镍硫化物矿床的冷水箐镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体群为研究对象，针对已有研究的薄弱环节和不足之处，对岩石学和矿物学、主量元素和微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素，以及高精度年代学等方面进行深入研究。本研究拟解决的关键问题是：(1)确定川西盐边地区新元古代镁铁质-超镁铁质岩的形成时代和地球化学特征；(2)探讨镁铁质-超镁铁质岩浆演化与Cu-Ni-(PGE)矿床的成因联系，为评价盐边地区镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体的Cu-Ni-(PGE)成矿潜力提供可靠的理论依据；(3)了解岩浆源区地幔的特征、形成、演化和构造背景与Rodinia超大陆聚合和裂解的关系，从而进一步认识华南地区新元古代构造演化及其与Rodinia超大陆的关系。现在取得的主要认识有：
1 高家村杂岩体和含Cu-Ni硫化物矿床的冷水箐杂岩体尽管规模不同，但都是分异良好的镁铁质-超镁铁质侵入体，属于堆晶岩系，均侵位于中元古代盐边群变质火山岩和片岩中。前者总体上呈似层状，根据岩石学特征可以分为两个堆积旋回，表明其形成过程中有两期岩浆侵入。而后者呈同心环状，主要受岩浆结晶分异控制。冷水箐101号杂岩体的底部和边缘产出铜镍硫化物矿体，金属矿物主要有磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿，为典型的岩浆型铜-镍硫化物矿床。
2 高家村杂岩体主体岩相中角闪辉长岩的单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为(840±5)Ma，表明扬子地块西缘在新元古代时期存在较大规模的基性岩浆活动。冷水箐101号杂岩体上部角闪辉长岩的角闪石~(40)Ar／~(39)Ar年龄为(821±1)Ma。因此，两者在形成时代上很可能是一致的。
3 高家村杂岩体和冷水箐矿床在稀土元素模式和原始地幔标准化的微量元
素分布模式上非常相似，表明它们很可能来自同一地慢源区。两者均具有正的￡
Nd(t)值，表明来源于亏损的地慢源区。但大多数样品显示L既E和LILE富集
的特征，明显不同于慢源的洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)，而与Hawaiian洋岛玄武岩
(OIB)和Ethi0Pian大陆溢流玄武岩(C FB)很相似，这些特征表明高家村杂岩体
和冷水管岩体很可能来源于似OIB的地慢源区。
4高家村杂岩体和冷水餐地区杂岩体的岩浆性质不同。前者的原始岩浆的
MgO为8%左右，Fe0T为9%左右的亚碱性玄武岩岩浆。而后者的原始岩浆的
Mgo为10一11%左右，Fe0T为9%左右的碱性一亚碱性的苦橄质岩浆。
5两者岩浆在上升过程中遭受地壳混染的途径不同。高家村杂岩体的岩浆可
能主要受到扬子古下地壳和/或扬子地块西缘不成熟古岛弧沉积物(俯冲洋壳)
再循环作用形成的富集型地慢(E MI)的混染;而冷水管杂岩体的岩浆可能是受
到扬子地块西缘840Ma以前的物质或者变质核(可能是围岩盐边群)的混染。地
壳混染作用是导致这两个岩体具Nb一Ta亏损的重要原因。而混染方式的差异是造
成前者具有低的Th含量和强烈Th负异常的特征，而后者Th含量较高并无明显
的Th负异常的原·因。因此，高家村和冷水等杂岩体的形成都与地壳混染作用和
岩浆的结晶分异作用相关，其过程类似于AFC过程。
6地壳混染的途径不同及由此产生的不同性质岩浆也是造成两者含矿性差
异的重要因素。
7本文对“盐边蛇绿岩”的提法提出了质疑，认为盐边地区新元古代镁铁质
一超镁铁质杂岩体的形成很可能与Rodinia超级大陆下的一个超级地慢柱活动有
关。
关键词:镁铁质一超镁铁质岩;地球化学;地质年代学;新元古代;高家村;冷水
著;扬子地块西缘
Recently, several important progresses have been made in the geodynamics concerning the evolution of mafic and ultramafic rocks. Furthermore, numerous, economically important, large to giant magmatic Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, and platinum group elements (PGEs) sulphide deposits and Fe-V-Ti deposits are associated with mafic and ultramafic layered intrusions.Recent studies indicate that Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks on the western margin of the Yangtze craton correspond to those on the southern and southeastern margins. To understand their origin is potentially important to the study on the evolution of the supercontinent Rodinia. However, previous studies were focused on Neoproterozoic acid magmatic rocks on the western margin of the Yangtze craton, with little attention being paid to basic magmatic rocks. The Gaojiacun intrusive complex is a typical and the biggest Neoproterozoic mafic-ultramafic intrusion on the western margin of the Yangtze craton. The Lengshuiqing intrusive complex hosts magmatic Cu-Ni sulphide deposit. Thus, the Gaojiacun and Lengshuiqing mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes are chosen for the studying objects in this dissertation. Petrology and mineralogy, major, trace element, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, and precise geochronology are presented to provide an insight into geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Gaojiacun and Lengshuiqing complexes. The purposes of this study are as follow: (1) to determine the forming age and geochemical characteristics of the Neoproterozoic mafic-ultramafic rocks on the western margin of the Yangtze craton; (2) to discuss the genetic relationship between basic magma evolution and Cu-Ni - (PGE) deposit, and to provide constraints on assessing the ore-forming potential of the mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes in the Yanbian area, Sichuan province; (3) to characterize the nature of their mantle sources and processes, and to understand the relation between tectonic setting and the assembly and breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia. Studies on the geochemistry and tectonic setting of the mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes on the western margin of the Yangtze craton play an important role in understanding the processes of Neoproterozoic tectonic
evolution and clarifying the debates on the assembly and breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia in South China. The present study leads to the following conclusions:(1) The Gaojiacun intrusion and the Lengshuiqing intrusion hosting magmatic Cu-Ni sulphide ore deposit are both well-differentiated mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes and intrude into the meta-volcanic rocks and schists of the Mesoproterozoic Yanbian Group, although their sizes are different. Both intrusions are composed of mafic-ultramafic accumulating rocks. The former is a layered intrusion characterized by two accumulating cycles, corresponding to two pulses of parental magma. In contrast, the latter is a concentric ring body formed by fractional crystallization. The Cu-Ni sulphide ores, representing a typical magmatic sulphide deposit, occur at the bottom and in the margin of the Lengshuiqing No. 101 complex and consist mainly of pyrrhotite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite.(2) The single zircon U-Pb age of (840 + 5) Ma for intrusion of the hornblende gabbro in the major rock phase of the Gaojiacun complex indicates that there occurred extremely intense Neoproterzoic basic magmatism on the western margin of the Yangtze craton. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of hornblende from the upper hornblende gabbro of the Lengshuiqing No. 101 complex records an age of (821 ± 1) Ma. It is suggested that the formation of the Gaojiacun intrusion is almost contemporaneous with that of the Lengshuiqing intrusion.(3) The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and the primitive mantle-normalized trace element "spider diagram" of the Gaojiacun complex are similar to that of the Lengshuiqing complex. These data indicate that they are likely derived from the same mantle source. The samples from the two intrusions are characterized by positive ε Nd (t
研究表明，扬子地块西缘新元古代岩浆活动可以与其南缘和东南缘的新元古代岩浆活动进行对比。探讨这些新元古代岩浆岩成因对研究Rodinia超大陆的演化有重要意义。前人对扬子地块西缘的新元古代酸性岩浆活动研究较多，但对基性岩浆活动研究比较薄弱。因此，本论文选择扬子地块西缘最大的、也是最具代表性的高家村似层状镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体及其相关的含铜镍硫化物矿床的冷水箐镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体群为研究对象，针对已有研究的薄弱环节和不足之处，对岩石学和矿物学、主量元素和微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素，以及高精度年代学等方面进行深入研究。本研究拟解决的关键问题是：(1)确定川西盐边地区新元古代镁铁质-超镁铁质岩的形成时代和地球化学特征；(2)探讨镁铁质-超镁铁质岩浆演化与Cu-Ni-(PGE)矿床的成因联系，为评价盐边地区镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体的Cu-Ni-(PGE)成矿潜力提供可靠的理论依据；(3)了解岩浆源区地幔的特征、形成、演化和构造背景与Rodinia超大陆聚合和裂解的关系，从而进一步认识华南地区新元古代构造演化及其与Rodinia超大陆的关系。现在取得的主要认识有：
1 高家村杂岩体和含Cu-Ni硫化物矿床的冷水箐杂岩体尽管规模不同，但都是分异良好的镁铁质-超镁铁质侵入体，属于堆晶岩系，均侵位于中元古代盐边群变质火山岩和片岩中。前者总体上呈似层状，根据岩石学特征可以分为两个堆积旋回，表明其形成过程中有两期岩浆侵入。而后者呈同心环状，主要受岩浆结晶分异控制。冷水箐101号杂岩体的底部和边缘产出铜镍硫化物矿体，金属矿物主要有磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿，为典型的岩浆型铜-镍硫化物矿床。
2 高家村杂岩体主体岩相中角闪辉长岩的单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为(840±5)Ma，表明扬子地块西缘在新元古代时期存在较大规模的基性岩浆活动。冷水箐101号杂岩体上部角闪辉长岩的角闪石~(40)Ar／~(39)Ar年龄为(821±1)Ma。因此，两者在形成时代上很可能是一致的。
3 高家村杂岩体和冷水箐矿床在稀土元素模式和原始地幔标准化的微量元
素分布模式上非常相似，表明它们很可能来自同一地慢源区。两者均具有正的￡
Nd(t)值，表明来源于亏损的地慢源区。但大多数样品显示L既E和LILE富集
的特征，明显不同于慢源的洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)，而与Hawaiian洋岛玄武岩
(OIB)和Ethi0Pian大陆溢流玄武岩(C FB)很相似，这些特征表明高家村杂岩体
和冷水管岩体很可能来源于似OIB的地慢源区。
4高家村杂岩体和冷水餐地区杂岩体的岩浆性质不同。前者的原始岩浆的
MgO为8%左右，Fe0T为9%左右的亚碱性玄武岩岩浆。而后者的原始岩浆的
Mgo为10一11%左右，Fe0T为9%左右的碱性一亚碱性的苦橄质岩浆。
5两者岩浆在上升过程中遭受地壳混染的途径不同。高家村杂岩体的岩浆可
能主要受到扬子古下地壳和/或扬子地块西缘不成熟古岛弧沉积物(俯冲洋壳)
再循环作用形成的富集型地慢(E MI)的混染;而冷水管杂岩体的岩浆可能是受
到扬子地块西缘840Ma以前的物质或者变质核(可能是围岩盐边群)的混染。地
壳混染作用是导致这两个岩体具Nb一Ta亏损的重要原因。而混染方式的差异是造
成前者具有低的Th含量和强烈Th负异常的特征，而后者Th含量较高并无明显
的Th负异常的原·因。因此，高家村和冷水等杂岩体的形成都与地壳混染作用和
岩浆的结晶分异作用相关，其过程类似于AFC过程。
6地壳混染的途径不同及由此产生的不同性质岩浆也是造成两者含矿性差
异的重要因素。
7本文对“盐边蛇绿岩”的提法提出了质疑，认为盐边地区新元古代镁铁质
一超镁铁质杂岩体的形成很可能与Rodinia超级大陆下的一个超级地慢柱活动有
关。
关键词:镁铁质一超镁铁质岩;地球化学;地质年代学;新元古代;高家村;冷水
著;扬子地块西缘
Recently, several important progresses have been made in the geodynamics concerning the evolution of mafic and ultramafic rocks. Furthermore, numerous, economically important, large to giant magmatic Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, and platinum group elements (PGEs) sulphide deposits and Fe-V-Ti deposits are associated with mafic and ultramafic layered intrusions.Recent studies indicate that Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks on the western margin of the Yangtze craton correspond to those on the southern and southeastern margins. To understand their origin is potentially important to the study on the evolution of the supercontinent Rodinia. However, previous studies were focused on Neoproterozoic acid magmatic rocks on the western margin of the Yangtze craton, with little attention being paid to basic magmatic rocks. The Gaojiacun intrusive complex is a typical and the biggest Neoproterozoic mafic-ultramafic intrusion on the western margin of the Yangtze craton. The Lengshuiqing intrusive complex hosts magmatic Cu-Ni sulphide deposit. Thus, the Gaojiacun and Lengshuiqing mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes are chosen for the studying objects in this dissertation. Petrology and mineralogy, major, trace element, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, and precise geochronology are presented to provide an insight into geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Gaojiacun and Lengshuiqing complexes. The purposes of this study are as follow: (1) to determine the forming age and geochemical characteristics of the Neoproterozoic mafic-ultramafic rocks on the western margin of the Yangtze craton; (2) to discuss the genetic relationship between basic magma evolution and Cu-Ni - (PGE) deposit, and to provide constraints on assessing the ore-forming potential of the mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes in the Yanbian area, Sichuan province; (3) to characterize the nature of their mantle sources and processes, and to understand the relation between tectonic setting and the assembly and breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia. Studies on the geochemistry and tectonic setting of the mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes on the western margin of the Yangtze craton play an important role in understanding the processes of Neoproterozoic tectonic
evolution and clarifying the debates on the assembly and breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia in South China. The present study leads to the following conclusions:(1) The Gaojiacun intrusion and the Lengshuiqing intrusion hosting magmatic Cu-Ni sulphide ore deposit are both well-differentiated mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes and intrude into the meta-volcanic rocks and schists of the Mesoproterozoic Yanbian Group, although their sizes are different. Both intrusions are composed of mafic-ultramafic accumulating rocks. The former is a layered intrusion characterized by two accumulating cycles, corresponding to two pulses of parental magma. In contrast, the latter is a concentric ring body formed by fractional crystallization. The Cu-Ni sulphide ores, representing a typical magmatic sulphide deposit, occur at the bottom and in the margin of the Lengshuiqing No. 101 complex and consist mainly of pyrrhotite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite.(2) The single zircon U-Pb age of (840 + 5) Ma for intrusion of the hornblende gabbro in the major rock phase of the Gaojiacun complex indicates that there occurred extremely intense Neoproterzoic basic magmatism on the western margin of the Yangtze craton. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of hornblende from the upper hornblende gabbro of the Lengshuiqing No. 101 complex records an age of (821 ± 1) Ma. It is suggested that the formation of the Gaojiacun intrusion is almost contemporaneous with that of the Lengshuiqing intrusion.(3) The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and the primitive mantle-normalized trace element "spider diagram" of the Gaojiacun complex are similar to that of the Lengshuiqing complex. These data indicate that they are likely derived from the same mantle source. The samples from the two intrusions are characterized by positive ε Nd (t
引文
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