大面积深开挖对抗拔桩承载性状的影响研究
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摘要
随着城市建设的蓬勃发展,大量的地下建筑物在沿海地区兴建,大面积深开挖工程越来越多。另一方面,我国沿海地区地下水位普遍较高,地下建筑物通常需承受巨大的浮力,抗拔桩作为抗拔基础的主要形式之一在工程中应用十分广泛。受施工限制,坑内基桩需在基坑开挖前完成,上覆土层的大面积卸荷使抗拔桩承载性状的确定很复杂。如何根据抗拔桩所在土层的物理力学特性,结合桩土界面剪切特性,对开挖前后抗拔桩的承载性状进行计算分析是一个正在引起岩土工程界高度关注的课题。
基于上述背景,本文针对大面积深开挖过程中桩～土相互作用问题进行研究。首先,进行了砂土中基坑开挖对抗拔桩极限承载力影响的模型试验,研究了开挖深度、开挖直径、坑底以下有效桩长对基坑开挖前后抗拔桩极限承载力的影响。试验结果表明：基坑开挖后桩土界面法向应力降低,导致抗拔桩极限承载力降低。开挖直径越大,抗拔桩极限承载力下降越多。当开挖直径为全开挖时,开挖卸荷后坑内土体处于超固结状态,坑内抗拔桩极限承载力大于土体为正常固结状态时。
然后,采用JCY型静止侧压力系数固结仪对砂土(不同密实度)、饱和粉土和饱和粉质粘土进行了K0加卸载试验,并采用K0加卸载模型对土体K0加卸载过程中的σv′～σb′关系进行描述,探讨了土体物理力学特性对K0加卸载模型参数的影响。
进而研制了土体超固结对抗拔桩极限侧摩阻力影响的试验装置,针对桩周土体为砂土和饱和粉土两种情况,首先采用该装置研究了抗拔桩在桩周土体K0加卸载过程中的极限承载力变化规律,进而研究了桩周土体不同OCR值对抗拔桩极限承载力的影响。试验结果表明,土体的超固结效应导致桩侧极限摩阻力增大。采用土体的K0加卸载模型计算桩周土体不同应力路径时桩土界面法向应力,进而计算抗拔桩极限承载力,计算值与实测值较为吻合。
在上述单元体试验及模型试验的基础上,结合桩土界面往返剪切特性,建立了大面积深开挖对抗拔单桩承载性状影响的一维分析模型及有限元分析模型,通过对算例的分析表明,两种分析方法对大面积深开挖前后抗拔单桩承载性状的计算结果较为接近。大面积深开挖后桩土界面法向应力降低,导致抗拔桩极限承载力及刚度降低。开挖后土体产生卸荷回弹,从而带动基桩回弹,桩身上、下部分分别承受正、负摩阻力,并在桩身产生拉力,对抗拔桩在后期承载过程中的荷载传递过程产生影响。
采用ABAQUS三维有限元分析软件,对大面积深开挖后群桩的受力及变形性状进行分析,研究了群桩的遮帘效应对基桩回弹位移及桩身拉力的影响,进而探讨了群桩的桩数、桩间距对其遮帘效应的影响。分析结果表明,由于群桩的遮帘效应,越靠近群桩中心,开挖后基桩桩身最大轴力越小。随桩间距的减小及桩数的增多,群桩的遮帘效应越来越明显。
对大面积深开挖后抗拔群桩的承载变形性状进行分析,结果表明,开挖后抗拔群桩达极限承载力时的位移远大于单桩。在相同的桩间距情况下,随桩数的增加,群桩承载效率系数下降。相同桩数情况下,桩间距越大,群桩承载效率系数越高。
最后将部分研究成果应用于上海500kV世博变电站工程的计算分析中。
With the rapid development of urban construction, a large number of underground structures are built in coastal areas, the large and deep excavation are more and more. On the other hand, the underground water level is high in coastal areas, the underground structures are under great buoyancy, and the uplift piles are used widely in the project. Limited by the construction procedure, piles are completed before excavation, because of the large area of unloading, it is very complicated to determine the behavior of uplift piles. Under the physical and mechanical properties of soil layers and the shearing properties of pile-soil interface, to calculate the behavior of uplift piles before and after excavation is an important issue in geotechnical engineering.
Based on the above background, the pile-soil interaction during large and deep excavation is studied. At first, In order to realize the ultimate uplift capacity of model piles under excavation in sand, model tests are conducted on different excavation diameter, depth, and different pile length under the bottom of pit, several result are obtained. The ultimate uplift capacity of piles become smaller after excavation. Under the same excavation depth, the larger the diameter of excavation is, the lower the ultimate uplift capacity of piles will be. When the excavation diameter is all of the container, the sand is overconsolidated after excavation, the ultimate uplift capacity of piles are bigger than the piles in the normally consolidated sand.
The sand (different relative density), saturated silt and silty clay K0 loading-unloading tests are conducted, using the JCY consolidation apparatus, then theσv'～σh'relationships during the tests are described by K0 loading-unloading model. The influence of the physical and mechanical properties of soil on the parameters of K0 loading-unloading model are discussed.
The big soil consolidation apparatus is made, the uplift pile can be placed in it. When the soil around the pile are sand and saturated silt, the ultimate bearing capacity of uplift piles are tested when the soil around the piles are under K0 loading-unloading condition. Then the ultimate bearing capacity of uplift piles are tested when the OCR of the soil are different. The result indicates that the OCR has a great influence on the ultimate lateral friction of uplift pile. The bigger the OCR is, the bigger the ultimate lateral friction of uplift pile is. The influence of stress path of soil on the ultimate lateral friction of uplift pile can be calculated by K0 loading-unloading model.
Based on the element experiment and model test, combined with the shearing properties of the pile-soil interface, the one dimensional model and FEM model are conducted to study the influence of the large and deep excavation on the bearing behavior of uplift single pile. An example is calculated, the calculated result of one dimensional model is similar to the FEM model. The normal stress of the pile-soil interface becomes smaller after large and deep excavation, this cause the ultimate bearing capacity and the bearing stiffness of uplift pile smaller. The soil rebounds after excavation, then drive the pile rebounds, the initial lateral friction will be produced after excavation, it will influence the load transfer process of uplift pile.
The behavior of group piles after large and deep excavation is studied using ABAQUS, the rebounding displacement and pull force of piles influenced by the shielding effects are studied. Then the shielding effects of different number and pile spacing of group piles are discussed. The results indicate that pull force of center pile is smallest after excavation. The smaller the pile spacing and the larger the number of piles are, the greater the shielding effects are.
The behavior of uplift group piles after excavation are calculated, the result indicates that when the uplift group piles reach the ultimate bearing capacity, the displacement are larger than the single pile. With the same pile spacing, the group efficiency is smaller when the number of piles increases. With the same number of piles, the group efficiency is larger when the pile spacing increases.
At last, some research results are used in the design and calculation of Shanghai 500kV underground substation.
基于上述背景,本文针对大面积深开挖过程中桩～土相互作用问题进行研究。首先,进行了砂土中基坑开挖对抗拔桩极限承载力影响的模型试验,研究了开挖深度、开挖直径、坑底以下有效桩长对基坑开挖前后抗拔桩极限承载力的影响。试验结果表明：基坑开挖后桩土界面法向应力降低,导致抗拔桩极限承载力降低。开挖直径越大,抗拔桩极限承载力下降越多。当开挖直径为全开挖时,开挖卸荷后坑内土体处于超固结状态,坑内抗拔桩极限承载力大于土体为正常固结状态时。
然后,采用JCY型静止侧压力系数固结仪对砂土(不同密实度)、饱和粉土和饱和粉质粘土进行了K0加卸载试验,并采用K0加卸载模型对土体K0加卸载过程中的σv′～σb′关系进行描述,探讨了土体物理力学特性对K0加卸载模型参数的影响。
进而研制了土体超固结对抗拔桩极限侧摩阻力影响的试验装置,针对桩周土体为砂土和饱和粉土两种情况,首先采用该装置研究了抗拔桩在桩周土体K0加卸载过程中的极限承载力变化规律,进而研究了桩周土体不同OCR值对抗拔桩极限承载力的影响。试验结果表明,土体的超固结效应导致桩侧极限摩阻力增大。采用土体的K0加卸载模型计算桩周土体不同应力路径时桩土界面法向应力,进而计算抗拔桩极限承载力,计算值与实测值较为吻合。
在上述单元体试验及模型试验的基础上,结合桩土界面往返剪切特性,建立了大面积深开挖对抗拔单桩承载性状影响的一维分析模型及有限元分析模型,通过对算例的分析表明,两种分析方法对大面积深开挖前后抗拔单桩承载性状的计算结果较为接近。大面积深开挖后桩土界面法向应力降低,导致抗拔桩极限承载力及刚度降低。开挖后土体产生卸荷回弹,从而带动基桩回弹,桩身上、下部分分别承受正、负摩阻力,并在桩身产生拉力,对抗拔桩在后期承载过程中的荷载传递过程产生影响。
采用ABAQUS三维有限元分析软件,对大面积深开挖后群桩的受力及变形性状进行分析,研究了群桩的遮帘效应对基桩回弹位移及桩身拉力的影响,进而探讨了群桩的桩数、桩间距对其遮帘效应的影响。分析结果表明,由于群桩的遮帘效应,越靠近群桩中心,开挖后基桩桩身最大轴力越小。随桩间距的减小及桩数的增多,群桩的遮帘效应越来越明显。
对大面积深开挖后抗拔群桩的承载变形性状进行分析,结果表明,开挖后抗拔群桩达极限承载力时的位移远大于单桩。在相同的桩间距情况下,随桩数的增加,群桩承载效率系数下降。相同桩数情况下,桩间距越大,群桩承载效率系数越高。
最后将部分研究成果应用于上海500kV世博变电站工程的计算分析中。
With the rapid development of urban construction, a large number of underground structures are built in coastal areas, the large and deep excavation are more and more. On the other hand, the underground water level is high in coastal areas, the underground structures are under great buoyancy, and the uplift piles are used widely in the project. Limited by the construction procedure, piles are completed before excavation, because of the large area of unloading, it is very complicated to determine the behavior of uplift piles. Under the physical and mechanical properties of soil layers and the shearing properties of pile-soil interface, to calculate the behavior of uplift piles before and after excavation is an important issue in geotechnical engineering.
Based on the above background, the pile-soil interaction during large and deep excavation is studied. At first, In order to realize the ultimate uplift capacity of model piles under excavation in sand, model tests are conducted on different excavation diameter, depth, and different pile length under the bottom of pit, several result are obtained. The ultimate uplift capacity of piles become smaller after excavation. Under the same excavation depth, the larger the diameter of excavation is, the lower the ultimate uplift capacity of piles will be. When the excavation diameter is all of the container, the sand is overconsolidated after excavation, the ultimate uplift capacity of piles are bigger than the piles in the normally consolidated sand.
The sand (different relative density), saturated silt and silty clay K0 loading-unloading tests are conducted, using the JCY consolidation apparatus, then theσv'～σh'relationships during the tests are described by K0 loading-unloading model. The influence of the physical and mechanical properties of soil on the parameters of K0 loading-unloading model are discussed.
The big soil consolidation apparatus is made, the uplift pile can be placed in it. When the soil around the pile are sand and saturated silt, the ultimate bearing capacity of uplift piles are tested when the soil around the piles are under K0 loading-unloading condition. Then the ultimate bearing capacity of uplift piles are tested when the OCR of the soil are different. The result indicates that the OCR has a great influence on the ultimate lateral friction of uplift pile. The bigger the OCR is, the bigger the ultimate lateral friction of uplift pile is. The influence of stress path of soil on the ultimate lateral friction of uplift pile can be calculated by K0 loading-unloading model.
Based on the element experiment and model test, combined with the shearing properties of the pile-soil interface, the one dimensional model and FEM model are conducted to study the influence of the large and deep excavation on the bearing behavior of uplift single pile. An example is calculated, the calculated result of one dimensional model is similar to the FEM model. The normal stress of the pile-soil interface becomes smaller after large and deep excavation, this cause the ultimate bearing capacity and the bearing stiffness of uplift pile smaller. The soil rebounds after excavation, then drive the pile rebounds, the initial lateral friction will be produced after excavation, it will influence the load transfer process of uplift pile.
The behavior of group piles after large and deep excavation is studied using ABAQUS, the rebounding displacement and pull force of piles influenced by the shielding effects are studied. Then the shielding effects of different number and pile spacing of group piles are discussed. The results indicate that pull force of center pile is smallest after excavation. The smaller the pile spacing and the larger the number of piles are, the greater the shielding effects are.
The behavior of uplift group piles after excavation are calculated, the result indicates that when the uplift group piles reach the ultimate bearing capacity, the displacement are larger than the single pile. With the same pile spacing, the group efficiency is smaller when the number of piles increases. With the same number of piles, the group efficiency is larger when the pile spacing increases.
At last, some research results are used in the design and calculation of Shanghai 500kV underground substation.
引文
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