稀薄预混气体在多孔介质中超绝热燃烧的研究
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摘要
多孔介质具有很大的比表面积、良好的蓄热和换热性能，可以在燃烧技术中发挥重要作用。与自由空间中的传统预混合燃烧相比，多孔介质中的预混合燃烧在降低污染性尾气排放、扩展可燃极限、提高热效率、辐射热输出和节约能量等方面具有显著优越性。预混合气体在多孔介质中往复式流动下的超绝热燃烧(以后简称为RSCP)是一种全新的多孔介质预混合燃烧技术，由于嵌入了往复流动换向装置，RSCP燃烧器不仅具有混合气单向流动多孔介质燃烧器的优点和特点，还有一些更有吸引力的燃烧特性。本文通过理论分析、数值计算和实验观测，对RSCP技术进行了较为全面的研究，主要完成了如下几个方面的工作：
1．从“容积平均”假设出发，在前人的理论基础上，借助流体力学的基本原理，通过严密的数学分析，推导出一套气体反应流在各向同性多孔介质中的体积平均输运方程。该方程组简洁直观，通用性强，可直接应用于模拟不同条件下的混合气在惰性多孔介质中的流动和反应过程，由于模型中考虑了气、固两相局部非热平衡，因此尤其适用于模拟预混合气在多孔介质中的流动和燃烧反应。
2．分析了RSCP燃烧器的工作原理，详述了多孔介质和换向装置在其中的作用，从理论上对超绝热火焰产生的依据以及如何实现超绝热度的最大化作了深入分析，研究了强化预热对可燃极限的影响，对RSCP系统的热力学效率进行了探讨，将前人的研究加以系统化，总结出了若干重要结论。
3．在本项研究的具体条件下，应用多孔介质中气体反应流的通用输运模型，建立了RSCP系统的二维数学模型，运用辐射换热的有限容积法这一新方法求解辐射换热方程，较深入研究了多孔介质燃烧器中的固体辐射换热，成功地实现了光学厚介质的非表面辐射计算与流场及燃烧计算的耦合。
4．通过数值方法研究了冷、热态环境下多孔介质对气体反应流的压力损失影响，结果发现，热态环境下多孔介质对气流的阻力损失影响比冷态环境下大得多，但孔隙率大的多孔介质对气体反应的阻力损失并不大。
5．通过大量的数值计算，分析了稀薄甲烷-空气预混合气体在多孔介质中的燃烧特性，根据轴向温度分布阐释了混合气单向流动下的多孔介质预混燃烧系统和RSCP系统中的热结构，研究了多孔介质的几何特征参量、热物性参数、各工况参数对RSCP系统中的温度分布，放热率、燃烧效率和可燃极限等的影响；在相同工况参数条件下，RSCP与常规多孔介质预混燃烧的性能对比表明，前者的各个性能指标都明显优于后者。
6．利用本课题组自行建造的RSCP实验台，对稀薄预混合气在多孔介质中单向流动和周期性往复流动下的燃烧情况进行了研究，考察了RSCP燃烧室中的气体温度波动规律；研究了达到稳定燃烧状态后，换向半周期内RSCP燃烧过程的瞬态特征及各主要工况参数(混合气的流速、燃-空当量比和往复换向半周期)对燃烧室轴向的温度分布和贫可燃极限等的影响。
s
With highly developed inner solid surface and excellent property of heat transfer and heat accumulation, porous media can play an important role in combustion. Premixed combustion in inert porous media has so far proven to be an advanced combustion technology in which premixed fuel and air burn within a porous bed. The technology has many obvious advantages over conventional premixed combustion in which the premixed fuel and air burn as a free flame that is stabilized at the burner exit with respect to reduced emissions of combustion-related pollutants, wider domain of flammability, much higher thermal efficiency and radiant heat outputs, saving energy, uniform heat distribution and so on. Reciprocating Superadiabatic Combustion of Premixed gases in porous media (hereafter, referred to as RSCP) is a completely new porous burner technology. With embedded devices for periodically switching the direction of the premixed gases, RSCP burner not only has the advantages of porous media burner with one-way flow, but
also some more attractive combustion characteristics. The thesis presents intensive investigation on RSCP by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experiment measure. The main works are as following:
1. Applying the principle of fluid dynamics, a set of governing transport equations are derived to describe the reacting flow through an inert and isotropic porous media based on volume averaged hypothesis and previous researchers' investigation. Considering local thermal non-equilibrium between the solid and the gas phases, the equations can be used directly and easily to describe the process of flowing and reacting of mixed gases in inert porous media in different conditions, especially to simulate premixed combustion in porous media.
2. The working mechanism of RSCP combustor is analyzed and the functions of the porous media and the devices for periodically switching the direction of the flow in RSCP system are described in detail. By mathematical reasoning, a theoretical description how the superadiabatic flame comes into being is given. The effect of preheat enhancing on the flammability limit of premixed gases is investigated. Thermodynamics efficiency of RSCP is discussed and some important conclusions are drawn out on the basis of previous researchers' investigation.
3. Appling the general transport equations of the reacting flow in porous media in the present researching conditions, a two-dimensional mathematical model describing RSCP system is developed. Finite volume method for radiation heat transfer is used to solve the radiative transfer equation. The thermal of radiation the solid in porous burner is intensively investigated. The results indicate that coupling calculating of flow field, combustion reaction and volume radiation of the optically thick media is successively achieved.
4. The influence of the porous media on pressure drop of the reacting flow is investigated by numerical method in cold and in hot environment. The results show
that the pressure drop is much bigger in hot environment than that in cold environment, but it is not obvious if the porosity is big enough.
5. Numerical analysis has been performed on premixed combustion of lean gas mixture of methane and air in porous media. The thermal structure, in terms of axial temperature distribution, of the combustion systems with one-way flow and with periodically reciprocating flow of the gas mixture, is compared so as to elucidate the performance of the two systems. The influences of geometric parameters, the thermal-physical parameters of the porous media, wall heat loss coefficient and working parameters (half cycle, flow velocity, equivalence ratio) on temperature distribution, heat release rate, combustion efficiency and combustible limit and etc in RSCP system are examined. By comparison, it is shown that all indexes of combustion behavior in RSCP system are better than those in conventional premixed combustion system in porous media with the same working parameters.
6. An experimental study of
1．从“容积平均”假设出发，在前人的理论基础上，借助流体力学的基本原理，通过严密的数学分析，推导出一套气体反应流在各向同性多孔介质中的体积平均输运方程。该方程组简洁直观，通用性强，可直接应用于模拟不同条件下的混合气在惰性多孔介质中的流动和反应过程，由于模型中考虑了气、固两相局部非热平衡，因此尤其适用于模拟预混合气在多孔介质中的流动和燃烧反应。
2．分析了RSCP燃烧器的工作原理，详述了多孔介质和换向装置在其中的作用，从理论上对超绝热火焰产生的依据以及如何实现超绝热度的最大化作了深入分析，研究了强化预热对可燃极限的影响，对RSCP系统的热力学效率进行了探讨，将前人的研究加以系统化，总结出了若干重要结论。
3．在本项研究的具体条件下，应用多孔介质中气体反应流的通用输运模型，建立了RSCP系统的二维数学模型，运用辐射换热的有限容积法这一新方法求解辐射换热方程，较深入研究了多孔介质燃烧器中的固体辐射换热，成功地实现了光学厚介质的非表面辐射计算与流场及燃烧计算的耦合。
4．通过数值方法研究了冷、热态环境下多孔介质对气体反应流的压力损失影响，结果发现，热态环境下多孔介质对气流的阻力损失影响比冷态环境下大得多，但孔隙率大的多孔介质对气体反应的阻力损失并不大。
5．通过大量的数值计算，分析了稀薄甲烷-空气预混合气体在多孔介质中的燃烧特性，根据轴向温度分布阐释了混合气单向流动下的多孔介质预混燃烧系统和RSCP系统中的热结构，研究了多孔介质的几何特征参量、热物性参数、各工况参数对RSCP系统中的温度分布，放热率、燃烧效率和可燃极限等的影响；在相同工况参数条件下，RSCP与常规多孔介质预混燃烧的性能对比表明，前者的各个性能指标都明显优于后者。
6．利用本课题组自行建造的RSCP实验台，对稀薄预混合气在多孔介质中单向流动和周期性往复流动下的燃烧情况进行了研究，考察了RSCP燃烧室中的气体温度波动规律；研究了达到稳定燃烧状态后，换向半周期内RSCP燃烧过程的瞬态特征及各主要工况参数(混合气的流速、燃-空当量比和往复换向半周期)对燃烧室轴向的温度分布和贫可燃极限等的影响。
s
With highly developed inner solid surface and excellent property of heat transfer and heat accumulation, porous media can play an important role in combustion. Premixed combustion in inert porous media has so far proven to be an advanced combustion technology in which premixed fuel and air burn within a porous bed. The technology has many obvious advantages over conventional premixed combustion in which the premixed fuel and air burn as a free flame that is stabilized at the burner exit with respect to reduced emissions of combustion-related pollutants, wider domain of flammability, much higher thermal efficiency and radiant heat outputs, saving energy, uniform heat distribution and so on. Reciprocating Superadiabatic Combustion of Premixed gases in porous media (hereafter, referred to as RSCP) is a completely new porous burner technology. With embedded devices for periodically switching the direction of the premixed gases, RSCP burner not only has the advantages of porous media burner with one-way flow, but
also some more attractive combustion characteristics. The thesis presents intensive investigation on RSCP by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experiment measure. The main works are as following:
1. Applying the principle of fluid dynamics, a set of governing transport equations are derived to describe the reacting flow through an inert and isotropic porous media based on volume averaged hypothesis and previous researchers' investigation. Considering local thermal non-equilibrium between the solid and the gas phases, the equations can be used directly and easily to describe the process of flowing and reacting of mixed gases in inert porous media in different conditions, especially to simulate premixed combustion in porous media.
2. The working mechanism of RSCP combustor is analyzed and the functions of the porous media and the devices for periodically switching the direction of the flow in RSCP system are described in detail. By mathematical reasoning, a theoretical description how the superadiabatic flame comes into being is given. The effect of preheat enhancing on the flammability limit of premixed gases is investigated. Thermodynamics efficiency of RSCP is discussed and some important conclusions are drawn out on the basis of previous researchers' investigation.
3. Appling the general transport equations of the reacting flow in porous media in the present researching conditions, a two-dimensional mathematical model describing RSCP system is developed. Finite volume method for radiation heat transfer is used to solve the radiative transfer equation. The thermal of radiation the solid in porous burner is intensively investigated. The results indicate that coupling calculating of flow field, combustion reaction and volume radiation of the optically thick media is successively achieved.
4. The influence of the porous media on pressure drop of the reacting flow is investigated by numerical method in cold and in hot environment. The results show
that the pressure drop is much bigger in hot environment than that in cold environment, but it is not obvious if the porosity is big enough.
5. Numerical analysis has been performed on premixed combustion of lean gas mixture of methane and air in porous media. The thermal structure, in terms of axial temperature distribution, of the combustion systems with one-way flow and with periodically reciprocating flow of the gas mixture, is compared so as to elucidate the performance of the two systems. The influences of geometric parameters, the thermal-physical parameters of the porous media, wall heat loss coefficient and working parameters (half cycle, flow velocity, equivalence ratio) on temperature distribution, heat release rate, combustion efficiency and combustible limit and etc in RSCP system are examined. By comparison, it is shown that all indexes of combustion behavior in RSCP system are better than those in conventional premixed combustion system in porous media with the same working parameters.
6. An experimental study of
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