从人际意义理论视角解析美国总统奥巴马演说词
|
摘要
美国现任总统奥巴马无疑是一位杰出的演说家。在演说中,他不仅能体现自己作为领导人的权威性,还能弱化交际中的权势关系以便与听众建立一种良好的人际关系。本文以韩礼德系统功能语法中的人际功能理论为理论框架,以奥巴马参加总统竞选时和就职后所发表的20篇具有一定影响力的演说词为语料,研究奥巴马演说词中的人际意义特点。
本文主要从语气、情态、人称和时态四个语言系统对奥巴马的演说词进行了分析,从而揭示政治演讲语篇中实现人际意义的各种语言手段以及是如何实现这些人际意义的。研究结果表明,在语气系统中,奥巴马最常用的是陈述语气,这主要是因为演讲的功能基调主要是劝说和鼓动,通过使用陈述语气向听众传达信息,表明自己的态度和观点,力争说服和号召听众。在情态系统中,情态动词是表达情态的主要手段,采用高、中、低不同价值的情态表达方式可以在不同程度上表达演讲者的观点和态度。在人称系统方面,奥巴马更多的是使用第一人称代词“we”,目的在于拉近他与听众之间的距离,削弱权势关系。而在时态方面,主要是以现在时为主,说明演说更注重解决现实问题,另外时态转换也是演说的主要特征,特别是现在时与过去时之间的转换。
对于奥巴马演说词人际意义的研究,能帮助我们深刻的理解政治演讲语篇的特点,把握演讲者的真实意图。同时进一步验证系统功能语言学的可操作性和实用性,更是欣赏演讲语篇的有利工具。
The American president Barack Obama is an excellent orator. When delivering speeches, he can not only show himself as an authority, but also mitigate his power so as to set up a desirable relationship with the audience. This thesis, based on 20 influential speeches delivered by Obama both before and after his presidency, employs Halliday's theory of interpersonal function of language to study the interpersonal meaning in his speeches.
The analysis is mainly carried out from four realization means of interpersonal meaning, that is, mood system, modality system, person system and tense system. It aims to reveal what linguistic elements realize the interpersonal meaning and how the interpersonal meaning is realized in Obama's speeches. Then the result shows us that the type of declarative mood, which serves for giving information and expressing the speaker's opinions, takes the dominant position in Obama's speeches. In terms of modality system, finite modal operators are found to be the primary means to express the speaker's modality, and finite modal operators of three different values can show his attitude towards the audience and the event to varying degrees. In person system, the high frequency of "we" embodies the speaker's willingness to reduce the distance between the audience and him. As for the tense system, present tense is used most frequently by the speaker with the intention of solving the practical problems, and the tense shift between the present tense and the past tense is the main feature of tense as well.
The findings of this research can be helpful for a deeper understanding of political speeches and an exposition of the political purposes that may be achieved through the interpersonal meaning realized in the speeches. It can facilitate the language teaching and learning in discourse analysis. What's more, the application of Halliday's theory in this study shows that Systemic Functional grammar is scientific and practical in the appreciation of political speeches.
本文主要从语气、情态、人称和时态四个语言系统对奥巴马的演说词进行了分析,从而揭示政治演讲语篇中实现人际意义的各种语言手段以及是如何实现这些人际意义的。研究结果表明,在语气系统中,奥巴马最常用的是陈述语气,这主要是因为演讲的功能基调主要是劝说和鼓动,通过使用陈述语气向听众传达信息,表明自己的态度和观点,力争说服和号召听众。在情态系统中,情态动词是表达情态的主要手段,采用高、中、低不同价值的情态表达方式可以在不同程度上表达演讲者的观点和态度。在人称系统方面,奥巴马更多的是使用第一人称代词“we”,目的在于拉近他与听众之间的距离,削弱权势关系。而在时态方面,主要是以现在时为主,说明演说更注重解决现实问题,另外时态转换也是演说的主要特征,特别是现在时与过去时之间的转换。
对于奥巴马演说词人际意义的研究,能帮助我们深刻的理解政治演讲语篇的特点,把握演讲者的真实意图。同时进一步验证系统功能语言学的可操作性和实用性,更是欣赏演讲语篇的有利工具。
The American president Barack Obama is an excellent orator. When delivering speeches, he can not only show himself as an authority, but also mitigate his power so as to set up a desirable relationship with the audience. This thesis, based on 20 influential speeches delivered by Obama both before and after his presidency, employs Halliday's theory of interpersonal function of language to study the interpersonal meaning in his speeches.
The analysis is mainly carried out from four realization means of interpersonal meaning, that is, mood system, modality system, person system and tense system. It aims to reveal what linguistic elements realize the interpersonal meaning and how the interpersonal meaning is realized in Obama's speeches. Then the result shows us that the type of declarative mood, which serves for giving information and expressing the speaker's opinions, takes the dominant position in Obama's speeches. In terms of modality system, finite modal operators are found to be the primary means to express the speaker's modality, and finite modal operators of three different values can show his attitude towards the audience and the event to varying degrees. In person system, the high frequency of "we" embodies the speaker's willingness to reduce the distance between the audience and him. As for the tense system, present tense is used most frequently by the speaker with the intention of solving the practical problems, and the tense shift between the present tense and the past tense is the main feature of tense as well.
The findings of this research can be helpful for a deeper understanding of political speeches and an exposition of the political purposes that may be achieved through the interpersonal meaning realized in the speeches. It can facilitate the language teaching and learning in discourse analysis. What's more, the application of Halliday's theory in this study shows that Systemic Functional grammar is scientific and practical in the appreciation of political speeches.
引文
[1]Beard. The Language of Politics. London:Routledge,2000.
[2]Binnick, R. I. Time and the Verb:A Guide to Tense and Aspect. New York:Oxford University Press,1991.
[3]Brown, P.; Levinson, S. Politeness:Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987.
[4]Chilton, P.; C. Schaffner. Discourse and Politics. In van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interation. London:Sage Publishing Ltd.,1997.
[5]Eggins, S.; Slade, D. Analyzing Casual Conversation. London:Cassell,1997.
[6]Thompson, Geoff. Introducing Functional Grammar. London:Edward Arnold,1996.
[7]Thompson, Geoff. Introducing Functional Grammar. London:Edward Arnold,2000.
[8]Halliday, M. A. K.; McIntosh, A.; Strevens, P. D. The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching. London:Longman,1964.
[9]Halliday, M. A. K. Linguistic Functional and Literary Style:An inquiry into the Language of William Coldind's The Inheritors. In S. Chatman (ed.), Literary Style:A Symposium. London: Oxford University Press,1971.
[10]Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotics:The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London:Edward Arnold,1978/2001.
[11]Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:Edward Arnold, 1985/1994.
[12]Halliday, M.A.K. Language, Context and Text:A Social Semiotic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University,1989.
[13]Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd ed.) [M]. London:Edward Arnold,2000.
[14]Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.) [M]. London:Edward Arnold,2008.
[15]Hasling, J. The Audience, the Message, and the Speaker. New York:McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993.
[16]Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs. The Interplay of Influence:New, Advertising, Politics, and the Mass Media. Beijing:Beijing University Press,2004.
[17]Kress, G. System and Function in Language. New York:Oxford University Press,1976.
[18]Mathiessen, Christian. Tense in English Seen Through Systemic-Functional Theory. New Jersey:Ablex,1996.
[19]Palmer. F. R. The English Verb. New York:Longman,1989.
[20]Quirk, R. et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman,1985.
[21]Dooley, Robert A.; Levinsohn, Stephen H. Analyzing Discourse:A Manual of Basic Concepts. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2008.
[22]Stephan, G.; Patzold, K. A Survey of Modern English. New York:Routledge,1992.
[23]Tannen, D. Framing in Discourse. New York:Oxford University Press,1993.
[24]Bloor, Thomas; Bloor, Meriel. The Functional Analysis of English:A Hallidayan Approach. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001.
[25]Wales, K. Personal Pronoun in Present-Day English. London:Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[26]Wilson, J. Political Speaking:The Pragmatic Analysis of Political Language. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1990.
[27]Zhang, Yanjun. A Functional Approach to Interpersonal Meaning in Research Articles. Qingdao:China Ocean University Press,2006.
[28]Zimmerman, Gorden; Owen. Speech Communication:A Contemporary Introduction (3rd ed.). Los Angles:West Publishing Company,1986.
[29]李战子.自传中反身表达的人际意义.外语教学,2001,(3)
[30]李战子.学术话语中认知型情态的多重人际意义.外语教学与研究,2001,(5).
[31]李战子.话语的人际意义研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[32]蔡梦薇.奥巴马演说词精选.湖北：长江文艺出版社,2010.
[33]陈勇.话语中人称代词的分析.湖南：常德师范学院学报(社会科学版),2002,(2).
[34]程宏.演讲语篇的人际意义探讨.武汉：武汉冶金管理干部学院学报,2006,(3).
[35]胡壮麟,朱永生,张德录.系统功能语法概论.湖南：湖南教育出版社,1989.
[36]胡壮麟.功能主义纵横谈.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
[37]胡壮麟.语言学教程.北京：北京大学出版社,2001.
[38]黄国文.系统功能语言学在中国20年回顾.外语与外语教学,2000,(5).
[39]黄国文.语篇分析的理论与实践-----广告语篇研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.
[40]黄国文.《清明》一诗英译文的人际功能探讨.外语教学,2002,(3).
[41]李美霞.功能语法教程.北京：外文出版社,2006.
[42]田海龙.英汉语"WE/我们”的人际功能与文化差异.天津：天津外国语学院学报,2001,(3).
[43]徐有志.公众演讲英语. 《外语教学与研究》,1994,(2).
[44]徐振忠.林肯演说辞的风格.外语教学,1995,(2).
[45]王瑞泽.奥巴马演说集.南京：译林出版社,2010.
[46]张德禄.第23届国际系统功能语言学大会记要,《国外语言学》,1996,(4).
[47]张德禄,苗兴伟,李学宁.功能语言学与外语教学.北京：外语教育与研究5版社,2005.
[48]张玉芳.演讲语篇中的修辞互动：演讲者与受众之间的权力关系.西安：西安外国语大学学报,2007,(1).
[49]赵莎莎.美国总统就职演说的语言艺术特色探析.考试周刊,2009,(11).
[50]朱永生,严世清.系统功能语言学多维思考.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.
[2]Binnick, R. I. Time and the Verb:A Guide to Tense and Aspect. New York:Oxford University Press,1991.
[3]Brown, P.; Levinson, S. Politeness:Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987.
[4]Chilton, P.; C. Schaffner. Discourse and Politics. In van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interation. London:Sage Publishing Ltd.,1997.
[5]Eggins, S.; Slade, D. Analyzing Casual Conversation. London:Cassell,1997.
[6]Thompson, Geoff. Introducing Functional Grammar. London:Edward Arnold,1996.
[7]Thompson, Geoff. Introducing Functional Grammar. London:Edward Arnold,2000.
[8]Halliday, M. A. K.; McIntosh, A.; Strevens, P. D. The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching. London:Longman,1964.
[9]Halliday, M. A. K. Linguistic Functional and Literary Style:An inquiry into the Language of William Coldind's The Inheritors. In S. Chatman (ed.), Literary Style:A Symposium. London: Oxford University Press,1971.
[10]Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotics:The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London:Edward Arnold,1978/2001.
[11]Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:Edward Arnold, 1985/1994.
[12]Halliday, M.A.K. Language, Context and Text:A Social Semiotic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University,1989.
[13]Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd ed.) [M]. London:Edward Arnold,2000.
[14]Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.) [M]. London:Edward Arnold,2008.
[15]Hasling, J. The Audience, the Message, and the Speaker. New York:McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993.
[16]Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs. The Interplay of Influence:New, Advertising, Politics, and the Mass Media. Beijing:Beijing University Press,2004.
[17]Kress, G. System and Function in Language. New York:Oxford University Press,1976.
[18]Mathiessen, Christian. Tense in English Seen Through Systemic-Functional Theory. New Jersey:Ablex,1996.
[19]Palmer. F. R. The English Verb. New York:Longman,1989.
[20]Quirk, R. et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman,1985.
[21]Dooley, Robert A.; Levinsohn, Stephen H. Analyzing Discourse:A Manual of Basic Concepts. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2008.
[22]Stephan, G.; Patzold, K. A Survey of Modern English. New York:Routledge,1992.
[23]Tannen, D. Framing in Discourse. New York:Oxford University Press,1993.
[24]Bloor, Thomas; Bloor, Meriel. The Functional Analysis of English:A Hallidayan Approach. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001.
[25]Wales, K. Personal Pronoun in Present-Day English. London:Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[26]Wilson, J. Political Speaking:The Pragmatic Analysis of Political Language. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1990.
[27]Zhang, Yanjun. A Functional Approach to Interpersonal Meaning in Research Articles. Qingdao:China Ocean University Press,2006.
[28]Zimmerman, Gorden; Owen. Speech Communication:A Contemporary Introduction (3rd ed.). Los Angles:West Publishing Company,1986.
[29]李战子.自传中反身表达的人际意义.外语教学,2001,(3)
[30]李战子.学术话语中认知型情态的多重人际意义.外语教学与研究,2001,(5).
[31]李战子.话语的人际意义研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[32]蔡梦薇.奥巴马演说词精选.湖北：长江文艺出版社,2010.
[33]陈勇.话语中人称代词的分析.湖南：常德师范学院学报(社会科学版),2002,(2).
[34]程宏.演讲语篇的人际意义探讨.武汉：武汉冶金管理干部学院学报,2006,(3).
[35]胡壮麟,朱永生,张德录.系统功能语法概论.湖南：湖南教育出版社,1989.
[36]胡壮麟.功能主义纵横谈.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
[37]胡壮麟.语言学教程.北京：北京大学出版社,2001.
[38]黄国文.系统功能语言学在中国20年回顾.外语与外语教学,2000,(5).
[39]黄国文.语篇分析的理论与实践-----广告语篇研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.
[40]黄国文.《清明》一诗英译文的人际功能探讨.外语教学,2002,(3).
[41]李美霞.功能语法教程.北京：外文出版社,2006.
[42]田海龙.英汉语"WE/我们”的人际功能与文化差异.天津：天津外国语学院学报,2001,(3).
[43]徐有志.公众演讲英语. 《外语教学与研究》,1994,(2).
[44]徐振忠.林肯演说辞的风格.外语教学,1995,(2).
[45]王瑞泽.奥巴马演说集.南京：译林出版社,2010.
[46]张德禄.第23届国际系统功能语言学大会记要,《国外语言学》,1996,(4).
[47]张德禄,苗兴伟,李学宁.功能语言学与外语教学.北京：外语教育与研究5版社,2005.
[48]张玉芳.演讲语篇中的修辞互动：演讲者与受众之间的权力关系.西安：西安外国语大学学报,2007,(1).
[49]赵莎莎.美国总统就职演说的语言艺术特色探析.考试周刊,2009,(11).
[50]朱永生,严世清.系统功能语言学多维思考.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2001.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |